1
|
Panchalingam S, Kasivelu G. Exploring the impact of circular RNA on ALS progression: A systematic review. Brain Res 2024; 1838:148990. [PMID: 38734122 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease that damages motor neurons and causes gradual muscular weakening and paralysis. Although studies have linked a number of genetic and environmental factors to ALS, the specific causes and mechanisms of the disease are still unclear. The pivotal role of circular RNA in the pathogenesis of ALS is a newly emerging area of research. The term "circular RNA" describes a particular class of RNA molecule that, in contrast to most RNA molecules, has a closed-loop structure. According to recent research, circular RNA might be essential for the development and progression of ALS. It has been discovered that these circular RNAs support important cellular functions related to ALS, including protein turnover, mitochondrial function, RNA processing, and cellular transport. Gaining knowledge about the precise roles and processes of circular RNA in the development of ALS could assist in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and possibly pave the way for the development of targeted therapies. However, the understanding of circular RNA in ALS is still limited, and more research is needed to fully elucidate its role. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the role of circRNAs in ALS, it is imperative to delve into the various mechanisms through which circRNAs may contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Examining the current status of circRNA research in ALS and offering insights into their potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers are the primary objectives of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santhiya Panchalingam
- Centre for Ocean Research (DST-FIST Sponsored Centre), Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Govindaraju Kasivelu
- Centre for Ocean Research (DST-FIST Sponsored Centre), Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valizadeh M, Derafsh E, Abdi Abyaneh F, Parsamatin SK, Noshabad FZR, Alinaghipour A, Yaghoobi Z, Taheri AT, Dadgostar E, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. Non-Coding RNAs and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Information of their Roles in Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4508-4537. [PMID: 38102518 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis can be known as a key factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In disease conditions, the rate of apoptosis expands and tissue damage may become apparent. Recently, the scientific studies of the non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has provided new information of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous reports have documented that ncRNAs have important contributions to several biological processes associated with the increase of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), as well as, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) represent ncRNAs subtypes with the usual dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders. Dysregulating ncRNAs has been associated with inhibiting or stimulating apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review highlighted several ncRNAs linked to apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. CircRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs were also illustrated completely regarding the respective signaling pathways of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, Canada
| | | | - Sayedeh Kiana Parsamatin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Azam Alinaghipour
- School of Medical Sciences, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Yaghoobi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li X. Mitigation of Oxidative Stress in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Through Exosome-Mediated Therapies. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6161-6176. [PMID: 38911503 PMCID: PMC11193999 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) poses a formidable clinical challenge, characterized by the thickening of alveolar septa and the onset of pulmonary fibrosis. The pronounced activation of oxidative stress emerges as a pivotal hallmark of inflammation. Traditional application of exogenous antioxidants proves inadequate in addressing oxidative stress, necessitating exploration into strategies to augment their antioxidant efficacy. Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles harboring a diverse array of bioactive factors, present as promising carriers with the potential to meet this challenge. Recent attention has been directed towards the clinical applications of exosomes in IPF, fueling the impetus for this comprehensive review. We have compiled fresh insights into the role of exosomes in modulating oxidative stress in IPF and delved into their potential as carriers for regulating endogenous reactive oxygen species generation. This review endeavors to bridge the divide between exosome research and IPF, traversing from bedside to bench. Through the synthesis of recent findings, we propose exosomes as a novel and promising strategy for improving the outcomes of IPF therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pant K, Sharma A, Menon SV, Ali H, Hassan Almalki W, Kaur M, Deorari M, Kazmi I, Mahajan S, Kalra H, Alzarea SI. Exploring ncRNAs in epilepsy: From oxidative stress regulation to therapy. Brain Res 2024; 1841:149089. [PMID: 38880410 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological illness which is linked with high worldwide burdens. Oxidative stress (OS) is recognized to be among the contributors that trigger the advancement of epilepsy, affecting neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. Various types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are known to serve vital functions in many disease mechanisms, including epilepsy. The current review sought to understand better the mechanisms through which these ncRNAs regulate epilepsy's OS-related pathways. We investigated the functions of microRNAs in controlling gene expression at the post-translatory stage and their involvement in OS and neuroinflammation. We also looked at the different regulatory roles of long ncRNAs, including molecular scaffolding, enhancer, and transcriptional activator, during OS. Circular RNAs and their capability to act as miRNA decoys and their consequential impact on epilepsy development were also explored. Our review aimed to improve the current understanding of novel therapies for epilepsy based on the role of ncRNAs in OS pathways. We also demonstrated the roles of ncRNAs in epilepsy treatment and diagnosis, explaining that these molecules play vital roles that could be used in therapy as biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Pant
- Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Clement Town Dehradun, 248002, India; Graphic Era Hill University Clement Town Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Aanchal Sharma
- Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjheri, Mohali 140307, Punjab, India
| | - Soumya V Menon
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560069, India; Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Haider Ali
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Department of Pharmacology, Kyrgyz State Medical College, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Mahamedha Deorari
- School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh-247341, India; Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand- 831001, India
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shriya Mahajan
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140417, Punjab, India
| | - Hitesh Kalra
- Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, 72341, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lei P, Guo Q, Hao J, Liu H, Chen Y, Wu F, He Z, Zhang X, Zhang N, Wen S, Gao W, Wu Y. Exploring the evolving roles and clinical significance of circRNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer 2024; 15:3984-3994. [PMID: 38911371 PMCID: PMC11190751 DOI: 10.7150/jca.96614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents the predominant malignancies in the head and neck region, and has limited therapeutic alternatives. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a substantial category of non-coding RNA molecules, exert influential roles in human disease development and progression, employing various mechanisms such as microRNA sponging, interaction with RNA-binding proteins, and translational capabilities. Accumulating evidence highlights the differential expression of numerous circRNAs in HNSCC, and numerous dysregulated circRNAs underscore their crucial involvement in malignant advancement and resistance to treatment. This review aims to comprehensively outline the characteristics, biogenesis, and mechanisms of circRNAs, elucidating their functional significance in HNSCC. In addition, we delve into the clinical implications of circRNAs, considering their potential as biomarkers or targets for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic applications in HNSCC. The discussion extends to exploring future challenges in the clinical translation of circRNAs, emphasizing the need for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Lei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingbo Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiewen Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital), Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao He
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuxin Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital), Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Otolaryngology & Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Otolaryngology & Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen University General Hospital & Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pan X, Dai W, Wang Z, Li S, Sun T, Miao N. PIWI-Interacting RNAs: A Pivotal Regulator in Neurological Development and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:653. [PMID: 38927589 PMCID: PMC11202748 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) with 24-32 nucleotides (nt), were initially identified in the reproductive system. Unlike microRNAs (miRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piRNAs normally guide P-element-induced wimpy testis protein (PIWI) families to slice extensively complementary transposon transcripts without the seed pairing. Numerous studies have shown that piRNAs are abundantly expressed in the brain, and many of them are aberrantly regulated in central neural system (CNS) disorders. However, the role of piRNAs in the related developmental and pathological processes is unclear. The elucidation of piRNAs/PIWI would greatly improve the understanding of CNS development and ultimately lead to novel strategies to treat neural diseases. In this review, we summarized the relevant structure, properties, and databases of piRNAs and their functional roles in neural development and degenerative disorders. We hope that future studies of these piRNAs will facilitate the development of RNA-based therapeutics for CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (X.P.); (W.D.); (Z.W.); (S.L.); (T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu S, Geng D. Key developments and hotspots of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease: a bibliometric study spanning 2003 to 2023. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1377672. [PMID: 38752210 PMCID: PMC11094344 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1377672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative illness of the central nervous system that is irreversible and is characterized by gradual behavioral impairment and cognitive dysfunction. Researches on exosomes in AD have gradually gained the attention of scholars in recent years. However, the literatures in this research area do not yet have a comprehensive visualization analysis. The aim of this work is to use bibliometrics to identify the knowledge constructs and investigate the research frontiers and hotspots related to exosomes in AD. Methods From January 2003 until June 2023, we searched the Web of Science Core Collection for literature on exosomes in AD. We found 585 papers total. The bibliometric study was completed using VOSviewer, the R package "bibliometrix," and CiteSpace. The analysis covered nations, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords. Results Following 2019, the articles on exosomes in AD increased significantly year by year. The vast majority of publications came from China and the US. The University of California System, the National Institutes of Health, and the NIH National Institute on Aging in the US were the primary research institutions. Goetzl Edward J. was frequently co-cited, while Kapogiannis Dimitrios was the most prolific author in this discipline with the greatest number of articles. Lee Mijung et al. have been prominent in the last two years in exosomes in AD. The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease was the most widely read publication, and Alzheimers & Dementia had the highest impact factor. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, and Journal of Alzheimer's Disease were the three journals with more than 1,000 citations. The primary emphasis of this field was Alzheimer's disease, exosomes, and extracellular vesicles; since 2017, the number of phrases pertaining to the role of exosomes in AD pathogenesis has increased annually. "Identification of preclinical Alzheimer's disease by a profile of pathogenic proteins in neurally derived blood exosomes: a case-control study" was the reference with the greatest citing power, indicating the future steered direction in this field. Conclusion Using bibliometrics, we have compiled the research progress and tendencies on exosomes in Alzheimer's disease for the first time. This helps determine the objectives and paths for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- Radiology Department, Huashan Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daoying Geng
- Radiology Department, Huashan Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Imaging for Critical Brain Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Functional and Molecular Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Song Y, Luo X, Yao L, Chen Y, Mao X. Exploring the Role of Ferroptosis-Related Circular RNAs in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01140-7. [PMID: 38619799 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular event associated with high mortality and significant morbidity. Recent studies have highlighted the emerging role of ferroptosis, a novel form of regulated cell death, in the pathogenesis of SAH. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been found to play essential roles in various cellular processes, including gene regulation and disease pathogenesis. The expression profile of circRNAs in neural tissues, particularly in the brain, suggests their critical role in synaptic function and neurogenesis. Moreover, the interplay between circRNAs and ferroptosis-related pathways, such as iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation, is explored in the context of SAH. Understanding the functional roles of specific circRNAs in the context of SAH may provide potential therapeutic targets to attenuate ferroptosis-associated brain injury. Furthermore, the potential of circRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for SAH severity, prognosis, and treatment response is discussed. Overall, this review highlights the significance of studying the intricate interplay between circRNAs and ferroptosis in the context of SAH. Unraveling the mechanisms by which circRNAs modulate ferroptotic cell death may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and diagnostic approaches for SAH management, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Song
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Liping Yao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Yinchao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Xinfa Mao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410015, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Talebi Taheri A, Golshadi Z, Zare H, Alinaghipour A, Faghihi Z, Dadgostar E, Tamtaji Z, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. The Potential of Targeting Autophagy-Related Non-coding RNAs in the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:28. [PMID: 38461204 PMCID: PMC10924707 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Clearance of accumulated protein aggregates is one of the functions of autophagy. Recently, a clearer understanding of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) functions documented that ncRNAs have important roles in several biological processes associated with the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Subtypes of ncRNA, including microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), are commonly dysregulated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Dysregulation of these non-coding RNAs has been associated with inhibition or stimulation of autophagy. Decreased miR-124 led to decreased/increased autophagy in experimental model of Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Increased BACE1-AS showed enhanced autophagy in Alzheimer disease by targeting miR-214-3p, Beclin-1, LC3-I/LC3-II, p62, and ATG5. A significant increase in NEAT1led to stimulated autophagy in experimental model of PD by targeting PINK1, LC3-I, LC3-II, p62 and miR-374c-5p. In addition, increased BDNF-AS and SNHG1 decreased autophagy in MPTP-induced PD by targeting miR-125b-5p and miR-221/222, respectively. The upregulation of circNF1-419 and circSAMD4A resulted in an increased autophagy by regulating Dynamin-1 and miR-29c 3p, respectively. A detailed discussion of miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs in relation to their autophagy-related signaling pathways is presented in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zakieh Golshadi
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Azam Alinaghipour
- School of Medical Sciences, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Faghihi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Xie J. Ferroptosis-related exosomal non-coding RNAs: promising targets in pathogenesis and treatment of non-malignant diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1344060. [PMID: 38385027 PMCID: PMC10879574 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1344060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, introduces a novel perspective on cellular demise. This study investigates the regulatory network of exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs, in ferroptosis modulation. The primary goal is to examine the pathological roles of ferroptosis-related exosomal ncRNAs, particularly in ischemic reperfusion injuries. The research reveals intricate molecular interactions governing the regulatory interplay between exosomal ncRNAs and ferroptosis, elucidating their diverse roles in different non-malignant pathological contexts. Attention is given to their impact on diseases, including cardiac, cerebral, liver, and kidney ischemic injuries, as well as lung, wound, and neuronal injuries. Beyond theoretical exploration, the study provides insights into potential therapeutic applications, emphasizing the significance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes. Findings underscore the pivotal role of MSC-derived exosomal ncRNAs in modulating cellular responses related to ferroptosis regulation, introducing a cutting-edge dimension. This recognition emphasizes the importance of MSC-derived exosomes as crucial mediators with broad therapeutic implications. Insights unveil promising avenues for targeted interventions, capitalizing on the diverse roles of exosomal ncRNAs, providing a comprehensive foundation for future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zhang
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Wanchuanhui (Shanghai) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xie
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Wanchuanhui (Shanghai) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang XM, Huang J, Ni XY, Zhu HR, Huang ZX, Ding S, Yang XY, Tan YD, Chen JF, Cai JH. Current progression in application of extracellular vesicles in central nervous system diseases. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:15. [PMID: 38173021 PMCID: PMC10763486 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been a long-standing challenge for clinical research due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier. Specific proteins and RNAs in brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) usually reflect the corresponding state of brain disease, and therefore, EVs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for CNS diseases. In addition, EVs can be engineered and fused to target cells for delivery of cargo, demonstrating the great potential of EVs as a nanocarrier platform. We review the progress of EVs as markers and drug carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases. The main areas include visual imaging, biomarker diagnosis and drug loading therapy for different types of CNS diseases. It is hoped that increased knowledge of EVs will facilitate their clinical translation in CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Min Zhang
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Ni
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hui-Ru Zhu
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Huang
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Shuang Ding
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xin-Yi Yang
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yan-Di Tan
- Department of Ultrasound the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Huixing Street, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, No. 176, Qingnian Road, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Jin-Hua Cai
- Department of Radiology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, No. 136, Zhongshan Second Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
ZHAO Y, LIU X, ZHANG Y, ZHANG J, LIU X, YANG G. [Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics analysis of plasma and plasma exosomes in Parkinson's disease]. Se Pu 2023; 41:1073-1083. [PMID: 38093537 PMCID: PMC10719805 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardinal clinical features of Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disease, include the irreversible impairment of movement coordination, such as tremors, gait rigidity, bradykinesia, and hypokinesia. Although various factors are associated with the pathological changes in PD, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, the availability of treatments to retard PD progression is limited. Therefore, novel biomarkers for PD diagnosis and therapeutic targets are urgently needed. The diagnosis of PD mainly depends on its clinical manifestations and has an error rate of approximately 20%. Studies have shown that α-synuclein (α-syn) levels are significantly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with PD; however, the invasive nature of lumbar puncture restricts further studies on its clinical applications. Hence, the development of novel peripheral blood markers would be helpful for the early diagnosis of PD. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by various cell types under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Because exosomes carry a variety of bioactive molecules, they play a key role in biological processes such as intercellular communication and the immune response. Central nervous system (CNS)-derived exosomes can be detected in the cerebrospinal and peripheral body fluids of patients with PD, and their contents are altered during the disease process, rendering them an attractive biomarker resource. Therefore, a comprehensive and high-throughput investigation of the plasma and its exosomes may enhance our understanding of PD. In this study, we isolated exosomes from plasma using standard differential centrifugation and performed tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled quantitative proteomic analysis of plasma and plasma exosome samples from healthy individuals and patients with PD using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 724 proteins were quantified in the plasma samples, and 611 proteins were screened from the exosome samples. Among these 611 proteins, 413 were found in the Exosomal Protein Database (Exocarta). Using |log2FC|>0.26 and P-value (P)<0.05 as the cutoff, five upregulated and six downregulated proteins were identified in the plasma samples of the PD group compared with the healthy group. In the plasma exosome samples, compared with the healthy group, the PD group showed six upregulated and seven downregulated proteins. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were conducted based on gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). GO-cellular component (CC) analysis revealed that plasma-enriched proteins were mainly located in the nucleus whereas plasma exosome-enriched proteins were mainly located in the cytoplasm. According to the GO-molecular function (MF) analysis, the MFs of differentially expressed proteins in the plasma were mainly enriched in RNA, DNA binding, and complement binding. By contrast, the molecular functions of differentially expressed proteins derived from plasma exosomes were enriched in antioxidant activity, oxidoreductase activity, and peroxide acceptor activity. We then analyzed the enriched KEGG pathways of differentially expressed proteins derived from the plasma and plasma exosome samples. The enrichment pathways of differentially expressed proteins in the plasma samples included the lysosome pathway, cellular senescence, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. By contrast, the enrichment pathways of differentially expressed proteins in the plasma exosome samples included chemokine signaling and cytokine receptor interactions. Finally, we assessed the functions of some exosomal proteins in PD to elucidate their potential for PD diagnosis and treatment. Significant differences were observed between the plasma and plasma exosome protein profiles, and the functions of differentially expressed proteins in plasma exosomes were strongly related to the pathology of PD. Our study provides a reference for identifying the potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of PD.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mohammed EM. Circular RNA in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenicity and Potential Biomarker Development: A Systematic Review. Epigenet Insights 2023; 16:25168657231213195. [PMID: 38033465 PMCID: PMC10687999 DOI: 10.1177/25168657231213195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder of the CNS that affects millions of people worldwide. The causes of the disease remain unknown despite extensive efforts to understand it. CircRNAs are a unique class of endogenous non-coding RNA that are abundant, stable, conserved, and specifically expressed molecules, making them a promising biomarker of diseases. This review investigates the role of circRNA in MS pathogenicity and their potential as a biomarker through a comprehensive literature search conducted in 8 scientific databases. The studies found that there are differentially expressed circRNAs in MS patients compared to healthy controls (HC), and this difference is even more pronounced in different MS subtypes. Enrichment of circRNAs in linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks that harbor MS-associated SNPs suggests that these SNPs manipulate the levels of circRNAs in the surrounding area, contributing to disease pathogenicity. While circRNA shows promise as an indicator or biomarker for MS disease pathology, further research is needed to fully explore its potential and impact on human biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiman M Mohammed
- Kuwait Cancer Control Centre, Medical Laboratory Department, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sciaccotta R, Murdaca G, Caserta S, Rizzo V, Gangemi S, Allegra A. Circular RNAs: A New Approach to Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2883. [PMID: 38001884 PMCID: PMC10669154 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, a condition characterised by demyelination and axonal damage in the central nervous system, is due to autoreactive immune cells that recognise myelin antigens. Alteration of the immune balance can promote the onset of immune deficiencies, loss of immunosurveillance, and/or development of autoimmune disorders such as MS. Numerous enzymes, transcription factors, signal transducers, and membrane proteins contribute to the control of immune system activity. The "transcriptional machine" of eukaryotic cells is a complex system composed not only of mRNA but also of non-coding elements grouped together in the set of non-coding RNAs. Recent studies demonstrate that ncRNAs play a crucial role in numerous cellular functions, gene expression, and the pathogenesis of many immune disorders. The main purpose of this review is to investigate the role of circular RNAs, a previously unknown class of non-coding RNAs, in MS's pathogenesis. CircRNAs influence post-transcriptional control, expression, and functionality of a microRNA and epigenetic factors, promoting the development of typical MS abnormalities such as neuroinflammation, damage to neuronal cells, and microglial dysfunction. The increase in our knowledge of the role of circRNAs in multiple sclerosis could, in the future, modify the common diagnostic-therapeutic criteria, paving the way to a new vision of this neuroimmune pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Sciaccotta
- Hematology Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (S.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Santino Caserta
- Hematology Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (S.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Rizzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Hematology Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (S.C.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Filippenkov IB, Khrunin AV, Mozgovoy IV, Dergunova LV, Limborska SA. Are Ischemic Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease Genetically Consecutive Pathologies? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2727. [PMID: 37893101 PMCID: PMC10604604 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex diseases that affect the functioning of the central nervous system pose a major problem for modern society. Among these, ischemic stroke (IS) holds a special place as one of the most common causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Furthermore, Alzheimer's disease (AD) ranks first among neurodegenerative diseases, drastically reducing brain activity and overall life quality and duration. Recent studies have shown that AD and IS share several common risk and pathogenic factors, such as an overlapping genomic architecture and molecular signature. In this review, we will summarize the genomics and RNA biology studies of IS and AD, discussing the interconnected nature of these pathologies. Additionally, we highlight specific genomic points and RNA molecules that can serve as potential tools in predicting the risks of diseases and developing effective therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Svetlana A. Limborska
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia (A.V.K.); (I.V.M.); (L.V.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, Ding W, Wang J, Ao X, Xue J. Non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1256537. [PMID: 37746261 PMCID: PMC10514911 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1256537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is a heterogeneous disease with high malignant degree, rapid growth, and early metastasis. The clinical outcomes of LC patients are generally poor due to the insufficient elucidation of pathological mechanisms, low efficiency of detection and assessment methods, and lack of individualized therapeutic strategies. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), are endogenous regulators that are widely involved in the modulation of almost all aspects of life activities, from organogenesis and aging to immunity and cancer. They commonly play vital roles in various biological processes by regulating gene expression via their interactions with DNA, RNA, or protein. An increasing amount of studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs are closely correlated with the initiation and development of LC. Their dysregulation promotes the progression of LC via distinct mechanisms, such as influencing protein activity, activating oncogenic signaling pathways, or altering specific gene expression. Furthermore, some ncRNAs present certain clinical values as biomarker candidates and therapeutic targets for LC patients. A complete understanding of their mechanisms in LC progression may be highly beneficial to developing ncRNA-based therapeutics for LC patients. This review mainly focuses on the intricate mechanisms of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA involved in LC progression and discuss their underlying applications in LC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Ding
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Junqiang Xue
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fiorani F, Domenis R, Dalla E, Cataldi S, Conte C, Mandarano M, Sidoni A, Cifù A, Beccari T, Mirarchi A, Arcuri C, Curcio F, Albi E. Ceramide releases exosomes with a specific miRNA signature for cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10993. [PMID: 37419964 PMCID: PMC10329022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are well established effectors of cell-cell communication. Their role on maturation of embryonic cells located in hippocampus, seat of memory, is unknown. Here we show that ceramide facilitates release of exosomes from HN9.10e cells extending information for cell differentiation to neighboring cells. We found only 38 miRNAs differentially expressed in exosomes derived from ceramide-treated cells in comparison with control cells (including 10 up-regulated and 28 down-regulated). Some overexpressed miRNAs (mmu-let-7f-1-3p, mmu-let-7a-1-3p, mmu-let-7b-3p, mmu-let-7b-5p, mmu-miR-330-3p) regulate genes encoding for protein involved in biological, homeostatic, biosynthetic and small molecule metabolic processes, embryo development and cell differentiation, all phenomena relevant for HN9.10e cell differentiation. Notably, the overexpressed mmu-let-7b-5p miRNA appears to be important for our study based on its ability to regulate thirty-five gene targets involved in many processes including sphingolipid metabolism, sphingolipid-related stimulation of cellular functions and neuronal development. Furthermore, we showed that by incubating embryonic cells with exosomes released under ceramide treatment, some cells acquired an astrocytic phenotype and others a neuronal phenotype. We anticipate our study to be a start point for innovative therapeutic strategies to regulate the release of exosomes useful to stimulate delayed brain development in the newborn and to improve the cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Fiorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rossana Domenis
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Emiliano Dalla
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Samuela Cataldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Division of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Division of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Cifù
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mirarchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Curcio
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li F, Li PF, Hao XD. Circular RNAs in ferroptosis: regulation mechanism and potential clinical application in disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1173040. [PMID: 37332354 PMCID: PMC10272566 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1173040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic form of cell death, is reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, particularly tumors, organ injury, and degenerative pathologies. Several signaling molecules and pathways have been found to be involved in the regulation of ferroptosis, including polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation, glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4, the cysteine/glutamate antiporter system Xc-, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1/ubiquinone, and iron metabolism. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs), which have a stable circular structure, play important regulatory roles in the ferroptosis pathways that contribute to disease progression. Hence, ferroptosis-inhibiting and ferroptosis-stimulating circRNAs have potential as novel diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets for cancers, infarctions, organ injuries, and diabetes complications linked to ferroptosis. In this review, we summarize the roles that circRNAs play in the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of ferroptosis and their potential clinical applications in ferroptosis-related diseases. This review furthers our understanding of the roles of ferroptosis-related circRNAs and provides new perspectives on ferroptosis regulation and new directions for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ferroptosis-related diseases.
Collapse
|
19
|
Daws SE, Gillespie A. Circular RNA regulation and function in drug seeking phenotypes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103841. [PMID: 36935046 PMCID: PMC10247439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug overdoses have increased dramatically in the United States over the last decade where they are now the leading cause of accidental death. To develop efficient therapeutic options for decreasing drug consumption and overdose risk, it is critical to understand the neurobiological changes induced by drug exposure. Chronic systemic exposure to all drug classes, including opioids, psychostimulants, nicotine, cannabis, and alcohol, induces profound molecular neuroadaptations within the central nervous system that may reveal crucial information about the lasting effects that these substances impart on brain cells. Transcriptome analyses of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have identified gene patterns in the brain that result from exposure to various classes of drugs. However, mRNAs represent only a small fraction of the RNA within the cell, and drug exposure also impacts other classes of RNA that are largely understudied, especially circular RNAs. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a naturally occurring RNA species formed from back-splicing events during mRNA processing and are enriched in the nervous system. circRNAs are a pleiotropic class of RNAs and have a diverse impact on cellular function, with putative functions including regulation of mRNA transcription, protein translation, microRNA sponging, and sequestration of RNA-binding proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated that circRNAs can modulate cognition and are regulated in the brain in response to drug exposure, yet very few studies have explored the contribution of circRNAs to drug seeking phenotypes. In this review, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms of circRNA function in the cell to highlight how drug-induced circRNA dysregulation may impact the molecular substrates that mediate drug seeking behavior and the current studies that have reported drug-induced dysregulation of circRNAs in the brain. Furthermore, we will discuss how principles of circRNA biology can be adapted to study circRNAs in models of drug exposure and seek to provide further insight into the neurobiology of addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Daws
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Aria Gillespie
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lukiw WJ. MicroRNA (miRNA) Complexity in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:788. [PMID: 37372073 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
AD is a complex, progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disorder representing the most common cause of senile dementia and neurological dysfunction in our elderly domestic population. The widely observed heterogeneity of AD is a reflection of the complexity of the AD process itself and the altered molecular-genetic mechanisms operating in the diseased human brain and CNS. One of the key players in this complex regulation of gene expression in human pathological neurobiology are microRNAs (miRNAs) that, through their actions, shape the transcriptome of brain cells that normally associate with very high rates of genetic activity, gene transcription and messenger RNA (mRNA) generation. The analysis of miRNA populations and the characterization of their abundance, speciation and complexity can further provide valuable clues to our molecular-genetic understanding of the AD process, especially in the sporadic forms of this common brain disorder. Current in-depth analyses of high-quality AD and age- and gender-matched control brain tissues are providing pathophysiological miRNA-based signatures of AD that can serve as a basis for expanding our mechanistic understanding of this disorder and the future design of miRNA- and related RNA-based therapeutics. This focused review will consolidate the findings from multiple laboratories as to which are the most abundant miRNA species, both free and exosome-bound in the human brain and CNS, which miRNA species appear to be the most prominently affected by the AD process and review recent developments and advancements in our understanding of the complexity of miRNA signaling in the hippocampal CA1 region of AD-affected brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Alchem Biotech Research, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tong Y, Guan B, Sun Z, Dong X, Chen Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, Li J. Ratiometric fluorescent detection of exosomal piRNA-823 based on Au NCs/UiO-66-NH 2 and target-triggered rolling circle amplification. Talanta 2023; 257:124307. [PMID: 36764170 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
piR-823 is a newly discovered colorectal cancer marker with high diagnostic efficacy. However, the current quantification methods have complicated operations and high cost, which restrict its clinical application. Herein, a metal-organic framework (MOF) with a UiO-66 prototype structure which supports gold nanoclusters (Au NCs), Au NCs/UiO-66-NH2, were prepared as a model nanobiosensing platform for ratiometric detection of exosomal piR-823. The rolling circle amplification process provides high sensitivity and the ratiometric detection process ensures good accuracy of the sensor. Such biosensor showed a wide linear range of 0.04-4 pM, and a low detection limit of 10.2 fM towards piR-823. In addition, piR-823 can be used as an effective supplement to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in clinical diagnosis of colorectal cancer. This study not only provides a potentially valuable ratio fluorescence platform involving enzyme catalytic reaction, but also offers a design blueprint for further expansion of nanotechnology in the diverse biological analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bingxin Guan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangjun Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanru Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ao X, Ding W, Li X, Xu Q, Chen X, Zhou X, Wang J, Liu Y. Non-coding RNAs regulating mitochondrial function in cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:501-526. [PMID: 37014377 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of disease-related death worldwide and a significant obstacle to improving patients' health and lives. Mitochondria are core organelles for the maintenance of myocardial tissue homeostasis, and their impairment and dysfunction are considered major contributors to the pathogenesis of various CVDs, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. However, the exact roles of mitochondrial dysfunction involved in CVD pathogenesis remain not fully understood. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been shown to be crucial regulators in the initiation and development of CVDs. They can participate in CVD progression by impacting mitochondria and regulating mitochondrial function-related genes and signaling pathways. Some ncRNAs also exhibit great potential as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for CVD patients. In this review, we mainly focus on the underlying mechanisms of ncRNAs involved in the regulation of mitochondrial functions and their role in CVD progression. We also highlight their clinical implications as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in CVD treatment. The information reviewed herein could be extremely beneficial to the development of ncRNA-based therapeutic strategies for CVD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wei Ding
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xiaoge Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qingling Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xinhui Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuehao Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li J, Liu W, Anniwaer A, Li B, Chen Y, Yu Z, Yu X. The Role of MicroRNAs in Predicting the Neurological Outcome of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Meta-analysis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01327-7. [PMID: 36943493 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease with an extremely poor prognosis. The molecular mechanism and biomarkers involved in neurological outcome after SAH still need to be explored. This study assessed the microRNA expression characteristics of SAH patients with different neurological outcomes by meta-analysis. Public databases were searched from database inception until December 2022. The study reported that microRNA expression data in SAH patients with different neurological outcomes were included in the analysis. The differential expression of miRNAs was evaluated by meta-analysis. Overrepresentation analysis was performed for the targeted genes of significant miRNAs. The XGBoost algorithm was used to assess the predictive ability for neurological outcomes with clinical characteristics and significantly expressed miRNAs. Seven studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the levels of miR-152-3p (SMD: - 0.230; 95% CI - 0.389, - 0.070; padj = 0.041), miR-221-3p (SMD: - 0.286; 95% CI - 0.446, - 0.127; padj = 0.007), and miR-34a-5p (SMD: - 0.227; 95% CI - 0.386, - 0.067; padj = 0.041) were significantly lower in SAH patients with good neurological outcomes than in those with poor neurological outcomes. The PI3K-AKT signaling pathway may have an important role in neurological recovery after SAH. Based on the XGBoost algorithm, the neurological outcome could be accurately predicted with clinical characteristics plus the three miRNAs. The expression levels of miR-152-3p, miR-221-3p, and miR-34a-5p were significantly lower in patients with good neurological outcomes than in those with poor outcomes. These miRNAs can serve as potential predictive biomarkers for neurological outcomes. The molecular mechanism and biomarkers involved in neurological outcome after SAH still need to be explored. Our study analyzed microRNA expression characteristics of SAH patients with different neurological outcomes by meta-analysis. After analyze studies reporting the microRNA expression data in SAH patients with different neurological outcomes, results show that the levels of miR-152-3p, miR-221-3p, and miR-34a-5p were significantly lower in SAH patients with good neurological outcomes than in those with poor neurological outcomes. The PI3K-AKT signaling pathway may have an important role in neurological recovery after SAH. Based on the XGBoost algorithm, the neurological outcome could be accurately predicted with clinical characteristics plus the three miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Ankaerjiang Anniwaer
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Yutang Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Zhaoxia Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Province, China.
| | - Xiangyou Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hedayat M, Ahmadi M, Shoaran M, Rezaie J. Therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases: A focus on non-coding RNAs cargo, drug delivery potential, perspective. Life Sci 2023; 320:121566. [PMID: 36907326 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the massive efforts advanced over recent years in emerging therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, effective treatment for these diseases is still an urgent need. The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived exosomes (MSCs-Exo) as a novel therapy for neurodegenerative diseases holds great promise. A growing body of data now suggests that an innovative cell-free therapy, MSCs-Exo, may establish a fascinating alternative therapy due to their unique advantages over MSCs. Notable, MSCs-Exo can infiltrate the blood-brain barrier and then well distribute non-coding RNAs into injured tissues. Research shows that non-coding RNAs of MSCs-Exo are vital effectors that participate in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through neurogeneration and neurite outgrowth, modulation of the immune system, reducing neuroinflammation, repairmen of damaged tissue, and promotion of neuroangiogenesis. In addition, MSCs-Exo can serve as a drug delivery system for delivering non-coding RNAs to neurons in neurodegenerative conditions. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the therapeutic role of non-coding RNAs of MSCs-Exo for various neurodegenerative diseases. This study also discusses the potential drug delivery role of MSCs-Exo and challenges and opportunities in the clinical translation of MSCs-Exo-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Hedayat
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Shoaran
- Pediatric Health Research Center,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhou Z, Leng C, Wang Z, Long L, Lv Y, Gao Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Li P. The potential regulatory role of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in teleost fish. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1065357. [PMID: 36895573 PMCID: PMC9988957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1065357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Research over the past two decades has confirmed that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are abundant in cells from yeast to vertebrates, are no longer "junk" transcripts but functional regulators that can mediate various cellular and physiological processes. The dysregulation of ncRNAs is closely related to the imbalance of cellular homeostasis and the occurrence and development of various diseases. In mammals, ncRNAs, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), have been shown to serve as biomarkers and intervention targets in growth, development, immunity, and disease progression. The regulatory functions of lncRNAs on gene expression are usually mediated by crosstalk with miRNAs. The most predominant mode of lncRNA-miRNA crosstalk is the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis, in which lncRNAs act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). Compared to mammals, little attention has been given to the role and mechanism of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in teleost species. In this review, we provide current knowledge about the teleost lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis, focusing on its physiological and pathological regulation in growth and development, reproduction, skeletal muscle, immunity to bacterial and viral infections, and other stress-related immune responses. Herein, we also explored the potential application of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in the aquaculture industry. These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of ncRNA and ncRNA-ncRNA crosstalk in fish biology to improve aquaculture productivity, fish health and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuibo Leng
- The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linhai Long
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiju Lv
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ziru Gao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shoushi Wang
- The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|