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Suematsu N, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY. Activation and depression of neural and hemodynamic responses induced by the intracortical microstimulation and visual stimulation in the mouse visual cortex. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:026033. [PMID: 38537268 PMCID: PMC11002944 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) can be an effective method for restoring sensory perception in contemporary brain-machine interfaces. However, the mechanisms underlying better control of neuronal responses remain poorly understood, as well as the relationship between neuronal activity and other concomitant phenomena occurring around the stimulation site.Approach. Different microstimulation frequencies were investigatedin vivoon Thy1-GCaMP6s mice using widefield and two-photon imaging to evaluate the evoked excitatory neural responses across multiple spatial scales as well as the induced hemodynamic responses. Specifically, we quantified stimulation-induced neuronal activation and depression in the mouse visual cortex and measured hemodynamic oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin signals using mesoscopic-scale widefield imaging.Main results. Our calcium imaging findings revealed a preference for lower-frequency stimulation in driving stronger neuronal activation. A depressive response following the neural activation preferred a slightly higher frequency stimulation compared to the activation. Hemodynamic signals exhibited a comparable spatial spread to neural calcium signals. Oxyhemoglobin concentration around the stimulation site remained elevated during the post-activation (depression) period. Somatic and neuropil calcium responses measured by two-photon microscopy showed similar dependence on stimulation parameters, although the magnitudes measured in soma was greater than in neuropil. Furthermore, higher-frequency stimulation induced a more pronounced activation in soma compared to neuropil, while depression was predominantly induced in soma irrespective of stimulation frequencies.Significance. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying depression differs from activation, requiring ample oxygen supply, and affecting neurons. Our findings provide a novel understanding of evoked excitatory neuronal activity induced by ICMS and offer insights into neuro-devices that utilize both activation and depression phenomena to achieve desired neural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Suematsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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2
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Suematsu N, Vazquez AL, Kozai TD. Activation and depression of neural and hemodynamic responses induced by the intracortical microstimulation and visual stimulation in the mouse visual cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.01.573814. [PMID: 38260671 PMCID: PMC10802282 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.01.573814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Objective . Intracortical microstimulation can be an effective method for restoring sensory perception in contemporary brain-machine interfaces. However, the mechanisms underlying better control of neuronal responses remain poorly understood, as well as the relationship between neuronal activity and other concomitant phenomena occurring around the stimulation site. Approach . Different microstimulation frequencies were investigated in vivo on Thy1-GCaMP6s mice using widefield and two-photon imaging to evaluate the evoked excitatory neural responses across multiple spatial scales as well as the induced hemodynamic responses. Specifically, we quantified stimulation-induced neuronal activation and depression in the mouse visual cortex and measured hemodynamic oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin signals using mesoscopic-scale widefield imaging. Main results . Our calcium imaging findings revealed a preference for lower-frequency stimulation in driving stronger neuronal activation. A depressive response following the neural activation preferred a slightly higher frequency stimulation compared to the activation. Hemodynamic signals exhibited a comparable spatial spread to neural calcium signals. Oxyhemoglobin concentration around the stimulation site remained elevated during the post-activation (depression) period. Somatic and neuropil calcium responses measured by two-photon microscopy showed similar dependence on stimulation parameters, although the magnitudes measured in soma was greater than in neuropil. Furthermore, higher-frequency stimulation induced a more pronounced activation in soma compared to neuropil, while depression was predominantly induced in soma irrespective of stimulation frequencies. Significance . These results suggest that the mechanism underlying depression differs from activation, requiring ample oxygen supply, and affecting neurons. Our findings provide a novel understanding of evoked excitatory neuronal activity induced by intracortical microstimulation and offer insights into neuro-devices that utilize both activation and depression phenomena to achieve desired neural responses.
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Wang J, Qian L, Wang S, Shi L, Wang Z. Directional Preference in Avian Midbrain Saliency Computing Nucleus Reflects a Well-Designed Receptive Field Structure. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1143. [PMID: 35565569 PMCID: PMC9105111 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons responding sensitively to motions in several rather than all directions have been identified in many sensory systems. Although this directional preference has been demonstrated by previous studies to exist in the isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc) of pigeon (Columba livia), which plays a key role in the midbrain saliency computing network, the dynamic response characteristics and the physiological basis underlying this phenomenon are unclear. Herein, dots moving in 16 directions and a biologically plausible computational model were used. We found that pigeon Imc's significant responses for objects moving in preferred directions benefit the long response duration and high instantaneous firing rate. Furthermore, the receptive field structures predicted by a computational model, which captures the actual directional tuning curves, agree with the real data collected from population Imc units. These results suggested that directional preference in Imc may be internally prebuilt by elongating the vertical axis of the receptive field, making predators attack from the dorsal-ventral direction and conspecifics flying away in the ventral-dorsal direction, more salient for avians, which is of great ecological and physiological significance for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.W.); (L.Q.); (S.W.)
| | - Longlong Qian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.W.); (L.Q.); (S.W.)
| | - Songwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.W.); (L.Q.); (S.W.)
| | - Li Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.W.); (L.Q.); (S.W.)
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (J.W.); (L.Q.); (S.W.)
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Liu X, Robinson PA. Analytic Model for Feature Maps in the Primary Visual Cortex. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:659316. [PMID: 35185503 PMCID: PMC8854373 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.659316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A compact analytic model is proposed to describe the combined orientation preference (OP) and ocular dominance (OD) features of simple cells and their mutual constraints on the spatial layout of the combined OP-OD map in the primary visual cortex (V1). This model consists of three parts: (i) an anisotropic Laplacian (AL) operator that represents the local neural sensitivity to the orientation of visual inputs; and (ii) obtain a receptive field (RF) operator that models the anisotropic spatial projection from nearby neurons to a given V1 cell over scales of a few tenths of a millimeter and combines with the AL operator to give an overall OP operator; and (iii) a map that describes how the parameters of these operators vary approximately periodically across V1. The parameters of the proposed model maximize the neural response at a given OP with an OP tuning curve fitted to experimental results. It is found that the anisotropy of the AL operator does not significantly affect OP selectivity, which is dominated by the RF anisotropy, consistent with Hubel and Wiesel's original conclusions that orientation tuning width of V1 simple cell is inversely related to the elongation of its RF. A simplified and idealized OP-OD map is then constructed to describe the approximately periodic local OP-OD structure of V1 in a compact form. It is shown explicitly that the OP map can be approximated by retaining its dominant spatial Fourier coefficients, which are shown to suffice to reconstruct its basic spatial structure. Moreover, this representation is a suitable form to analyze observed OP maps compactly and to be used in neural field theory (NFT) for analyzing activity modulated by the OP-OD structure of V1. Application to independently simulated V1 OP structure shows that observed irregularities in the map correspond to a spread of dominant coefficients in a circle in Fourier space. In addition, there is a strong bias toward two perpendicular directions when only a small patch of local map is included. The bias is decreased as the amount of V1 included in the Fourier transform is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Center for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Xiaochen Liu
| | - Peter A. Robinson
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Center for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Stacy AK, Van Hooser SD. Development of Functional Properties in the Early Visual System: New Appreciations of the Roles of Lateral Geniculate Nucleus. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 53:3-35. [PMID: 35112333 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the years following Hubel and Wiesel's first reports on ocular dominance plasticity and amblyopia, much attention has been focused on understanding the role of cortical circuits in developmental and experience-dependent plasticity. Initial studies found few differences between retinal ganglion cells and neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and uncovered little evidence for an impact of altered visual experience on the functional properties of lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. In the last two decades, however, studies have revealed that the connectivity between the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus is much richer than was previously appreciated, even revealing visual plasticity - including ocular dominance plasticity - in lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. Here we review the development of the early visual system and the impact of experience with a distinct focus on recent discoveries about lateral geniculate nucleus, its connectivity, and evidence for its plasticity and rigidity during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Stacy
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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Song M, Jang J, Kim G, Paik SB. Projection of Orthogonal Tiling from the Retina to the Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108581. [PMID: 33406438 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher mammals, the primary visual cortex (V1) is organized into diverse tuning maps of visual features. The topography of these maps intersects orthogonally, but it remains unclear how such a systematic relationship can develop. Here, we show that the orthogonal organization already exists in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) mosaics, providing a blueprint of the organization in V1. From analysis of the RGC mosaics data in monkeys and cats, we find that the ON-OFF RGC distance and ON-OFF angle of neighboring RGCs are organized into a topographic tiling across mosaics, analogous to the orthogonal intersection of cortical tuning maps. Our model simulation shows that the ON-OFF distance and angle in RGC mosaics correspondingly initiate ocular dominance/spatial frequency tuning and orientation tuning, resulting in the orthogonal intersection of cortical tuning maps. These findings suggest that the regularly structured ON-OFF patterns mirrored from the retina initiate the uniform representation of combinations of map features over the visual space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeson Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangsu Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Bum Paik
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Sugita Y, Yamamoto H, Maeda Y, Furukawa T. Influence of Aging on the Retina and Visual Motion Processing for Optokinetic Responses in Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:586013. [PMID: 33335469 PMCID: PMC7736246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in visual function due to normal aging impacts various aspects of our daily lives. Previous reports suggest that the aging retina exhibits mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals and reduced amplitudes of scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses in mice. These abnormalities are thought to contribute to age-related visual impairment; however, the extent to which visual function is impaired by aging at the organismal level is unclear. In the present study, we focus on the age-related changes of the optokinetic responses (OKRs) in visual processing. Moreover, we investigated the initial and late phases of the OKRs in young adult (2-3 months old) and aging mice (21-24 months old). The initial phase was evaluated by measuring the open-loop eye velocity of OKRs using sinusoidal grating patterns of various spatial frequencies (SFs) and moving at various temporal frequencies (TFs) for 0.5 s. The aging mice exhibited initial OKRs with a spatiotemporal frequency tuning that was slightly different from those in young adult mice. The late-phase OKRs were investigated by measuring the slow-phase velocity of the optokinetic nystagmus evoked by sinusoidal gratings of various spatiotemporal frequencies moving for 30 s. We found that optimal SF and TF in the normal aging mice are both reduced compared with those in young adult mice. In addition, we measured the OKRs of 4.1G-null (4.1G -/-) mice, in which mislocalization of photoreceptor terminals is observed even at the young adult stage. We found that the late phase OKR was significantly impaired in 4.1G - / - mice, which exhibit significantly reduced SF and TF compared with control mice. These OKR abnormalities observed in 4.1G - / - mice resemble the abnormalities found in normal aging mice. This finding suggests that these mice can be useful mouse models for studying the aging of the retinal tissue and declining visual function. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that normal aging deteriorates to visual motion processing for both the initial and late phases of OKRs. Moreover, it implies that the abnormalities of the visual function in the normal aging mice are at least partly due to mislocalization of photoreceptor synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sugita
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruka Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yamato Maeda
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Ahn J, Phan HL, Cha S, Koo KI, Yoo Y, Goo YS. Synchrony of Spontaneous Burst Firing between Retinal Ganglion Cells Across Species. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:285-299. [PMID: 32921641 PMCID: PMC7492847 DOI: 10.5607/en20025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons communicate with other neurons in response to environmental changes. Their goal is to transmit information to their targets reliably. A burst, which consists of multiple spikes within a short time interval, plays an essential role in enhancing the reliability of information transmission through synapses. In the visual system, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina, show bursting activity and transmit retinal information to the lateral geniculate neuron of the thalamus. In this study, to extend our interest to the population level, the burstings of multiple RGCs were simultaneously recorded using a multi-channel recording system. As the first step in network analysis, we focused on investigating the pairwise burst correlation between two RGCs. Furthermore, to assess if the population bursting is preserved across species, we compared the synchronized bursting of RGCs between marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), one species of the new world monkeys and mouse (C57BL/6J strain). First, monkey RGCs showed a larger number of spikes within a burst, while the inter-spike interval, burst duration, and inter-burst interval were smaller compared with mouse RGCs. Monkey RGCs showed a strong burst synchronization between RGCs, whereas mouse RGCs showed no correlated burst firing. Monkey RGC pairs showed significantly higher burst synchrony and mutual information than mouse RGC pairs did. Comprehensively, through this study, we emphasize that two species have a different bursting activity of RGCs and different burst synchronization suggesting two species have distinctive retinal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungryul Ahn
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Huu Lam Phan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Seongkwang Cha
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyo-In Koo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Yongseok Yoo
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Yong Sook Goo
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Jung YH, Kim JU, Lee JS, Shin JH, Jung W, Ok J, Kim TI. Injectable Biomedical Devices for Sensing and Stimulating Internal Body Organs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907478. [PMID: 32104960 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid pace of progress in implantable electronics driven by novel technology has created devices with unconventional designs and features to reduce invasiveness and establish new sensing and stimulating techniques. Among the designs, injectable forms of biomedical electronics are explored for accurate and safe targeting of deep-seated body organs. Here, the classes of biomedical electronics and tools that have high aspect ratio structures designed to be injected or inserted into internal organs for minimally invasive monitoring and therapy are reviewed. Compared with devices in bulky or planar formats, the long shaft-like forms of implantable devices are easily placed in the organs with minimized outward protrusions via injection or insertion processes. Adding flexibility to the devices also enables effortless insertions through complex biological cavities, such as the cochlea, and enhances chronic reliability by complying with natural body movements, such as the heartbeat. Diverse types of such injectable implants developed for different organs are reviewed and the electronic, optoelectronic, piezoelectric, and microfluidic devices that enable stimulations and measurements of site-specific regions in the body are discussed. Noninvasive penetration strategies to deliver the miniscule devices are also considered. Finally, the challenges and future directions associated with deep body biomedical electronics are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yei Hwan Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Seung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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10
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Figure-Ground Modulation in the Human Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Is Distinguishable from Top-Down Attention. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2051-2057.e3. [PMID: 31178323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all of the information that reaches the primary visual cortex (V1) of the brain passes from the retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus. Although the LGN's role in relaying feedforward signals from the retina to the cortex is well understood [1, 2], the functional role of the extensive feedback it receives from the cortex has remained elusive [3-6]. Here, we investigated whether corticothalamic feedback may contribute to perceptual processing in the LGN in a manner that is distinct from top-down effects of attention [7-10]. We used high-resolution fMRI at 7 Tesla to simultaneously measure responses to orientation-defined figures in the human LGN and V1. We found robust enhancement of perceptual figures throughout the early visual system, which could be distinguished from the effects of covert spatial attention [11-13]. In a second experiment, we demonstrated that figure enhancement occurred in the LGN even when the figure and surrounding background were presented dichoptically (i.e., to different eyes). As binocular integration primarily occurs in V1 [14, 15], these results implicate a mechanism of automatic, contextually sensitive feedback from binocular visual cortex underlying figure-ground modulation in the LGN. Our findings elucidate the functional mechanisms of this core function of the visual system [16-18], which allows people to segment and detect meaningful figures in complex visual environments. The involvement of the LGN in this rich, contextually informed visual processing-despite showing minimal feedforward selectivity for visual features [19, 20]-underscores the role of recurrent processing at the earliest stages of visual processing.
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11
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Hong G, Fu TM, Qiao M, Viveros RD, Yang X, Zhou T, Lee JM, Park HG, Sanes JR, Lieber CM. A method for single-neuron chronic recording from the retina in awake mice. Science 2018; 360:1447-1451. [PMID: 29954976 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The retina, which processes visual information and sends it to the brain, is an excellent model for studying neural circuitry. It has been probed extensively ex vivo but has been refractory to chronic in vivo electrophysiology. We report a nonsurgical method to achieve chronically stable in vivo recordings from single retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in awake mice. We developed a noncoaxial intravitreal injection scheme in which injected mesh electronics unrolls inside the eye and conformally coats the highly curved retina without compromising normal eye functions. The method allows 16-channel recordings from multiple types of RGCs with stable responses to visual stimuli for at least 2 weeks, and reveals circadian rhythms in RGC responses over multiple day/night cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tian-Ming Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mu Qiao
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert D Viveros
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyu Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles M Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Li H, Fang Q, Ge Y, Li Z, Meng J, Zhu J, Yu H. Relationship between the Dynamics of Orientation Tuning and Spatiotemporal Receptive Field Structures of Cat LGN Neurons. Neuroscience 2018; 377:26-39. [PMID: 29481999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple cells in the cat primary visual cortex usually have elongated receptive fields (RFs), and their orientation selectivity can be largely predicted by their RFs. As to the relay cells in cats' lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), they also have weak but significant orientation bias (OB). It is thus of interest to investigate the fine spatiotemporal receptive field (STRF) properties in LGN, compare them with the dynamics of orientation tuning, and examine the dynamic relationship between STRF and orientation sensitivity in LGN. We mapped the STRFs of the LGN neurons in cats with white noise and characterized the dynamics of the orientation tuning by flashing gratings. We found that most of the LGN neurons showed elongated RFs and that the elongation axes were consistent with the preferred orientations. STRFs and the dynamics of orientation tuning were closely correlated temporally: the elongation of RFs and OB emerged, peaked and decayed at the same pace, with unchanged elongation axis of RF and preferred orientation but consistently changing aspect ratio of RF and OB strength across time. Importantly, the above consistency between RF and orientation tuning was not influenced by the ablation of the primary visual cortex. Furthermore, biased orientation tuning emerged 20-30 ms earlier than those in the primary visual cortex. These data demonstrated that similar to the primary visual cortex, the orientation sensitivity was closely reflected by the RF properties in LGN. However, the elongated RF and OB in LGN did not originate from the primary visual cortex feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Li
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yijun Ge
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianjun Meng
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianbing Zhu
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Interlayer Repulsion of Retinal Ganglion Cell Mosaics Regulates Spatial Organization of Functional Maps in the Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:12141-12152. [PMID: 29114075 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1873-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher mammals, orientation tuning of neurons is organized into a quasi-periodic pattern in the primary visual cortex. Our previous model studies suggested that the topography of cortical orientation maps may originate from moiré interference of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cell (RGC) mosaics, but did not account for how the consistent spatial period of maps could be achieved. Here we address this issue with two crucial findings on the development of RGC mosaics: first, homotypic local repulsion between RGCs can develop a long-range hexagonal periodicity. Second, heterotypic interaction restrains the alignment of ON and OFF mosaics, and generates a periodic interference pattern map with consistent spatial frequency. To validate our model, we quantitatively analyzed the RGC mosaics in cat data, and confirmed that the observed retinal mosaics showed evidence of heterotypic interactions, contrary to the previous view that ON and OFF mosaics are developed independently.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Orientation map is one of the most studied functional maps in the brain, but it has remained unanswered how the consistent spatial periodicity of maps could be developed. In the current study, we address this issue with our developmental model for the retinal origin of orientation map. We showed that local repulsive interactions between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can develop a hexagonal periodicity in the RGC mosaics and restrict the alignment between ON and OFF mosaics, so that they generate a periodic pattern with consistent spatial frequency for both the RGC mosaics and the cortical orientation maps. Our results demonstrate that the organization of functional maps in visual cortex, including its structural consistency, may be constrained by a retinal blueprint.
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Osaki H, Naito T, Soma S, Sato H. Receptive field properties of cat perigeniculate neurons correlate with excitatory and inhibitory connectivity to LGN relay neurons. Neurosci Res 2017; 132:26-36. [PMID: 28916470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cat perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) is a visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus that consists of GABAergic neurons. It receives excitatory axon-collateral input from relay neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to which it provides inhibitory input. Thus, it is usually argued that the PGN works as feedback inhibition to the LGN. At the single neuron level, however, this circuit can also provide lateral inhibition. Which inhibition dominates in the visual circuit of the thalamus has yet to be well characterized. In this study, we conducted cross-correlation analysis of single spike trains simultaneously recorded from PGN and LGN neurons in anesthetized cats. For 12 pairs of functionally connected PGN and LGN neurons with overlapped receptive fields (RF), we quantitatively compared RF properties including the spatial frequency (SF) and temporal frequency (TF) tunings of each neuron. We found the SF and TF tunings of PGN neurons and LGN neurons were similar when there was only excitatory input from the LGN neuron to the PGN neuron, but different when the PGN neuron returned inhibitory inputs back, suggesting the circuit between PGN and LGN neurons works as lateral inhibition for these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Osaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Naito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shogo Soma
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sato
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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