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Van Acker ZP, Leroy T, Annaert W. Mitochondrial dysfunction, cause or consequence in neurodegenerative diseases? Bioessays 2024:e2400023. [PMID: 39367555 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a spectrum of conditions characterized by the gradual deterioration of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. While their origins are multifaceted, emerging data underscore the pivotal role of impaired mitochondrial functions and endolysosomal homeostasis to the onset and progression of pathology. This article explores whether mitochondrial dysfunctions act as causal factors or are intricately linked to the decline in endolysosomal function. As research delves deeper into the genetics of neurodegenerative diseases, an increasing number of risk loci and genes associated with the regulation of endolysosomal and autophagy functions are being identified, arguing for a downstream impact on mitochondrial health. Our hypothesis centers on the notion that disturbances in endolysosomal processes may propagate to other organelles, including mitochondria, through disrupted inter-organellar communication. We discuss these views in the context of major neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and their relevance to potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë P Van Acker
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Leroy
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Bell SM, Wareing H, Capriglia F, Hughes R, Barnes K, Hamshaw A, Adair L, Shaw A, Olejnik A, De S, New E, Shaw PJ, De Marco M, Venneri A, Blackburn DJ, Ferraiuolo L, Mortiboys H. Increasing hexokinase 1 expression improves mitochondrial and glycolytic functional deficits seen in sporadic Alzheimer's disease astrocytes. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02746-8. [PMID: 39271753 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Abnormalities in cellular metabolism are seen early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocyte support for neuronal function has a high metabolic demand, and astrocyte glucose metabolism plays a key role in encoding memory. This indicates that astrocyte metabolic dysfunction might be an early event in the development of AD. In this paper we interrogate glycolytic and mitochondrial functional changes and mitochondrial structural alterations in patients' astrocytes derived with a highly efficient direct conversion protocol. In astrocytes derived from patients with sporadic (sAD) and familial AD (fAD) we identified reductions in extracellular lactate, total cellular ATP and an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. sAD and fAD astrocytes displayed significant reductions in mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity, have altered mitochondrial membrane potential and a stressed mitochondrial network. A reduction in glycolytic reserve and glycolytic capacity is seen. Interestingly, glycolytic reserve, mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity and extracellular lactate levels correlated positively with neuropsychological tests of episodic memory affected early in AD. We identified a deficit in the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 1 (HK1), and correcting this deficit improved the metabolic phenotype in sAD not fAD astrocytes. Importantly, the amount of HK1 at the mitochondria was shown to be reduced in sAD astrocytes, and not in fAD astrocytes. Overexpression of HK1 in sAD astrocytes increases mitochondrial HK1 levels. In fAD astrocytes HK1 levels were unaltered at the mitochondria after overexpression. This study highlights a clear metabolic deficit in AD patient-derived astrocytes and indicates how HK1, with its roles in both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, contributes to this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Bell
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
- NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Hollie Wareing
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Francesco Capriglia
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Rachel Hughes
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Katy Barnes
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Alexander Hamshaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Liam Adair
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Allan Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Alicja Olejnik
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Suman De
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
- NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matteo De Marco
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniel J Blackburn
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
- NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Evangelisti C, Ramadan S, Orlacchio A, Panza E. Experimental Cell Models for Investigating Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9747. [PMID: 39273694 PMCID: PMC11396244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Experimental models play a pivotal role in biomedical research, facilitating the understanding of disease mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutics. This is particularly true for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and motor neuron disease, which present complex challenges for research and therapy development. In this work, we review the recent literature about experimental models and motor neuron disease. We identified three main categories of models that are highly studied by scientists. In fact, experimental models for investigating these diseases encompass a variety of approaches, including modeling the patient's cell culture, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, and organoids. Each model offers unique advantages and limitations, providing researchers with a range of tools to address complex biological questions. Here, we discuss the characteristics, applications, and recent advancements in terms of each model system, highlighting their contributions to advancing biomedical knowledge and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Evangelisti
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sherin Ramadan
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Orlacchio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Panza
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Li Y, Li Z, Grillo E, Desler C, Navarro C, Bohr VA, Berliocchi L, Rasmussen LJ. Human fibroblasts from sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show mitochondrial alterations and lysosome dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 222:569-578. [PMID: 39009245 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a mechanism that maintains mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis and is thought to promote longevity and reduce the risk of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigate the abundance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial function, and mitophagy in primary fibroblasts from patients with sporadic AD (sAD) and normal healthy controls. The results show increased levels of mitochondrial ROS, changes in mitochondrial morphology, altered bioenergetic properties, and defects in autophagy, mitophagy, and lysosome-mediated degradation pathways in sAD fibroblasts relative to control fibroblasts. Interestingly, lysosome abundance and the staining of lysosomal markers remained high, while the capacity of lysosome-dependent degradation was lower in sAD fibroblasts than in controls fibroblasts. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation decreased mitochondrial ROS, while capacity for lysosomal degradation remained unchanged in sAD fibroblasts relative to healthy control fibroblasts. These findings provide insight into molecular mechanisms involving the dysregulation of lysosome and autophagy/mitophagy pathways that may contribute significantly to clinical signs and pathological features of sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhiquan Li
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emanuela Grillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Navarro
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Laura Berliocchi
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Alghusen IM, Carman MS, Wilkins HM, Strope TA, Gimore C, Fedosyuk H, Shawa J, Ephrame SJ, Denson AR, Wang X, Swerdlow RH, Slawson C. O-GlcNAc impacts mitophagy via the PINK1-dependent pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1387931. [PMID: 39175808 PMCID: PMC11339348 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1387931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria is an early feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The impaired turnover of damaged mitochondria increases reactive oxygen species production and lowers ATP generation, leading to cellular toxicity and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, AD exhibits a disruption in the global post-translational modification β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). O-GlcNAc is a ubiquitous single sugar modification found in the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins. Cells maintain a homeostatic level of O-GlcNAc by cycling the addition and removal of the sugar by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. Methods We used patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, a transgenic mouse model of AD, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines to examine the effect of sustained O-GlcNAcase inhibition by Thiamet-G (TMG) or OGT deficiency on mitophagy using biochemical analyses. Results Here, we established an essential role for O-GlcNAc in regulating mitophagy (mitochondria-selective autophagy). Stimulating mitophagy using urolithin A (UA) decreases cellular O-GlcNAc and elevates mitochondrial O-GlcNAc. Sustained elevation in O-GlcNAcylation via pharmacologically inhibiting OGA using Thiamet-G (TMG) increases the mitochondrial level of mitophagy protein PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and autophagy-related protein light chain 3 (LC3). Moreover, we detected O-GlcNAc on PINK1 and TMG increases its O-GlcNAcylation level. Conversely, decreasing cellular O-GlcNAcylation by knocking down OGT decreases both PINK1 protein expression and LC3 protein expression. Mitochondria isolated from CAMKII-OGT-KO mice also had decreased PINK1 and LC3. Moreover, human brain organoids treated with TMG showed significant elevation in LC3 compared to control. However, TMG-treated AD organoids showed no changes in LC3 expression. Conclusion Collectively, these data demonstrate that O-GlcNAc plays a crucial role in the activation and progression of mitophagy, and this activation is disrupted in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtihal M. Alghusen
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Marisa S. Carman
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Taylor A. Strope
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Caleb Gimore
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Halyna Fedosyuk
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jad Shawa
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Sophiya John Ephrame
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Aspin R. Denson
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Chad Slawson
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Jothi D, Kulka LAM. Strategies for modeling aging and age-related diseases. NPJ AGING 2024; 10:32. [PMID: 38987252 PMCID: PMC11237002 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-024-00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The ability to reprogram patient-derived-somatic cells to IPSCs (Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells) has led to a better understanding of aging and age-related diseases like Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. The established patient-derived disease models mimic disease pathology and can be used to design drugs for aging and age-related diseases. However, the age and genetic mutations of the donor cells, the employed reprogramming, and the differentiation protocol might often pose challenges in establishing an appropriate disease model. In this review, we will focus on the various strategies for the successful reprogramming and differentiation of patient-derived cells to disease models for aging and age-related diseases, emphasizing the accuracy in the recapitulation of disease pathology and ways to overcome the limitations of its potential application in cell replacement therapy and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jothi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Sharma M, Pal P, Gupta SK. Advances in Alzheimer's disease: A multifaceted review of potential therapies and diagnostic techniques for early detection. Neurochem Int 2024; 177:105761. [PMID: 38723902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the most formidable neurological disorders, affecting millions globally. This review provides a holistic overview of the therapeutic strategies, both conventional and novel, aimed at mitigating the impact of AD. Initially, we delve into the conventional approach, emphasizing the role of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, which has been a cornerstone in AD management. As our understanding of AD evolves, several novel potential approaches emerge. We discuss the promising roles of Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition, Tau Protein inhibitors, COX-2 inhibition, PPAR-γ agonism, and FAHH inhibition, among others. The potential of the endocannabinoids (eCB) system, cholesterol-lowering drugs, metal chelators, and MMPs inhibitors are also explored, culminating in the exploration of the pivotal role of microRNA in AD progression. Parallel to these therapeutic insights, we shed light on the novel tools and methodologies revolutionizing AD research. From the quantitative analysis of gene expression by qRTPCR to the evaluation of mitochondrial function using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the advances in diagnostic and research tools offer renewed hope. Moreover, we explore the current landscape of clinical trials, highlighting the leading drug interventions and their respective stages of development. This comprehensive review concludes with a look into the future perspectives, capturing the potential breakthroughs and innovations on the horizon. Through a synthesis of current knowledge and emerging research, this article aims to provide a consolidated resource for clinicians, researchers, and academicians in the realm of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sukesh Kumar Gupta
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences (OVAS), School of Medicine, Wayne State University, USA.
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Eysert F, Kinoshita PF, Lagarde J, Lacas-Gervais S, Xicota L, Dorothée G, Bottlaender M, Checler F, Potier MC, Sarazin M, Chami M. Mitochondrial alterations in fibroblasts from sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients correlate with AD-related clinical hallmarks. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:90. [PMID: 38851733 PMCID: PMC11161956 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are key features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The occurrence of these disturbances in the peripheral cells of AD patients and their potential correlation with disease progression are underinvestigated. We studied mitochondrial structure, function and mitophagy in fibroblasts from healthy volunteers and AD patients at the prodromal (AD-MCI) or demented (AD-D) stages. We carried out correlation studies with clinical cognitive scores, namely, (i) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and (ii) Dementia Rating-Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SOB), and with (iii) amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque burden (PiB-PET imaging) and (iv) the accumulation of peripheral amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs). We revealed alterations in mitochondrial structure as well as specific mitochondrial dysfunction signatures in AD-MCI and AD-D fibroblasts and revealed that defective mitophagy and autophagy are linked to impaired lysosomal activity in AD-D fibroblasts. We reported significant correlations of a subset of these dysfunctions with cognitive decline, AD-related clinical hallmarks and peripheral APP-CTFs accumulation. This study emphasizes the potential use of peripheral cells for investigating AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Eysert
- INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Paula-Fernanda Kinoshita
- INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, 75014, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, Université de Nice Côte d'Azur, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Laura Xicota
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- ICM Research Center, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dorothée
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Michel Bottlaender
- BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 91401, Orsay, France
- UNIACT, Neurospin, Joliot Institute, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91140, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- ICM Research Center, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, 75014, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Mounia Chami
- INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France.
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Cao Z, Kong F, Ding J, Chen C, He F, Deng W. Promoting Alzheimer's disease research and therapy with stem cell technology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:136. [PMID: 38715083 PMCID: PMC11077895 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia leading to memory loss, reduced cognitive and linguistic abilities, and decreased self-care. Current AD treatments aim to relieve symptoms and slow disease progression, but a cure is elusive due to limited understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. MAIN CONTENT Stem cell technology has the potential to revolutionize AD research. With the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, stem cells are valuable tools for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell therapy. Recent advances have broadened our understanding beyond the deposition of amyloidβ (Aβ) or tau proteins in AD to encompass risk genes, immune system disorders, and neuron-glia mis-communication, relying heavily on stem cell-derived disease models. These stem cell-based models (e.g., organoids and microfluidic chips) simulate in vivo pathological processes with extraordinary spatial and temporal resolution. Stem cell technologies have the potential to alleviate AD pathology through various pathways, including immunomodulation, replacement of damaged neurons, and neurotrophic support. In recent years, transplantation of glial cells like oligodendrocytes and the infusion of exosomes have become hot research topics. CONCLUSION Although stem cell-based models and therapies for AD face several challenges, such as extended culture time and low differentiation efficiency, they still show considerable potential for AD treatment and are likely to become preferred tools for AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Fanshu Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Fumei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Liang Z, Zhuang H, Cao X, Ma G, Shen L. Subcellular proteomics insights into Alzheimer's disease development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2024; 18:e2200112. [PMID: 37650321 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common dementias, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment and decreased judgment function. The expected number of AD patient is increasing in the context of the world's advancing medical care and increasing human life expectancy. Since current molecular mechanism studies on AD pathogenesis are incomplete, there is no specific and effective therapeutic agent. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based unbiased proteomics studies provide an effective and comprehensive approach. Many advances have been made in the study of the mechanism, diagnostic markers, and drug targets of AD using proteomics. This paper focus on subcellular level studies, reviews studies using proteomics to study AD-associated mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic, and myelin damage, the protein composition of amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), changes in tissue extracellular vehicles (EVs) and exosome proteome, and the protein changes in ribosomes and lysosomes. The methods of sample separation and preparation and proteomic analysis as well as the main findings of these studies are involved. The results of these proteomics studies provide insights into the pathogenesis of AD and provide theoretical resource and direction for future research in AD, helping to identify new biomarkers and drugs targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xueshan Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guanwei Ma
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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11
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Supakul S, Murakami R, Oyama C, Shindo T, Hatakeyama Y, Itsuno M, Bannai H, Shibata S, Maeda S, Okano H. Mutual interaction of neurons and astrocytes derived from iPSCs with APP V717L mutation developed the astrocytic phenotypes of Alzheimer's disease. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:8. [PMID: 38419091 PMCID: PMC10900748 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology has enabled human cellular disease modeling for inaccessible cell types, such as neural cells in the brain. However, many of the iPSC-derived disease models established to date typically involve only a single cell type. These monoculture models are inadequate for accurately simulating the brain environment, where multiple cell types interact. The limited cell type diversity in monoculture models hinders the accurate recapitulation of disease phenotypes resulting from interactions between different cell types. Therefore, our goal was to create cell models that include multiple interacting cell types to better recapitulate disease phenotypes. METHODS To establish a co-culture model of neurons and astrocytes, we individually induced neurons and astrocytes from the same iPSCs using our novel differentiation methods, and then co-cultured them. We evaluated the effects of co-culture on neurons and astrocytes using immunocytochemistry, immuno-electron microscopy, and Ca2+ imaging. We also developed a co-culture model using iPSCs from a patient with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient (APP V717L mutation) to investigate whether this model would manifest disease phenotypes not seen in the monoculture models. RESULTS The co-culture of the neurons and astrocytes increased the branching of astrocyte processes, the number of GFAP-positive cells, neuronal activities, the number of synapses, and the density of presynaptic vesicles. In addition, immuno-electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a tripartite synaptic structure in the co-culture model, and inhibition of glutamate transporters increased neuronal activity. Compared to the co-culture model of the control iPSCs, the co-culture model of familial AD developed astrogliosis-like phenotype, which was not observed in the monoculture model of astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Co-culture of iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes enhanced the morphological changes mimicking the in vivo condition of both cell types. The formation of the functional tripartite synaptic structures in the co-culture model suggested the mutual interaction between the cells. Furthermore, the co-culture model with the APP V717L mutation expressed in neurons exhibited an astrocytic phenotype reminiscent of AD brain pathology. These results suggest that our co-culture model is a valuable tool for disease modeling of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopak Supakul
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Rei Murakami
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Chisato Oyama
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shindo
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Maika Itsuno
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroko Bannai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Sumihiro Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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12
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Ifediora N, Canoll P, Hargus G. Human stem cell transplantation models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1354164. [PMID: 38450383 PMCID: PMC10915253 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1354164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent form of dementia. It is characterized by pronounced neuronal degeneration with formation of neurofibrillary tangles and deposition of amyloid β throughout the central nervous system. Animal models have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of AD and they have shown that different brain cell types including neurons, astrocytes and microglia have important functions in the pathogenesis of AD. However, there are difficulties in translating promising therapeutic observations in mice into clinical application in patients. Alternative models using human cells such as human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may provide significant advantages, since they have successfully been used to model disease mechanisms in neurons and in glial cells in neurodegenerative diseases in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent studies that describe the transplantation of human iPSC-derived neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells into the forebrain of mice to generate chimeric transplantation models of AD. We also discuss opportunities, challenges and limitations in using differentiated human iPSCs for in vivo disease modeling and their application for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkechime Ifediora
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Chao X, Yao D, Chen C, Sheng Z, Zhu B. Tetrabromobisphenol A induces neuronal cytotoxicity by inhibiting PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy via upregulating ATF3 expression. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169175. [PMID: 38065503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), as a widely used brominated flame retardant, has been implicated as a potential neurotoxicant. However, the mechanism of TBBPA-induced neurotoxicity has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, using mouse hippocampal neuron cell HT22 as the in vitro model, the neuronal cytotoxicity of TBBPA and the mechanism by focusing on mitophagy have been studied. We found that neuronal cytotoxic effects were indeed induced by TBBPA exposure at concentrations of >20 μM for 24 h, including decreased cell viability (to 92.38 % at 20 μM; 18.25 % at 80 μM), enhanced ROS (enhanced 53.26 % at IC50 of 60 μM, compared with that in the control group) and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) levels (enhanced 24.12 % at 60 μM), reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (decreased 33.60 % at 60 μM). As a protective mechanism in cells, autophagy was initiated; however, mitophagy was inhibited, where PINK1 (PINK1-Parkin activation is critical in the depolarized MMP-induced mitophagy) expression was found to be repressed and decreased, further leading to the failure of Parkin recruitment to the damaged mitochondria. Mitophagy activator, nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NMN) that activates the PINK1-Parkin pathway, could alleviate TBBPA-induced mitophagy deficiency and further reduce the neuronal cytotoxicity, demonstrating that TBBPA-induced PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy deficiency contributed to the neuronal cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we found TBBPA caused the upregulation of Atf3 (activating transcription factor 3) gene transcription and expression levels, alongside reduced Pink1 levels; whereas enhanced Pink1 transcript levels were observed after ATF3 depletion even under TBBPA treatment, demonstrating TBBPA-induced overexpression of ATF3 should be responsible for the reduced PINK1 expression. Therefore, for the first time, here we demonstrate that TBBPA can inhibit PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy via upregulating ATF3 expression, which further contributes to its neuronal cytotoxicity. This study should be able to improve our understanding of the mechanism of TBBPA-induced neuronal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Chao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Dezhi Yao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chuxuan Chen
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhiguo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Benzhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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14
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Rodriguez-Jimenez FJ, Ureña-Peralta J, Jendelova P, Erceg S. Alzheimer's disease and synapse Loss: What can we learn from induced pluripotent stem Cells? J Adv Res 2023; 54:105-118. [PMID: 36646419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction is a major contributor to Alzheimeŕs disease (AD) pathogenesis in addition to the formation of neuritic β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. However, how these features contribute to synaptic dysfunction and axonal loss remains unclear. While years of considerable effort have been devoted to gaining an improved understanding of this devastating disease, the unavailability of patient-derived tissues, considerable genetic heterogeneity, and lack of animal models that faithfully recapitulate human AD have hampered the development of effective treatment options. Ongoing progress in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has permitted the derivation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells with unlimited self-renewal capacity. These cells can differentiate into AD-affected cell types, which support studies of disease mechanisms, drug discovery, and the development of cell replacement therapies in traditional and advanced cell culture models. AIM OF REVIEW To summarize current hiPSC-based AD models, highlighting the associated achievements and challenges with a primary focus on neuron and synapse loss. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW We aim to identify how hiPSC models can contribute to understanding AD-associated synaptic dysfunction and axonal loss. hiPSC-derived neural cells, astrocytes, and microglia, as well as more sophisticated cellular organoids, may represent reliable models to investigate AD and identify early markers of AD-associated neural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Rodriguez-Jimenez
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Ureña-Peralta
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroregeneration, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Slaven Erceg
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroregeneration, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic; National Stem Cell Bank-Valencia Node, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
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15
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Yang X, Zhang Y, Luo JX, Zhu T, Ran Z, Mu BR, Lu MH. Targeting mitophagy for neurological disorders treatment: advances in drugs and non-drug approaches. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3503-3528. [PMID: 37535076 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as a vital energy source for nerve cells. The mitochondrial network also acts as a defense mechanism against external stressors that can threaten the stability of the nervous system. However, excessive accumulation of damaged mitochondria can lead to neuronal death. Mitophagy is an essential pathway in the mitochondrial quality control system and can protect neurons by selectively removing damaged mitochondria. In most neurological disorders, dysfunctional mitochondria are a common feature, and drugs that target mitophagy can improve symptoms. Here, we reviewed the role of mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injuries. We also summarized drug and non-drug approaches to promote mitophagy and described their therapeutic role in neurological disorders in order to provide valuable insight into the potential therapeutic agents available for neurological disease treatment. However, most studies on mitophagy regulation are based on preclinical research using cell and animal models, which may not accurately reflect the effects in humans. This poses a challenge to the clinical application of drugs targeting mitophagy. Additionally, these drugs may carry the risk of intolerable side effects and toxicity. Future research should focus on the development of safer and more targeted drugs for mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jia-Xin Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhao Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ben-Rong Mu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Mei-Hong Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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16
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de Wet S, Theart R, Loos B. Cogs in the autophagic machine-equipped to combat dementia-prone neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1225227. [PMID: 37720551 PMCID: PMC10500130 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1225227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are often characterized by hydrophobic inclusion bodies, and it may be the case that the aggregate-prone proteins that comprise these inclusion bodies are in fact the cause of neurotoxicity. Indeed, the appearance of protein aggregates leads to a proteostatic imbalance that causes various interruptions in physiological cellular processes, including lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as break down in calcium homeostasis. Oftentimes the approach to counteract proteotoxicity is taken to merely upregulate autophagy, measured by an increase in autophagosomes, without a deeper assessment of contributors toward effective turnover through autophagy. There are various ways in which autophagy is regulated ranging from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to acetylation status of proteins. Healthy mitochondria and the intracellular energetic charge they preserve are key for the acidification status of lysosomes and thus ensuring effective clearance of components through the autophagy pathway. Both mitochondria and lysosomes have been shown to bear functional protein complexes that aid in the regulation of autophagy. Indeed, it may be the case that minimizing the proteins associated with the respective neurodegenerative pathology may be of greater importance than addressing molecularly their resulting inclusion bodies. It is in this context that this review will dissect the autophagy signaling pathway, its control and the manner in which it is molecularly and functionally connected with the mitochondrial and lysosomal system, as well as provide a summary of the role of autophagy dysfunction in driving neurodegenerative disease as a means to better position the potential of rapamycin-mediated bioactivities to control autophagy favorably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sholto de Wet
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rensu Theart
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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17
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Flannagan K, Stopperan JA, Hauger BM, Troutwine BR, Lysaker CR, Strope TA, Csikos Drummond V, Gilmore CA, Swerdlow NA, Draper JM, Gouvion CM, Vivian JL, Haeri M, Swerdlow RH, Wilkins HM. Cell type and sex specific mitochondrial phenotypes in iPSC derived models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1201015. [PMID: 37614699 PMCID: PMC10442646 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1201015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Altered mitochondrial respiration, cytochrome oxidase (COX) Vmax, and mitophagy are observed in human subjects and animal models of AD. Models derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may not recapitulate these phenotypes after reprogramming from differentiated adult cells. Methods We examined mitochondrial function across iPSC derived models including cerebral organoids, forebrain neurons, and astrocytes. iPSCs were reprogrammed from fibroblasts either from the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (KU ADRC) cohort or purchased from WiCell. A total of four non-demented and four sporadic AD iPSC lines were examined. Models were subjected to mitochondrial respiration analysis using Seahorse XF technology, spectrophotometric cytochrome oxidase (COX) Vmax assays, fluorescent assays to determine mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, calcium, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy levels. AD pathological hallmarks were also measured. Results iPSC derived neurons and cerebral organoids showed reduced COX Vmax in AD subjects with more profound defects in the female cohort. These results were not observed in astrocytes. iPSC derived neurons and astrocytes from AD subjects had reduced mitochondrial respiration parameters with increased glycolytic flux. iPSC derived neurons and astrocytes from AD subjects showed sex dependent effects on mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial superoxide production, and mitochondrial calcium. iPSC derived neurons from AD subjects had reduced mitochondrial localization in lysosomes with sex dependent effects on mitochondrial mass, while iPSC derived astrocytes from female AD subjects had increased mitochondrial localization to lysosomes. Both iPSC derived neurons and astrocytes from AD subjects showed altered mitochondrial dynamics. iPSC derived neurons had increased secreted Aβ, and sex dependent effects on total APP protein expression. iPSC derived astrocytes showed sex dependent changes in GFAP expression in AD derived cells. Conclusion Overall, iPSC derived models from AD subjects show mitochondrial phenotypes and AD pathological hallmarks in a cell type and sex dependent manner. These results highlight the importance of sex as a biological variable in cell culture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Flannagan
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Julia A. Stopperan
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Brittany M. Hauger
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Troutwine
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Colton R. Lysaker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Taylor A. Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vivien Csikos Drummond
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Caleb A. Gilmore
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Natalie A. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Julia M. Draper
- Transgenic and Gene Targeting Facility, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Gouvion
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jay L. Vivian
- Transgenic and Gene Targeting Facility, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Mohammad Haeri
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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18
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Ma W, Su Y, Zhang P, Wan G, Cheng X, Lu C, Gu X. Identification of mitochondrial-related genes as potential biomarkers for the subtyping and prediction of Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1205541. [PMID: 37470054 PMCID: PMC10352499 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder prevalent among older adults. Although AD symptoms can be managed through certain treatments, advancing the understanding of underlying disease mechanisms and developing effective therapies is critical. Methods In this study, we systematically analyzed transcriptome data from temporal lobes of healthy individuals and patients with AD to investigate the relationship between AD and mitochondrial autophagy. Machine learning algorithms were used to identify six genes-FUNDC1, MAP1LC3A, CSNK2A1, VDAC1, CSNK2B, and ATG5-for the construction of an AD prediction model. Furthermore, AD was categorized into three subtypes through consensus clustering analysis. Results The identified genes are closely linked to the onset and progression of AD and can serve as reliable biomarkers. The differences in gene expression, clinical features, immune infiltration, and pathway enrichment were examined among the three AD subtypes. Potential drugs for the treatment of each subtype were also identified. Discussion The findings observed in the present study can help to deepen the understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms of AD and enable the development of precision medicine and personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuelin Su
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlian Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Costa-Laparra I, Juárez-Escoto E, Vicario C, Moratalla R, García-Sanz P. APOE ε4 allele, along with G206D- PSEN1 mutation, alters mitochondrial networks and their degradation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1087072. [PMID: 37455931 PMCID: PMC10340123 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1087072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease remains the most common neurodegenerative disorder, depicted mainly by memory loss and the presence in the brain of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This disease is related to several cellular alterations like the loss of synapses, neuronal death, disruption of lipid homeostasis, mitochondrial fragmentation, or raised oxidative stress. Notably, changes in the autophagic pathway have turned out to be a key factor in the early development of the disease. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of the APOE allele ε4 and G206D-PSEN1 on the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. Methods Fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients with APOE 3/4 + G206D-PSEN1 mutation and homozygous APOE ε4 were used to study the effects of APOE polymorphism and PSEN1 mutation on the autophagy pathway, mitochondrial network fragmentation, superoxide anion levels, lysosome clustering, and p62/SQSTM1 levels. Results We observed that the APOE allele ε4 in homozygosis induces mitochondrial network fragmentation that correlates with an increased colocalization with p62/SQSTM1, probably due to an inefficient autophagy. Moreover, G206D-PSEN1 mutation causes an impairment of the integrity of mitochondrial networks, triggering high superoxide anion levels and thus making APOE 3/4 + PSEN1 fibroblasts more vulnerable to cell death induced by oxidative stress. Of note, PSEN1 mutation induces accumulation and clustering of lysosomes that, along with an increase of global p62/SQSTM1, could compromise lysosomal function and, ultimately, its degradation. Conclusion The findings suggest that all these modifications could eventually contribute to the neuronal degeneration that underlies the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Further research in this area may help to develop targeted therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Costa-Laparra
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Juárez-Escoto
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicario
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Stem Cells, Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia García-Sanz
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Qu W, Canoll P, Hargus G. Molecular Insights into Cell Type-specific Roles in Alzheimer's Disease: Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-based Disease Modelling. Neuroscience 2023; 518:10-26. [PMID: 35569647 PMCID: PMC9974106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia resulting in widespread degeneration of the central nervous system with severe cognitive impairment. Despite the devastating toll of AD, the incomplete understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms hinders the expeditious development of effective cures. Emerging evidence from animal studies has shown that different brain cell types play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Glutamatergic neurons are preferentially affected in AD and pronounced gliosis contributes to the progression of AD in both a cell-autonomous and a non-cell-autonomous manner. Much has been discovered through genetically modified animal models, yet frequently failed translational attempts to clinical applications call for better disease models. Emerging evidence supports the significance of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived brain cells in modeling disease development and progression, opening new avenues for the discovery of molecular mechanisms. This review summarizes the function of different cell types in the pathogenesis of AD, such as neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, and recognizes the potential of utilizing the rapidly growing iPSC technology in modeling AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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21
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Li J, Yang D, Li Z, Zhao M, Wang D, Sun Z, Wen P, Dai Y, Gou F, Ji Y, Zhao D, Yang L. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101817. [PMID: 36503124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in bioenergetics, metabolism, and signaling; therefore, stable mitochondrial function is essential for cell survival, particularly in energy-intensive neuronal cells. In neurodegenerative diseases, damaged mitochondria accumulate in neurons causing associated bioenergetics deficiency, impaired cell signaling, defective cytoplasmic calcium buffering, and other pathological changes. Mitochondrial quality control is an important mechanism to ensure the maintenance of mitochondrial health, homeostasis, and mitophagy, the latter of which is a pathway that delivers defective mitochondria to the lysosome for degradation. Defective mitophagy is thought to be responsible for the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which leads to cellular dysfunction and/or death in neurodegenerative diseases. PINK1/Parkin mainly regulates ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy, which is crucial for many aspects of mitochondrial physiology, particularly the initiation of autophagic mechanisms. Therefore, in the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the conventional mitophagy pathway, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy dysregulation in prion disease and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, especially in relation to the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Moreover, we list the inducers of mitophagy that possess neuroprotective effects, in addition to their mechanisms related to the PINK1/Parkin pathway. These mechanisms may provide potential interventions centered on the regulation of mitophagy and offer therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyang Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Sun
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wen
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Dai
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengting Gou
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilan Ji
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Sahlgren Bendtsen KM, Hall VJ. The Breakthroughs and Caveats of Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Modeling Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030420. [PMID: 36766763 PMCID: PMC9913971 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling Alzheimer's disease (AD) using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a field now spanning 15 years. Developments in the field have shown a shift in using simple 2D cortical neuron models to more advanced tri-cultures and 3D cerebral organoids that recapitulate more features of the disease. This is largely due to development and optimization of new cell protocols. In this review, we highlight recent major breakthroughs in the AD field and the implications this has in modeling AD using iPSCs (AD-iPSCs). To date, AD-iPSCs have been largely used to recapitulate and study impaired amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and tau phosphorylation in both familial and sporadic AD. AD-iPSCs have also been studied for varying neuronal and glial dysfunctions. Moreover, they have been useful for discovering new molecular mechanisms, such as identifying proteins that bridge APP processing with tau phosphorylation and for identifying molecular pathways that bridge APP processing dysfunction with impaired cholesterol biosynthesis. Perhaps the greatest use of AD-iPSCs has been in discovering compounds via drug screening, that reduce amyloid beta (Aβ) in neurons, such as the anti-inflammatory compound, cromolyn, and antiparasitic drugs, avermectins. In addition, high content screening using AD-iPSCs has led to the identification of statins that can reduce levels of phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) in neurons. Some of these compounds have made it through to testing in human clinical trials. Improvements in omic technologies including single cell RNA sequencing and proteomics as well as advances in production of iPSC-cerebral organoids and tri-cultures is likely to result in the further discovery of new drugs and treatments for AD. Some caveats remain in the field, including, long experimental conditions to create mature neurons, high costs of media that limit research capabilities, and a lack of reproducibility using current iPSC-cerebral organoid protocols. Despite these current limitations, AD-iPSCs remain an excellent cellular model for studying AD mechanisms and for drug discovery.
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Mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular defects and therapeutic approaches. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:202-216. [PMID: 35665766 PMCID: PMC9812780 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are central players in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, impairments in mitophagy, the process of selective mitochondrial degradation by autophagy leading to a gradual accumulation of defective mitochondria, have also been reported to occur in AD. We provide an updated overview of the recent discoveries and advancements on mitophagic molecular dysfunctions in AD-derived fluids and cells as well as in AD brains. We discuss studies using AD cellular and animal models that have unraveled the contribution of relevant AD-related proteins (Tau, Aβ, APP-derived fragments and APOE) in mitophagy failure. In accordance with the important role of impaired mitophagy in AD, we report on various therapeutic strategies aiming at stimulating mitophagy in AD and we summarize the benefits of these potential therapeutic strategies in human clinical trials.
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Maharjan N, Saxena S. Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurogenetics 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07793-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Luo HM, Xu J, Huang DX, Chen YQ, Liu YZ, Li YJ, Chen H. Mitochondrial dysfunction of induced pluripotent stem cells-based neurodegenerative disease modeling and therapeutic strategy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1030390. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are disorders in which neurons are lost owing to various factors, resulting in a series of dysfunctions. Their rising prevalence and irreversibility have brought physical pain to patients and economic pressure to both individuals and society. However, the pathogenesis of NDDs has not yet been fully elucidated, hampering the use of precise medication. Induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC) modeling provides a new method for drug discovery, and exploring the early pathological mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, which is not only an early but a prominent pathological feature of NDDs. In this review, we summarize the iPSC modeling approach of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as outline typical mitochondrial dysfunction and recapitulate corresponding therapeutic strategies.
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26
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213954. [PMID: 36430432 PMCID: PMC9697769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent case of neurodegenerative disease and is becoming a major public health problem all over the world. Many therapeutic strategies have been explored for several decades; however, there is still no curative treatment, and the priority remains prevention. In this review, we present an update on the clinical and physiological phase of the AD spectrum, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for AD treatment with a focus on prevention strategies, then research models used in AD, followed by a discussion of treatment limitations. The prevention methods can significantly slow AD evolution and are currently the best strategy possible before the advanced stages of the disease. Indeed, current drug treatments have only symptomatic effects, and disease-modifying treatments are not yet available. Drug delivery to the central nervous system remains a complex process and represents a challenge for developing therapeutic and preventive strategies. Studies are underway to test new techniques to facilitate the bioavailability of molecules to the brain. After a deep study of the literature, we find the use of soft nanoparticles, in particular nanoliposomes and exosomes, as an innovative approach for preventive and therapeutic strategies in reducing the risk of AD and solving problems of brain bioavailability. Studies show the promising role of nanoliposomes and exosomes as smart drug delivery systems able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and target brain tissues. Finally, the different drug administration techniques for neurological disorders are discussed. One of the promising therapeutic methods is the intranasal administration strategy which should be used for preclinical and clinical studies of neurodegenerative diseases.
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27
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Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
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28
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The RING finger protein family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:300. [PMID: 36042206 PMCID: PMC9424811 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a highly conserved and fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM) in all eukaryotes regulating thousands of proteins. The RING (really interesting new gene) finger (RNF) protein, containing the RING domain, exerts E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to target proteins. Multiple reviews have summarized the critical roles of the tripartite-motif (TRIM) protein family, a subgroup of RNF proteins, in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory, infectious, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Except for TRIMs, since numerous studies over the past decades have delineated that other RNF proteins also exert widespread involvement in several diseases, their importance should not be underestimated. This review summarizes the potential contribution of dysregulated RNF proteins, except for TRIMs, to the pathogenesis of some diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorder. Since viral infection is broadly involved in the induction and development of those diseases, this manuscript also highlights the regulatory roles of RNF proteins, excluding TRIMs, in the antiviral immune responses. In addition, we further discuss the potential intervention strategies targeting other RNF proteins for the prevention and therapeutics of those human diseases.
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Olesen MA, Villavicencio-Tejo F, Quintanilla RA. The use of fibroblasts as a valuable strategy for studying mitochondrial impairment in neurological disorders. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:36. [PMID: 35787292 PMCID: PMC9251940 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction leading to synaptic failure, cognitive impairment, and motor injury. Among these diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have raised a significant research interest. These disorders present common neuropathological signs, including neuronal dysfunction, protein accumulation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial abnormalities. In this context, mitochondrial impairment is characterized by a deficiency in ATP production, excessive production of reactive oxygen species, calcium dysregulation, mitochondrial transport failure, and mitochondrial dynamics deficiencies. These defects in mitochondrial health could compromise the synaptic process, leading to early cognitive dysfunction observed in these NDs. Interestingly, skin fibroblasts from AD, PD, HD, and ALS patients have been suggested as a useful strategy to investigate and detect early mitochondrial abnormalities in these NDs. In this context, fibroblasts are considered a viable model for studying neurodegenerative changes due to their metabolic and biochemical relationships with neurons. Also, studies of our group and others have shown impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics in fibroblasts from patients diagnosed with sporadic and genetic forms of AD, PD, HD, and ALS. Interestingly, these mitochondrial abnormalities have been observed in the brain tissues of patients suffering from the same pathologies. Therefore, fibroblasts represent a novel strategy to study the genesis and progression of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, PD, HD, and ALS. This review discusses recent evidence that proposes fibroblasts as a potential target to study mitochondrial bioenergetics impairment in neurological disorders and consequently to search for new biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Villavicencio-Tejo
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Lopez-Toledo G, Silva-Lucero MDC, Herrera-Díaz J, García DE, Arias-Montaño JA, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC. Patient-Derived Fibroblasts With Presenilin-1 Mutations, That Model Aspects of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology, Constitute a Potential Object for Early Diagnosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:921573. [PMID: 35847683 PMCID: PMC9283986 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.921573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder that can occur in middle or old age, is characterized by memory loss, a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that affect the ability of an individual to function independently. It is divided into sporadic and familial subtypes. Early-onset familial AD (FAD) is linked to mutations in genes coding for the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), presenilin 1 (PS1), and presenilin 2 (PS2), which lead to alterations in AβPP processing, generation of the Amyloid-β peptide and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Identification of early biomarkers for AD diagnosis represents a challenge, and it has been suggested that molecular changes in neurodegenerative pathways identified in the brain of AD patients can be detected in peripheral non-neural cells derived from familial or sporadic AD patients. In the present study, we determined the protein expression, the proteomic and in silico characterization of skin fibroblasts from FAD patients with PS1 mutations (M146L or A246E) or from healthy individuals. Our results shown that fibroblasts from AD patients had increased expression of the autophagy markers LC3II, LAMP2 and Cathepsin D, a significant increase in total GSK3, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) and phosphorylated tau (Thr231, Ser396, and Ser404), but no difference in the phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) or the α (Ser21) and β (Ser9) GSK3 isoforms, highlighting the relevant role of abnormal protein post-translational modifications in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Both 2-DE gels and mass spectrometry showed significant differences in the expression of the signaling pathways associated with protein folding and the autophagic pathway mediated by chaperones with the expression of HSPA5, HSPE1, HSPD1, HSP90AA1, and HSPE1 and reticular stress in the FAD samples. Furthermore, expression of the heat shock proteins HSP90 and HSP70 was significantly higher in the cells from AD patients as confirmed by Western blot. Taken together our results indicate that fibroblasts from patients with FAD-PS1 present alterations in signaling pathways related to cellular stress, autophagy, lysosomes, and tau phosphorylation. Fibroblasts can therefore be useful in modeling pathways related to neurodegeneration, as well as for the identification of early AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Lopez-Toledo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Silva-Lucero
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Herrera-Díaz
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación y a la Industria, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David-Erasmo García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo,
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Targeting Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets for Small Molecules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134124. [PMID: 35807370 PMCID: PMC9268715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common, progressive, and devastating neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects the elderly. Microglial dysregulation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of AD. In the brain, microglia play roles as immune cells to provide protection against virus injuries and diseases. They have significant contributions in the development of the brain, cognition, homeostasis of the brain, and plasticity. Multiple studies have confirmed that uncontrolled microglial function can result in impaired microglial mitophagy, induced Aβ accumulation and tau pathology, and a chronic neuroinflammatory environment. In the brain, most of the genes that are associated with AD risk are highly expressed by microglia. Although it was initially regarded that microglia reaction is incidental and induced by dystrophic neurites and Aβ plaques. Nonetheless, it has been reported by genome-wide association studies that most of the risk loci for AD are located in genes that are occasionally uniquely and highly expressed in microglia. This finding further suggests that microglia play significant roles in early AD stages and they be targeted for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we have summarized the molecular pathogenesis of AD, microglial activities in the adult brain, the role of microglia in the aging brain, and the role of microglia in AD. We have also particularly focused on the significance of targeting microglia for the treatment of AD.
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Bhattacharya S, Yin J, Huo W, Chaum E. Modeling of mitochondrial bioenergetics and autophagy impairment in MELAS-mutant iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:260. [PMID: 35715869 PMCID: PMC9205099 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, a deeper understanding is required to determine the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) to RPE damage and AMD pathobiology. In this study, we model the impact of a prototypical systemic mitochondrial defect, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), in RPE health and homeostasis as an in vitro model for impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics. Methods We used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from skin biopsies of MELAS patients (m.3243A > G tRNA leu mutation) with different levels of mtDNA heteroplasmy and differentiated them into RPE cells. Mitochondrial depletion of ARPE-19 cells (p0 cells) was also performed using 50 ng/mL ethidium bromide (EtBr) and 50 mg/ml uridine. Cell fusion of the human platelets with the p0 cells performed using polyethylene glycol (PEG)/suspension essential medium (SMEM) mixture to generate platelet/RPE “cybrids.” Confocal microscopy, FLowSight Imaging cytometry, and Seahorse XF Mito Stress test were used to analyze mitochondrial function. Western Blotting was used to analyze expression of autophagy and mitophagy proteins. Results We found that MELAS iPSC-derived RPE cells exhibited key characteristics of native RPE. We observed heteroplasmy-dependent impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics and reliance on glycolysis for generating energy in the MELAS iPSC-derived RPE. The degree of heteroplasmy was directly associated with increased activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), reduced adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) activation, and decreased autophagic activity. In addition, impaired autophagy was associated with aberrant lysosomal function, and failure of mitochondrial recycling. The mitochondria-depleted p0 cells replicated the effects on autophagy impairment and aberrant STAT3/AMPKα signaling and showed reduced mitochondrial respiration, demonstrating phenotypic similarities between p0 and MELAS iPSC-derived RPE cells. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that the MELAS iPSC-derived disease models are powerful tools for dissecting the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial DNA alterations influence RPE function in aging and macular degeneration, and for testing novel therapeutics in patients harboring the MELAS genotype. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02937-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2311 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jinggang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2311 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Weihong Huo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2311 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Edward Chaum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2311 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Coelho P, Fão L, Mota S, Rego AC. Mitochondrial function and dynamics in neural stem cells and neurogenesis: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101667. [PMID: 35714855 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been largely described as the powerhouse of the cell and recent findings demonstrate that this organelle is fundamental for neurogenesis. The mechanisms underlying neural stem cells (NSCs) maintenance and differentiation are highly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Mitochondrial-mediated switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, accompanied by mitochondrial remodeling and dynamics are vital to NSCs fate. Deregulation of mitochondrial proteins, mitochondrial DNA, function, fission/fusion and metabolism underly several neurodegenerative diseases; data show that these impairments are already present in early developmental stages and NSC fate decisions. However, little is known about mitochondrial role in neurogenesis. In this Review, we describe the recent evidence covering mitochondrial role in neurogenesis, its impact in selected neurodegenerative diseases, for which aging is the major risk factor, and the recent advances in stem cell-based therapies that may alleviate neurodegenerative disorders-related neuronal deregulation through improvement of mitochondrial function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Coelho
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Fão
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Mota
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; III, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Hasan MF, Trushina E. Advances in Recapitulating Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based In Vitro Models. Brain Sci 2022; 12:552. [PMID: 35624938 PMCID: PMC9138647 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of death among older individuals. Available treatment strategies only temporarily mitigate symptoms without modifying disease progression. Recent studies revealed the multifaceted neurobiology of AD and shifted the target of drug development. Established animal models of AD are mostly tailored to yield a subset of disease phenotypes, which do not recapitulate the complexity of sporadic late-onset AD, the most common form of the disease. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) offers unique opportunities to fill these gaps. Emerging technology allows the development of disease models that recapitulate a brain-like microenvironment using patient-derived cells. These models retain the individual's unraveled genetic background, yielding clinically relevant disease phenotypes and enabling cost-effective, high-throughput studies for drug discovery. Here, we review the development of various HiPSC-based models to study AD mechanisms and their application in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fayad Hasan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Wang XJ, Xue YQ, Zhang HL, Yu Y, Liu P. PINK1 Deficiency Aggravates the β-amyloid-attenuated Mitophagy-lysosomal Degradation in PC12 Cells. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 7:30-36. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2021.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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B LJM, Ayyalasomayajula N, Murumulla L, Dixit PK, Suresh C. Defective mitophagy and induction of apoptosis by the depleted levels of PINK1 and parkin in Pb and β-amyloid peptide induced toxicity. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:559-568. [PMID: 35300571 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2054749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to lead (Pb), an environmental pollutant, is closely associated with the development of neurodegenerative disorders through oxidative stress induction and alterations in mitochondrial function. Damaged mitochondria could be one of the reasons for the progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Mitophagy is vital in keeping the cell healthy. To know its role in Pb-induced AD, we investigated the PINK1/parkin dependent pathway by studying specific mitophagy marker proteins such as PINK1 and parkin in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Our data have indicated a significant reduction in the levels of PINK1 and parkin in cells exposed to Pb and β-amyloid peptides, both Aβ (25-35) and Aβ (1-40) individually and in different combinations, resulting in defective mitophagy. Also, the study unravels the status of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial ROS production in cells treated with individual and different combination of Pb and Aβ peptides. An increase in mitochondrial ROS production, enhanced MPTP opening, depolarization of membrane potential and reduced mitochondrial mass in the exposed groups were observed. Also, in the present study, we found that Pb and β-amyloid peptides could trigger apoptosis by activating the Bak protein, which releases the cytochrome c from mitochondria through MPTP that further activates the AIF (apoptosis inducing factor) and caspase-3 proteins in the cytosol. The above findings reveal the potential role of mechanisms like PINK1/parkin mediated mitophagy and dysfunctional mitochondria mediated apoptosis in Pb induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lokesh Murumulla
- Cell Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | | | - Challa Suresh
- Cell Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, India
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Barak M, Fedorova V, Pospisilova V, Raska J, Vochyanova S, Sedmik J, Hribkova H, Klimova H, Vanova T, Bohaciakova D. Human iPSC-Derived Neural Models for Studying Alzheimer's Disease: from Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:792-820. [PMID: 35107767 PMCID: PMC8930932 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used to study mechanisms of human neural development, disease modeling, and drug discovery in vitro. Especially in the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where this treatment is lacking, tremendous effort has been put into the investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this disease using induced pluripotent stem cell-based models. Numerous of these studies have found either novel regulatory mechanisms that could be exploited to develop relevant drugs for AD treatment or have already tested small molecules on in vitro cultures, directly demonstrating their effect on amelioration of AD-associated pathology. This review thus summarizes currently used differentiation strategies of induced pluripotent stem cells towards neuronal and glial cell types and cerebral organoids and their utilization in modeling AD and potential drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Barak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Fedorova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Vochyanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Klimova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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38
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Lee SE, Kwon D, Shin N, Kong D, Kim NG, Kim HY, Kim MJ, Choi SW, Kang KS. Accumulation of APP-CTF induces mitophagy dysfunction in the iNSCs model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:1. [PMID: 35013145 PMCID: PMC8748980 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with familial Alzheimer’s disease (fAD), and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria has been reported as an initial symptom that further contributes to disease progression. In the amyloidogenic pathway, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by β-secretase to generate a C-terminal fragment, which is then cleaved by γ-secretase to produce amyloid-beta (Aβ). The accumulation of Aβ and its detrimental effect on mitochondrial function are well known, yet the amyloid precursor protein-derived C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) contributing to this pathology have rarely been reported. We demonstrated the effects of APP-CTFs-related pathology using induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) from AD patient-derived fibroblasts. APP-CTFs accumulation was demonstrated to mainly occur within mitochondrial domains and to be both a cause and a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. APP-CTFs accumulation also resulted in mitophagy failure, as validated by increased LC3-II and p62 and inconsistent PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin ligase (Parkin) recruitment to mitochondria and failed fusion of mitochondria and lysosomes. The accumulation of APP-CTFs and the causality of impaired mitophagy function were also verified in AD patient-iNSCs. Furthermore, we confirmed this pathological loop in presenilin knockout iNSCs (PSEN KO-iNSCs) because APP-CTFs accumulation is due to γ-secretase blockage and similarly occurs in presenilin-deficient cells. In the present work, we report that the contribution of APP-CTFs accumulation is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy failure in AD patient-iNSCs as well as PSEN KO-iNSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Eun Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekee Kwon
- Research Institute in Maru Therapeutics, Seoul, 05854, Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Shin
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kong
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyo Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Yeong Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Chen C, Yang C, Wang J, Huang X, Yu H, Li S, Li S, Zhang Z, Liu J, Yang X, Liu GP. Melatonin ameliorates cognitive deficits through improving mitophagy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12774. [PMID: 34617321 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While melatonin is known to have protective effects in mitochondria-related diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders, there is poor understanding of the effects of melatonin treatment on mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used proteomic analysis to investigate the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of oral melatonin treatment on mitophagy in the hippocampus of 4-month-old wild-type mice versus age-matched 5 × FAD mice, an animal model of AD. 5 × FAD mice showed disordered mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction as revealed by increased mtDNA, mitochondrial marker proteins and MDA production, decreased electron transport chain proteins and ATP levels, and co-localization of Lamp1 and Tomm20. Melatonin treatment reversed the abnormal expression of proteins in the signaling pathway of lysosomes, pathologic phagocytosis of microglia, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Moreover, melatonin restored mitophagy by improving mitophagosome-lysosome fusion via Mcoln1, and thus, ameliorated mitochondrial functions, attenuated Aβ pathology, and improved cognition. Concurrent treatment with chloroquine and melatonin blocked the positive behavioral and biochemical effects of administration with melatonin alone. Taken in concert, these results suggest that melatonin reduces AD-related deficits in mitophagy such that the drug should be considered as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shangming Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou, Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neurodegeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
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Mani S, Swargiary G, Singh M, Agarwal S, Dey A, Ojha S, Jha NK. Mitochondrial defects: An emerging theranostic avenue towards Alzheimer's associated dysregulations. Life Sci 2021; 285:119985. [PMID: 34592237 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in expediting the energy homeostasis under varying environmental conditions. As mitochondria are controllers of both energy production and apoptotic pathways, they are also distinctively involved in controlling the neuronal cell survival and/or death. Numerous factors are responsible for mitochondria to get degraded with aging and huge functional failures in mitochondria are also found to be associated with the commencement of numerous neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A large number of existing literatures promote the pivotal role of mitochondrial damage and oxidative impairment in the pathogenesis of AD. Numerous mitochondria associated processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, mitophagy, transportation and bioenergetics are crucial for proper functioning of mitochondria but are reported to be defective in AD patients. Though, the knowledge on the precise and in-depth mechanisms of these actions is still in infancy. Based upon the outcome of various significant studies, mitochondria are also being considered as therapeutic targets for AD. Here, we review the current status of mitochondrial defects in AD and also summarize the possible role of these defects in the pathogenesis of AD. The various approaches for developing the mitochondria-targeted therapies are also discussed here in detail. Consequently, it is suggested that improving mitochondrial activity via pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological interventions could postpone the onset and slow the development of AD. Further research and consequences of ongoing clinical trials should extend our understanding and help to validate conclusions regarding the causation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mani
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, UP 201307, India.
| | - Geeta Swargiary
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, UP 201307, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, UP 201307, India
| | | | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
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41
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Chen S, Wang W, Tan HY, Lu Y, Li Z, Qu Y, Wang N, Wang D. Role of Autophagy in the Maintenance of Stemness in Adult Stem Cells: A Disease-Relevant Mechanism of Action. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715200. [PMID: 34414192 PMCID: PMC8369482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular scavenging mechanism induced to eliminate damaged, denatured, or senescent macromolecular substances and organelles in the body. The regulation of autophagy plays essential roles in the processes of cellular homeostasis and senescence. Dysregulated autophagy is a common feature of several human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The initiation and development of these disorders have been shown to be associated with the maintenance of disease-specific stem cell compartments. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of autophagy in the maintenance of stemness. Specifically, we focus on the intersection between autophagy and adult stem cells in the initiation and progression of specific diseases. Accordingly, this review highlights the role of autophagy in stemness maintenance from the perspective of disease-associated mechanisms, which may be fundamental to our understanding of the pathogeneses of human diseases and the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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42
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Wu AJ, Tong BCK, Huang AS, Li M, Cheung KH. Mitochondrial Calcium Signaling as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:329-343. [PMID: 31820698 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191210091302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria absorb calcium (Ca2+) at the expense of the electrochemical gradient generated during respiration. The influx of Ca2+ into the mitochondrial matrix helps maintain metabolic function and results in increased cytosolic Ca2+ during intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is tightly regulated by proteins located in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and by the cross-talk with endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ signals. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial Ca2+ overload is a pathological phenotype associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). As intracellular Ca2+ dysregulation can be observed before the appearance of typical pathological hallmarks of AD, it is believed that mitochondrial Ca2+ overload may also play an important role in AD etiology. The high mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can easily compromise neuronal functions and exacerbate AD progression by impairing mitochondrial respiration, increasing reactive oxygen species formation and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, mitochondrial Ca2+ overload can damage mitochondrial recycling via mitophagy. This review will discuss the molecular players involved in mitochondrial Ca2+ dysregulation and the pharmacotherapies that target this dysregulation. As most of the current AD therapeutics are based on amyloidopathy, tauopathy, and the cholinergic hypothesis, they achieve only symptomatic relief. Thus, determining how to reestablish mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis may aid in the development of novel AD therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aston J Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin C-K Tong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexis S Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Ryu WI, Cohen BM, Sonntag KC. Hypothesis and Theory: Characterizing Abnormalities of Energy Metabolism Using a Cellular Platform as a Personalized Medicine Approach for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:697578. [PMID: 34395428 PMCID: PMC8363296 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.697578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is characterized by slowly progressive deterioration and death of CNS neurons. There are currently no substantially disease-modifying therapies. LOAD pathology is closely related to changes with age and include, among others, accumulation of toxic molecules and altered metabolic, microvascular, biochemical and inflammatory processes. In addition, there is growing evidence that cellular energy deficits play a critical role in aging and LOAD pathophysiology. However, the exact mechanisms and causal relationships are largely unknown. In our studies we tested the hypothesis that altered bioenergetic and metabolic cell functions are key elements in LOAD, using a cellular platform consisting of skin fibroblasts derived from LOAD patients and AD-unaffected control individuals and therefrom generated induced pluripotent stem cells that are differentiated to brain-like cells to study LOAD pathogenic processes in context of age, disease, genetic background, cell development, and cell type. This model has revealed that LOAD cells exhibit a multitude of bioenergetic and metabolic alterations, providing evidence for an innate inefficient cellular energy management in LOAD as a prerequisite for the development of neurodegenerative disease with age. We propose that this cellular platform could ultimately be used as a conceptual basis for a personalized medicine tool to predict altered aging and risk for development of dementia, and to test or implement customized therapeutic or disease-preventive intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-In Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Kai-C Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
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Goudarzi S, Hosseini A, Abdollahi M, Haghi-Aminjan H. Insights Into Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:674071. [PMID: 34393755 PMCID: PMC8358451 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.674071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkin-mediated mitophagy is the dominant mitophagy pathway of neural cells. Its restoration will result in prevention of cognitive decline, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The role of this mitophagy pathway in neurodegenerative diseases has drawn attention in recent years. The two main pathological proteins in AD, amyloid β (Aβ) and human Tau (hTau), interfere with mitochondrial dynamics through several pathways. However, taking into consideration the specific interactions between Aβ/hTau and Parkin, special focus is required on this mitophagy pathway and AD. In this review, these interactions are fully discussed, and an overview of the neuroprotective drugs that enhance Parkin-mediated mitophagy is presented. Methods: This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, and a comprehensive literature search was done in the electronic databases up to September 2020, using search terms in the titles and abstracts to identify relevant studies. One hundred eighty-six articles were found, and 113 articles were screened by title and abstract. Finally, 25 articles were included in this systematic review according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Accumulation of Aβ and hTau affects mitophagy, including Parkin-mediated. Tau seems to prevent Parkin translocation directly. A Parkin level in the cell appears to be of importance in determining the damage caused by Aβ and hTau and in the future therapeutic approaches. Parkin controls the PINK1 level via the presenillins, suggesting that mutations in presenillins affect Parkin mitophagy. Significance: Parkin mitophagy is a process affected by several AD pathological events multidimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Goudarzi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Chen J, He HJ, Ye Q, Feng F, Wang WW, Gu Y, Han R, Xie C. Defective Autophagy and Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Translational Implications. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5289-5302. [PMID: 34279771 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main histopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is featured by the extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the brain, which is likely to result from co-pathogenic interactions among multiple factors, e.g., aging or genes. The link between defective autophagy/mitophagy and AD pathologies is still under investigation and not fully established. In this review, we consider how AD is associated with impaired autophagy and mitophagy, and how these impact pathological hallmarks as well as the potential mechanisms. This complicated interplay between autophagy or mitophagy and histopathology in AD suggests that targeting autophagy or mitophagy probably is a promising anti-AD drug candidate. Finally, we review the implications of some new insights for induction of autophagy or mitophagy as the new therapeutic way that targets processes upstream of both NFT and Aβ plaques, and hence stops the neurodegenerative course in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Hai-Jun He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Qianqian Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Wen-Wen Wang
- The Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yingying Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Ruiyu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Family Planning and Healthy, Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hebei Research Institute for Family Planning Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050071, Hebei, China.
| | - Chenglong Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China. .,Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China.
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Analyzing Olfactory Neuron Precursors Non-Invasively Isolated through NADH FLIM as a Potential Tool to Study Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126311. [PMID: 34204595 PMCID: PMC8231156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the proposed pathogenic mechanisms to understand the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), increased oxidative stress seems to be a robust and early disease feature where many of those hypotheses converge. However, despite the significant lines of evidence accumulated, an effective diagnosis and treatment of AD are not yet available. This limitation might be partially explained by the use of cellular and animal models that recapitulate partial aspects of the disease and do not account for the particular biology of patients. As such, cultures of patient-derived cells of peripheral origin may provide a convenient solution for this problem. Peripheral cells of neuronal lineage such as olfactory neuronal precursors (ONPs) can be easily cultured through non-invasive isolation, reproducing AD-related oxidative stress. Interestingly, the autofluorescence of key metabolic cofactors such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) can be highly correlated with the oxidative state and antioxidant capacity of cells in a non-destructive and label-free manner. In particular, imaging NADH through fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has greatly improved the sensitivity in detecting oxidative shifts with minimal intervention to cell physiology. Here, we discuss the translational potential of analyzing patient-derived ONPs non-invasively isolated through NADH FLIM to reveal AD-related oxidative stress. We believe this approach may potentially accelerate the discovery of effective antioxidant therapies and contribute to early diagnosis and personalized monitoring of this devastating disease.
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Functional Genetic Variants in ATG10 Are Associated with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061344. [PMID: 33809750 PMCID: PMC8002222 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological neoplasm with a very poor survival rate. To date, diagnostic tools to monitor individuals at higher risk of developing AML are scarce. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have emerged as good candidates for disease prevention. AML is characterized by altered autophagy, a vital mechanism to remove and recycle unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components. ATG10 is one of the autophagy core genes involved in the autophagosome formation. We hypothesize that SNPs located in regulatory regions of the ATG10 gene could predispose individuals to AML development. We therefore genotyped three SNPs within the ATG10 locus. We identified the ATG10rs3734114 as a potential risk factor for developing AML, whereas the ATG10rs1864182 was associated with decreased risk. These findings highlight ATG10 as a key regulator of susceptibility to AML. Furthermore, we believe that ATG10 SNPs could be exploited in the clinical setting as an AML prevention strategy. Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia, characterized by a heterogeneous genetic landscape contributing, among others, to the occurrence of metabolic reprogramming. Autophagy, a key player on metabolism, plays an essential role in AML. Here, we examined the association of three potentially functional genetic polymorphisms in the ATG10 gene, central for the autophagosome formation. We screened a multicenter cohort involving 309 AML patients and 356 healthy subjects for three ATG10 SNPs: rs1864182T>G, rs1864183C>T and rs3734114T>C. The functional consequences of the ATG10 SNPs in its canonical function were investigated in vitro using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a cohort of 46 healthy individuals. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and gender revealed that patients carrying the ATG10rs1864182G allele showed a significantly decreased risk of developing AML (OR [odds ratio] = 0.58, p = 0.001), whereas patients carrying the homozygous ATG10rs3734114C allele had a significantly increased risk of developing AML (OR = 2.70, p = 0.004). Functional analysis showed that individuals carrying the ATG10rs1864182G allele had decreased autophagy when compared to homozygous major allele carriers. Our results uncover the potential of screening for ATG10 genetic variants in AML prevention strategies, in particular for subjects carrying other AML risk factors such as elderly individuals with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential.
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Trombetta-Lima M, Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Dolga AM. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases: A focus on iPSC-derived neuronal models. Cell Calcium 2021; 94:102362. [PMID: 33540322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Progressive neuronal loss is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These pathologies exhibit clear signs of inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium deregulation, and accumulation of aggregated or misfolded proteins. Over the last decades, a tremendous research effort has contributed to define some of the pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative processes in these complex brain neurodegenerative disorders. To better understand molecular mechanisms responsible for neurodegenerative processes and find potential interventions and pharmacological treatments, it is important to have robust in vitro and pre-clinical animal models that can recapitulate both the early biological events undermining the maintenance of the nervous system and early pathological events. In this regard, it would be informative to determine how different inherited pathogenic mutations can compromise mitochondrial function, calcium signaling, and neuronal survival. Since post-mortem analyses cannot provide relevant information about the disease progression, it is crucial to develop model systems that enable the investigation of early molecular changes, which may be relevant as targets for novel therapeutic options. Thus, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents an exceptional complementary tool for the investigation of degenerative processes. In this review, we will focus on two neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. We will provide examples of iPSC-derived neuronal models and how they have been used to study calcium and mitochondrial alterations during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Angélica María Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Biomarker of the Future? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010063. [PMID: 33440662 PMCID: PMC7827030 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and is characterised pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid beta and tau protein aggregates. Currently, there are no approved disease modifying therapies for clearance of either of these proteins from the brain of people with AD. As well as abnormalities in protein aggregation, other pathological changes are seen in this condition. The function of mitochondria in both the nervous system and rest of the body is altered early in this disease, and both amyloid and tau have detrimental effects on mitochondrial function. In this review article, we describe how the function and structure of mitochondria change in AD. This review summarises current imaging techniques that use surrogate markers of mitochondrial function in both research and clinical practice, but also how mitochondrial functions such as ATP production, calcium homeostasis, mitophagy and reactive oxygen species production are affected in AD mitochondria. The evidence reviewed suggests that the measurement of mitochondrial function may be developed into a future biomarker for early AD. Further work with larger cohorts of patients is needed before mitochondrial functional biomarkers are ready for clinical use.
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Intermittent Hypoxic Conditioning Rescues Cognition and Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010461. [PMID: 33466445 PMCID: PMC7796478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective disease-modifying therapeutics to tackle Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is unsettling considering the actual prevalence of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) is a powerful non-pharmacological procedure known to enhance brain resilience. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential long-term protective impact of IHC against AD-related phenotype, putting a special focus on cognition and mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics. For this purpose, six-month-old male triple transgenic AD mice (3×Tg-AD) were submitted to an IHC protocol for two weeks and the behavioral assessment was performed at 8.5 months of age, while the sacrifice of mice occurred at nine months of age and their brains were removed for the remaining analyses. Interestingly, IHC was able to prevent anxiety-like behavior and memory and learning deficits and significantly reduced brain cortical levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) in 3×Tg-AD mice. Concerning brain energy metabolism, IHC caused a significant increase in brain cortical levels of glucose and a robust improvement of the mitochondrial bioenergetic profile in 3×Tg-AD mice, as mirrored by the significant increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and respiratory control ratio (RCR). Notably, the improvement of mitochondrial bioenergetics seems to result from an adaptative coordination of the distinct but intertwined aspects of the mitochondrial quality control axis. Particularly, our results indicate that IHC favors mitochondrial fusion and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and transport and mitophagy in the brain cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. Lastly, IHC also induced a marked reduction in synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) levels and a significant increase in both glutamate and GABA levels in the brain cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice, suggesting a remodeling of the synaptic microenvironment. Overall, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of the IHC paradigm in forestalling the AD-related phenotype in the 3×Tg-AD mouse model, offering new insights to AD therapy and forcing a rethink concerning the potential value of non-pharmacological interventions in clinical practice.
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