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Xiao CL, Lai HT, Zhou JJ, Liu WY, Zhao M, Zhao K. Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Focus on Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04394-z. [PMID: 39093381 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious, disabling injury to the central nervous system that can lead to motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction below the injury plane. SCI can be divided into primary injury and secondary injury according to its pathophysiological process. Primary injury is irreversible in most cases, while secondary injury is a dynamic regulatory process. Secondary injury involves a series of pathological events, such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways, and motor dysfunction. Among them, oxidative stress is an important pathological event of secondary injury. Oxidative stress causes a series of destructive events such as lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, inflammation, and cell death, which further worsens the microenvironment of the injured site and leads to neurological dysfunction. The nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-associated factor 2 (Nrf2) is considered to be a key pathway of antioxidative stress and is closely related to the pathological process of SCI. Activation of this pathway can effectively inhibit the oxidative stress process and promote the recovery of nerve function after SCI. Therefore, the Nrf2 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for SCI. This review deeply analyzed the generation of oxidative stress in SCI, the role and mechanism of Nrf2 as the main regulator of antioxidant stress in SCI, and the influence of cross-talk between Nrf2 and related pathways that may be involved in the pathological regulation of SCI on oxidative stress, and summarized the drugs and other treatment methods based on Nrf2 pathway regulation. The objective of this paper is to provide evidence for the role of Nrf2 activation in SCI and to highlight the important role of Nrf2 in alleviating SCI by elucidating the mechanism, so as to provide a theoretical basis for targeting Nrf2 pathway as a therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Xiao
- Gannan Medical University, 1 Harmony Avenue, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tong Lai
- Gannan Medical University, 1 Harmony Avenue, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Jun Zhou
- Hospital 908, Joint Logistics Support Force, 1028 Jinggangshan Avenue, Qingyunpu District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 330001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Yang Liu
- Gannan Medical University, 1 Harmony Avenue, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yingtan People's Hospital, 116 Shengli West Road, Yuehu District, Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, 335000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- Gannan Medical University, 1 Harmony Avenue, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
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Ai G, Xiong M, Deng L, Zeng J, Xiao Q. Research progress on the inhibition of oxidative stress by teriparatide in spinal cord injury. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1358414. [PMID: 38711562 PMCID: PMC11071167 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1358414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is currently a highly disabling disease, which poses serious harm to patients and their families. Due to the fact that primary SCI is caused by direct external force, current research on SCI mainly focuses on the treatment and prevention of secondary SCI. Oxidative stress is one of the important pathogenic mechanisms of SCI, and intervention of oxidative stress may be a potential treatment option for SCI. Teriparatide is a drug that regulates bone metabolism, and recent studies have found that it has the ability to counteract oxidative stress and is closely related to SCI. This article summarizes the main pathological mechanisms of oxidative stress in SCI, as well as the relationship between them with teriparatide, and explores the therapeutic potential of teriparatide in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangtong Ai
- Department of Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Moliang Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jihuan Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Yu M, Wang Z, Wang D, Aierxi M, Ma Z, Wang Y. Oxidative stress following spinal cord injury: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1538-1554. [PMID: 37272728 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a medical condition that results from severe trauma to the central nervous system; it imposes great psychological and economic burdens on affected patients and their families. The dynamic balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants is essential for maintaining normal cellular physiological functions. As important intracellular signaling molecules, ROS regulate numerous physiological activities, including vascular reactivity and neuronal function. However, excessive ROS can cause damage to cellular macromolecules, including DNA, lipids, and proteins; this damage eventually leads to cell death. This review discusses the mechanisms of oxidative stress in SCI and describes some signaling pathways that regulate oxidative injury after injury, with the aim of providing guidance for the development of novel SCI treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Medical College of Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Milikemu Aierxi
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanjun Ma
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yonggang Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Chen J, Chen T, Wang Y, Meng J, Tan G, Zhao Q, Feng S, Xu L, Pei Q. Oxidative stress disrupts the cytoskeleton of spinal motor neurons. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2870. [PMID: 36579576 PMCID: PMC9927851 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common and devastating central nervous disease, the treatment of which faces many challenges to the medical community and society as a whole. Treatment measures based on oxidative stress of spinal motor neurons during SCI are expected to help restore biological functions of neurons under injury conditions. However, to date, there are no systematic reports regarding oxidative stress on spinal motor neuron injury. Our aim is to better understand and explain the influences and mechanisms of oxidative stress on spinal motor neurons during SCI. METHODS We first exposed VSC4.1 motor neurons to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and evaluated the effects on cell viability, morphology, cycling, and apoptosis, with an emphasis on the changes to the cytoskeleton and the effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) on these changes. Then, we investigated the effects of NAC on these cytoskeletal changes in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that H2 O2 caused severe damage to the normal cytoskeleton, leading to a reduction in neurite length and number, rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, and disorder of the microtubules and neurofilaments in VSC4.1. Importantly, NAC attenuated the oxidative damage of spinal motor neurons in vitro and in vivo, promoting the recovery of hindlimb motor ability in mice with SCI at the early stage of injury. CONCLUSION This study shows that oxidative stress plays an important role in the cytoskeleton destruction of spinal motor neurons in SCI, and treatment of SCI on this basis is a promising strategy. These findings will help to elucidate the role of oxidative stress in spinal motor neuron injury in SCI and provide references for further research into the study of the pathology and underlying mechanism of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.,School of Graduate, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeyang Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Meng
- Central Laboratory, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangjiao Tan
- Central Laboratory, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiurong Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilong Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinqin Pei
- Central Laboratory, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
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Tang Y, Xu Z, Tang J, Xu Y, Li Z, Wang W, Wu L, Xi K, Gu Y, Chen L. Architecture-Engineered Electrospinning Cascade Regulates Spinal Microenvironment to Promote Nerve Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202658. [PMID: 36652529 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory cascade after spinal cord injury (SCI) causes necrotizing apoptosis of local stem cells, which limits nerve regeneration. Therefore, coordinating the inflammatory immune response and neural stem cell (NSC) functions is key to promoting the recovery of central nervous system function. In this study, a hydrogel "perfusion" system and electrospinning technology are integrated, and a "concrete" composite support for the repair of nerve injuries is built. The hydrogel's hydrophilic properties activate macrophage integrin receptors to mediate polarization into anti-inflammatory subtypes and cause a 10% increase in polarized M2 macrophages, thus reprogramming the SCI immune microenvironment. Programmed stromal cell-derived factor-1α and brain-derived neurotrophic factor released from the composite increase recruitment and neuronal differentiation of NSCs by approximately four- and twofold, respectively. The fiber system regulates the SCI immune inflammatory microenvironment, recruits endogenous NSCs, promotes local blood vessel germination and maturation, and improves nerve function recovery in a rat SCI model. In conclusion, the engineering fiber composite improves the local inflammatory response. It promotes nerve regeneration through a hydrophilic programmed cytokine-delivery system, which further improves and supplements the immune response mechanism regulated by the inherent properties of the biomaterial. The new fiber composite may serve as a new treatment approach for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Zonghan Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yichang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Ziang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
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Ridlen R, McGrath K, Gorrie CA. Animal models of compression spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2201-2212. [PMID: 36121155 PMCID: PMC9825893 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Compression spinal cord injuries are a common cause of morbidity in people who experience a spinal cord injury (SCI). Either as a by-product of a traumatic injury or due to nontraumatic conditions such as cervical myelitis, compression injuries are growing in prevalence clinically and many attempts of animal replication have been described within the literature. These models, however, often focus on the traumatic side of injury or mimic short-term injuries that are not representative of the majority of compression SCI. Of this, nontraumatic spinal cord injuries are severely understudied and have an increased prevalence in elderly populations, adults, and children. Therefore, there is a need to critically evaluate the current animal models of compression SCI and their suitability as a method for clinically relevant data that can help reduce morbidity and mortality of SCI. In this review, we reviewed the established and emerging methods of animal models of compression SCI. These models are the clip, balloon, solid spacer, expanding polymer, remote, weight drop, calibrated forceps, screw, and strap methods. These methods showed that there is a large reliance on the use of laminectomy to induce injury. Furthermore, the age range of many studies does not reflect the elderly and young populations that commonly suffer from compression injuries. It is therefore important to have techniques and methods that are able to minimize secondary effects of the surgeries, and are representative of the clinical cases seen so that treatments and interventions can be developed that are specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reggie Ridlen
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kristine McGrath
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Catherine A. Gorrie
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
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7
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Cai L, Gao L, Zhang G, Zeng H, Wu X, Tan X, Qian C, Chen G. DJ-1 Alleviates Neuroinflammation and the Related Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Destruction by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via SOCS1/Rac1/ROS Pathway in a Rat Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133716. [PMID: 35807002 PMCID: PMC9267719 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 has been shown to play essential roles in neuronal protection and anti-inflammation in nervous system diseases. This study aimed to explore how DJ-1 regulates neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI). The rat model of spinal cord injury was established by the clamping method. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score and the inclined plane test (IPT) were used to evaluate neurological function. Western blot was then applied to test the levels of DJ-1, NLRP3, SOCS1, and related proinflammatory factors (cleaved caspase 1, IL-1β and IL-18); ROS level was also examined. The distribution of DJ-1 was assessed by immunofluorescence staining (IF). BSCB integrity was assessed by the level of MMP-9 and tight junction proteins (Claudin-5, Occludin and ZO-1). We found that DJ-1 became significantly elevated after t-SCI and was mainly located in neurons. Knockdown of DJ-1 with specific siRNA aggravated NLRP3 inflammasome-related neuroinflammation and strengthened the disruption of BSCB integrity. However, the upregulation of DJ-1 by Sodium benzoate (SB) reversed these effects and improved neurological function. Furthermore, SOCS1-siRNA attenuated the neuroprotective effects of DJ-1 and increased the ROS, Rac1 and NLRP3. In conclusion, DJ-1 may alleviate neuroinflammation and the related BSCB destruction after t-SCI by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation by SOCS1/Rac1/ROS pathways. DJ-1 shows potential as a feasible target for mediating neuroinflammation after t-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Cai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Cong Qian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (G.C.)
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (L.C.); (L.G.); (G.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (G.C.)
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8
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Nrf2 signaling in the oxidative stress response after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2022; 498:311-324. [PMID: 35710066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system trauma that can cause severe neurological impairment. A series of pathological and physiological changes after SCI (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction) promotes further deterioration of the microenvironment at the site of injury, leading to aggravation of neurological function. The multifunctional transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) has long been considered a key factor in antioxidant stress. Therefore, Nrf2 may be an ideal therapeutic target for SCI. A comprehensive understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of SCI will aid in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for SCI. This review discusses the roles of Nrf2 in SCI, with the aim of aiding in further elucidation of SCI pathophysiology and in efforts to provide Nrf2-targeted strategies for the treatment of SCI.
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Gao L, Wang C, Qin B, Li T, Xu W, Lenahan C, Ying G, Li J, Zhao T, Zhu Y, Chen G. 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase Suppresses Neuronal Apoptosis by Increasing Glycolysis and "cyclin-dependent kinase 1-Mediated Phosphorylation of p27 After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720950226. [PMID: 32841050 PMCID: PMC7563815 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720950226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a vital pathological factor that accounts for the poor prognosis of
traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI). The
6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB3) is a critical
regulator for energy metabolism and proven to have antiapoptotic effects. This
study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective role of PFKFB3 in t-SCI. A
compressive clip was introduced to establish the t-SCI model. Herein, we
identified that PFKFB3 was extensively distributed in neurons, and PFKFB3 levels
significantly increased and peaked 24 h after t-SCI. Additionally, knockdown of
PFKFB3 inhibited glycolysis, accompanied by aggravated neuronal apoptosis and
white matter injury, while pharmacological activation of PFKFB3 with meclizine
significantly enhanced glycolysis, attenuated t-SCI-induced spinal cord injury,
and alleviated neurological impairment. The PFKFB3 agonist, meclizine, activated
cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and promoted the phosphorylation of p27,
ultimately suppressing neuronal apoptosis. However, the neuroprotective effects
of meclizine against t-SCI were abolished by the CDK1 antagonist, RO3306. In
summary, our data demonstrated that PFKFB3 contributes robust neuroprotection
against t-SCI by enhancing glycolysis and modulating CDK1-related antiapoptotic
signals. Moreover, targeting PFKFB3 may be a novel and promising therapeutic
strategy for t-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- 448838Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Guangyu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, 89681Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Shi W, Sun Y, Wang J, Tang Y, Zhou S, Xu Z, Yuan B, Geng X, Chen X. Trem1 mediates neuronal apoptosis via interaction with SYK after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:6117-6125. [PMID: 34306350 PMCID: PMC8290738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research aimed to study the impact and regulatory mechanism of Trem1 in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (SCIRI). METHOD Temporary aortic cross clamp followed by reperfusion was used to establish SCIRI mice model. Mice motion function was estimated by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score. Spinal cord infract zone was analyzed by HE and TUNEL staining. High throughput sequencing was performed to explore potential target for SCIRI. N2a cells were used to simulate the pathophysiological process of SCIRI in vitro with oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation/restoration (OGSD/R). RT-PCR and Western blot were token to determine mRNA and protein expression levels. Knockdown of Trem1 was performed with siRNA transfection in vitro and shRNA adenovirus injection in vivo. The relationship between Trem1 and SYK was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. RESULT We observed that neuronal apoptosis of spinal cord was aggravated after SCIRI. Trem1 expression was dramatically upregulated as shown by high throughput sequencing, RT-PCR and Western blot results. Furthermore, Trem1 triggered apoptosis of N2a cells induced by OGSD/R, and knockdown of Trem1 by siRNAs blocked apoptosis via PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathway by interacting with SYK. In addition, we found that intrathecal injection of adenovirus with Trem1 shRNA could downregulate SYK and inhibit neuron apoptosis caused by SCIRI in vivo. CONCLUSION Trem1 interacts with SYK and mediates neuronal apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathway. Trem1 may be a therapeutic candidate for patients with SCIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Sun
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Juncheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Naval Special Medical Center, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yifan Tang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shengyuan Zhou
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiangwu Geng
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiongsheng Chen
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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11
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The Inhibition of Inflammatory Signaling Pathway by Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor can Improve Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1067-1073. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Jiao J, Wang Y, Ren P, Sun S, Wu M. Necrosulfonamide Ameliorates Neurological Impairment in Spinal Cord Injury by Improving Antioxidative Capacity. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1538. [PMID: 31998134 PMCID: PMC6962303 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no efficient therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). Anoxemia after SCI is a key problem, which leads to tissue destruction, while hypoxia after SCI induces cell injury along with inflammation. Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is a critical signal molecule of necroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as one of the most pivotal events after SCI. Based on the important role of MLKL in cell damage and potential role of mitochondrial dysfunction, our study focuses on the regulation of MLKL by Necrosulfonamide (NSA) in mitochondrial dysfunction of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell damage and SCI-mice, which specifically blocks the MLKL. Our results showed that NSA protected against a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase levels and an increase in reactive oxygen species and malonyldialdehyde levels. NSA also improved the locomotor function in SCI-mice and OGD-induced spinal neuron injury through inhibition of MLKL activation independently of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) phosphorylation. Besides the protective effects, NSA exhibited a therapeutic window. The optimal treatment time was within 12 h after the injury in the SCI-mice model. In conclusion, our data suggest a close association between the NSA level inhibiting p-MLKL independently of RIP3 phosphorylation and induction of neurological impairment by improving antioxidative capacity after SCI. NSA ameliorates neurological impairment in SCI through inhibiting MLKL-dependent necroptosis. It also provides a theoretical basis for further research and application of NSA in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shicai Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minfei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Hesperidin improves motor disability in rat spinal cord injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanism via Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134619. [PMID: 31715292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with inflammation with concurrent oxidative stress and glial activation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hesperidin, a representative flavonoid in citrus fruits, ameliorates SCI-induced motor dysfunction and neuro-pathologic degeneration in rat model. Rats received hesperidin (100 mg/kg body weight/daily, oral administration) from 7 days prior to SCI to 7 days post SCI. Behavioral test was done on rats with SCI until 6 weeks. For the study of inflammatory molecules in SCI rats with hesperidin treatment, rats were sacrificed at day 4 post SCI, and spinal cords were collected and studied histopathologically. Behavioral tests on hind-limbs of rats with SCI revealed that treatment of hesperidin in rats with SCI significantly ameliorate the hind-limb paralysis beginning at day 21 post SCI. Hesperidin treatment in rats with SCI reduced the neuropathological changes (e.g., hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue loss) and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrotic factor-α and interleukin-1β. In addition, oxidative stress related molecules including superoxide dismutase, catalase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1 were also increased by hesperidin treatment. Furthermore, Fe2+, bilirubin and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, these by-product of heme catabolism in serum and spinal cord of rats with hesperidin-treatment groups were significantly increased compared with those of vehicle-treatment group. Collectively, this study implies that hesperidin accelerates recovery of locomotor function and tissue repair of damaged spinal cord, with concurrent upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 as far as rat SCI model is concerned.
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14
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Herzberg D, Strobel P, Chihuailaf R, Ramirez-Reveco A, Müller H, Werner M, Bustamante H. Spinal Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage Mediate Chronic Pain in Lame Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090693. [PMID: 31533257 PMCID: PMC6770087 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic inflammatory diseases could impact central nervous system homeostasis, being oxidative damage of the dorsal horn, a relevant mechanism mediating central sensitization. Chronic inflammatory lameness in dairy cows is a painful condition that affects animal welfare, affecting dairy production worldwide. This study reveals increased levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and carbonyl groups, indicating lipid and protein damage in the spinal cord of cows with chronic lameness. Moreover, antioxidant system activity was similar between lame and non-lame cows which suggests that antioxidant dysregulation was not the cause of oxidative damage, as has been proposed previously. Based on the fact that nociceptive pathways are strongly conserved between species, there is no reason to neglect that chronic pain in cows promotes Central Nervous System (CNS) alterations, such as oxidative damage. Moreover, lame cows develop central sensitization, as allodynia and hyperalgesia are centrally and not peripherally mediated. Our results support the current assumption that chronic pain is a central nervous system disease and lameness in dairy cows is far beyond an inflammation of the hoof. Abstract Lameness in dairy cows is a worldwide prevalent disease with a negative impact on animal welfare and herd economy. Oxidative damage and antioxidant system dysfunction are common features of many CNS diseases, including chronic pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage markers in the spinal cord of dairy cows with chronic inflammatory lameness. Locomotion score was performed in order to select cows with chronic lameness. Dorsal horn spinal cord samples were obtained post mortem from lumbar segments (L2–L5), and ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbonyl groups were measured along with the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant response (TAR). Lame cows had increased levels of ROS, MDA, and carbonyl groups, while no differences were observed between lame and non-lame cows in SOD, GPx, CAT, and TAR activity. We conclude that painful chronic inflammatory lameness in dairy cows is associated with an increase in ROS, MDA, and carbonyl groups. Nonetheless, an association between ROS generation and dysfunction of the antioxidant system, as previously proposed, could not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Herzberg
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Pablo Strobel
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Chihuailaf
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Ramirez-Reveco
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Heine Müller
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Marianne Werner
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
| | - Hedie Bustamante
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile.
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15
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Shao A, Tu S, Lu J, Zhang J. Crosstalk between stem cell and spinal cord injury: pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:238. [PMID: 31387621 PMCID: PMC6683526 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The injured spinal cord is difficult to repair and regenerate. Traditional treatments are not effective. Stem cells are a type of cells that have the potential to differentiate into various cells, including neurons. They exert a therapeutic effect by safely and effectively differentiating into neurons or replacing damaged cells, secreting neurotrophic factors, and inhibiting the inflammatory response. Many types of stem cells have been used for transplantation, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This review discusses the possible mechanisms of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury, and the types of stem cells commonly used in experiments, to provide a reference for basic and clinical research on stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Sheng Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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16
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Zhao XM, He XY, Liu J, Xu Y, Xu FF, Tan YX, Zhang ZB, Wang TH. Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Improves Locomotor Function in Spinal Cord Transection Rats Associated with Nerve Regeneration and IGF-1 R Expression. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1197-1211. [PMID: 31271053 PMCID: PMC6767897 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719860128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a potential strategy for the treatment of
spinal cord transection (SCT). Here we investigated whether transplanted NSCs would
improve motor function of rats with SCT and explored the underlying mechanism. First, the
rats were divided into sham, SCT, and NSC groups. Rats in the SCT and NSC groups were all
subjected to SCT in T10, and were administered with media and NSC transplantation into the
lesion site, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to label Nestin-, TUNEL-, and
NeuN-positive cells and reveal the expression and location of type I insulin-like growth
factor receptor (IGF-1 R). Locomotor function of hind limbs was assessed by Basso,
Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score and inclined plane test. The conduction velocity and
amplitude of spinal nerve fibers were measured by electrophysiology and the anatomical
changes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, expression of IGF-1 R
was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The results
showed that NSCs could survive and differentiate into neurons in vitro and in vivo.
SCT-induced deficits were reduced by NSC transplantation, including increase in
NeuN-positive cells and decrease in apoptotic cells. Moreover, neurophysiological profiles
indicated that the latent period was decreased and the peak-to-peak amplitude of spinal
nerve fibers conduction was increased in transplanted rats, while morphological measures
indicated that fractional anisotropy and the number of nerve fibers in the site of spinal
cord injury were increased after NSC transplantation. In addition, mRNA and protein level
of IGF-1 R were increased in the rostral segment in the NSC group, especially in neurons.
Therefore, we concluded that NSC transplantation promotes motor function improvement of
SCT, which might be associated with activated IGF-1 R, especially in the rostral site. All
of the above suggests that this approach has potential for clinical treatment of spinal
cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Zhao
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Both the author contributed equally to this article
| | - Xiu-Ying He
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Both the author contributed equally to this article
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei-Fei Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Xin Tan
- Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zi-Bin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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