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Karazapryanov PA, Gabrovski KR, Milenova Y, Pavlov VK, Karameshev A, Damianova M, Sirakov S, Minkin K. Mapping of Capsular Side Effects by using Intraoperative Motor-Evoked Potentials during Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery of the Subthalamic Nucleus for Parkinson's Disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38934180 DOI: 10.1159/000539433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to present a novel technique for subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) implantation under general anesthesia by using intraoperative motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) through direct lead stimulation and determining their correlation to the thresholds of postoperative stimulation-induced side effects. METHODS This study included 22 consecutive patients with advanced Parkinson's disease who underwent surgery in our institution between January 2021 and September 2023. All patients underwent bilateral implantation in the STN (44 leads) under general anesthesia without microelectrode recordings (MERs) by using MEPs with electrostimulation directly through the DBS lead. No cortical stimulation was performed during this process. Intraoperative fluoroscopic guidance and immediate postoperative computed tomography were used to verify the electrode's position. The lowest MEP thresholds were recorded and were correlated to the postoperative stimulation-induced side-effect threshold. The predictive values of the MEPs were analyzed. Five DBS leads were repositioned intraoperatively due to the MEP results. RESULTS A moderately strong positive correlation was found between the MEP threshold and the capsular side-effect threshold (RS = 0.425, 95% CI, 0.17-0.67, p = 0.004). The highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting a side-effect threshold of 5 mA were found to be at 2.4 mA MEP threshold (sensitivity 97%, specificity 87.5%, positive predictive value 97%, and negative predictive value 87.5%). We also found high sensitivity and specificity (100%) at 1.15 mA MEP threshold and 3 mA side-effect threshold. Out of the total 44 leads, 5 (11.3%) leads were repositioned intraoperatively due to MEP thresholds lower than 1 mA (4 leads) or higher than 5 mA (1 lead). The mean accuracy on postoperative CT was 1.05 mm, and there were no postoperative side-effects under 2.8 mA. CONCLUSION Intraoperative MEPs with electrostimulation directly through the contacts of the DBS lead correlate with the stimulation-induced capsular side effects. The lead reposition based on intraoperative MEP may enlarge the therapeutic window of DBS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoana Milenova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Maria Damianova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stanimir Sirakov
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krasimir Minkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Hermann JK, Borseth A, Pucci FG, Toth C, Hogue O, Chan HH, Machado AG, Baker KB. Changes in somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by lateral cerebellar nucleus deep brain stimulation in the naïve rodent. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136800. [PMID: 35842210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the deep cerebellar nuclei has been shown to enhance perilesional cortical excitability and promote motor rehabilitation in preclinical models of cortical ischemia and is currently being evaluated in patients with chronic, post-stroke deficits. Understanding the effects of cerebellar DBS on contralateral sensorimotor cortex may be key to developing approaches to optimize stimulation delivery and treatment outcomes. Using the naïve rat model, we characterized the effects of DBS of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) on somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and evaluated their potential use as a surrogate index of cortical excitability. SSEPs were recorded concurrently with continuous 30 Hz or 100 Hz LCN DBS and compared to the DBS OFF condition. Ratios of SSEP peak to peak amplitude during 100 Hz LCN DBS to DBS OFF at longer latency peaks were significantly>1, suggesting that cortical excitability was enhanced as a result of LCN DBS. Although changes in SSEP peak to peak amplitudes were observed, they were modest in relation to previously reported effects on motor cortical excitability. Overall, our findings suggest that LCN output influences thalamocortical somatosensory pathways, however further work is need to better understand the potential role of SSEPs in optimizing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Hermann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Ashley Borseth
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Francesco G Pucci
- Center for Neurologic Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Carmen Toth
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Olivia Hogue
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Hugh H Chan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Andre G Machado
- Center for Neurologic Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
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Erdman HB, Kornilov E, Kahana E, Zarchi O, Reiner J, Socher A, Strauss I, Firman S, Israel Z, Bergman H, Tamir I. Asleep DBS under ketamine sedation: Proof of concept. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105747. [PMID: 35550159 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is commonly and safely performed for selective Parkinson's disease patients. Many centers perform DBS lead positioning exclusively under local anesthesia, to optimize brain microelectrode recordings (MER) and testing of stimulation-related therapeutic and side effects. These measures enable physiological identification of the DBS borders and subdomains based on electrophysiological properties like firing rates and patterns, intra-operative evaluation of therapeutic window, and improvement of lead placement accuracy. Nevertheless, due to the challenges of awake surgery, some centers use sedation or general anesthesia, despite the distortion of discharge properties and interference with clinical testing, resulting in potential impact on surgical outcomes. Thus, there is a need for a novel anesthesia regimen that enables sedation without compromising intra-operative monitoring. OBJECTIVE This open-label study investigates the use of low-dose ketamine for conscious sedation during microelectrode recordings and lead positioning in subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS for Parkinson's disease patients. METHODS Three anesthetic regimens were retrospectively compared in 38 surgeries (74 MER trajectories, 5962 recording sites) across three DBS centers: 1) Interleaved propofol-ketamine (PK), 2) Interleaved propofol-awake (PA), and 3) Fully awake (AA). RESULTS All anesthesia regimens achieved satisfactory MER. Detection of STN borders and subdomains by expert electrophysiologist was similar between the groups. Electrophysiological signature of the STN under ketamine was not inferior to either control group. All patients completed stimulation testing. CONCLUSIONS This study supports a low-dose ketamine anesthesia regimen for DBS which allows microelectrode recordings and stimulation testing that are not inferior to those conducted under awake and propofol-awake regimens and may optimize patient experience. A prospective double-blind study that would also compare patients' satisfaction level and clinical outcome should be performed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halen Baker Erdman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Evgeniya Kornilov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikvah, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eilat Kahana
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Omer Zarchi
- Intraoperative Neurophysiology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Johnathan Reiner
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Achinoam Socher
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shimon Firman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Management, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zvi Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Idit Tamir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikvah, Israel.
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Khandelwal A, Chaturvedi A, Sokhal N, Singh A, Sharma HB. Comparison of Propofol and Ketofol on Transcranial Motor Evoked Potentials in Patients Undergoing Thoracolumbar Spine Surgery. Asian Spine J 2021; 16:183-194. [PMID: 34000799 PMCID: PMC9066259 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2020.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design This was a double-blind randomized study. Purpose The primary purpose was to compare the effects of propofol and ketofol on amplitudes and latencies of transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs) during thoracolumbar spine surgery. In addition, intraoperative hemodynamics and muscle power were compared. Overview of Literature Propofol is commonly used during intraoperative TcMEP monitoring. However, propofol inhibits TcMEP amplitudes and causes hypotension in a dose-dependent fashion. Methods Amplitude and latency of TcMEPs were recorded bilaterally from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor hallucis (AH) muscles in 38 adult American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II patients undergoing thoracolumbar spine surgery. Baseline recordings of TcMEPs in both groups were recorded under propofol infusion. Group X patients then received propofol and fentanyl (1 mcg/kg/hr), and group Y patients received ketofol and fentanyl (1 mcg/kg/hr). Bispectral index was maintained at 40-60 in both groups. Amplitude and latency were recorded at 30 minutes intervals for 2 hours. Results Propofol caused no significant changes in amplitude and latency in any muscle. In contrast, amplitude increased significantly at all time points in the bilateral APB muscles and 60, 90, and 120 minutes in the left AH muscle without changes in latency in response to ketofol. When the two groups were compared, ketofol induced significantly higher amplitudes at 60, 90, and 120 minutes in the (left) APB, at all time points in the (right) APB, and at 120 minutes in both AH muscles, compared with propofol. Blood pressures were lower and fluid and vasopressor requirements were higher in group X. Muscle power was similar between the two groups. Conclusions Ketofol facilitates TcMEP amplitudes without affecting latency. Use of ketofol resulted in a better and more stable hemodynamic profile than did use of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Khandelwal
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Sharda University School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, India
| | - Arvind Chaturvedi
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Navdeep Sokhal
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hanjabam Barun Sharma
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Study
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Lam S, Nagata M, Sandhu SK, Veselis RA, McCormick PJ. Effect of ketamine on transcranial motor-evoked potentials during spinal surgery: a pilot study. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:e530-e532. [PMID: 31601359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Saifutdinov MS, Ryabykh SO, Savin DM, Tretyakova AN. [Quantitative characterization of risk of iatrogenic damage to pyramidal tracts based on data of intraoperative neuromonitoring during surgical correction of spinal deformities]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2019; 83:56-63. [PMID: 31577270 DOI: 10.17116/neiro20198304156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of a quantitative indicator for the risk level of intraoperative iatrogenic motor disorders in the process of surgical correction of spinal deformity based on current neurophysiological monitoring data. MATERIAL AND METHODS 288 patients 12.6±0.35 y.o. underwent surgical correction of spinal deformities under the control of intraoperative neuromonitoring. The nature of changes in motor evoked potentials was assessed according to the earlier proposed ranking scale. The incidence of different variants of changes in the rank values of the state of the pyramidal system during the operation and the resulting postoperative motor disturbances was calculated. RESULTS By comparing probabilities of various changes in the conduction properties of pyramidal tracts during surgery with the incidence of the observed motor deficiencies we quantitatively assessed the possible correlation between these phenomena. We propose a method for calculating the risk index for postoperative motor disorders depending on the maximum rank of the pyramidal system's response to surgical aggression. CONCLUSION The developed system of ranking evaluation of changes in motor evoked potentials during surgical correction of spinal deformity makes it possible to quantify the risk of postoperative motor disorders and, accordingly, to monitor the level of anxiety for a neurosurgeon during individual stages of surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Saifutdinov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center 'Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics', Kurgan, Russia
| | - S O Ryabykh
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center 'Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics', Kurgan, Russia
| | - D M Savin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center 'Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics', Kurgan, Russia
| | - A N Tretyakova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center 'Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics', Kurgan, Russia
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Michelson NJ, Kozai TDY. Isoflurane and ketamine differentially influence spontaneous and evoked laminar electrophysiology in mouse V1. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2232-2245. [PMID: 30067128 PMCID: PMC6295540 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00299.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia is ubiquitous in research and medicine, yet although the molecular mechanisms of anesthetics are well characterized, their ultimate influence on cortical electrophysiology remains unclear. Moreover, the influence that different anesthetics have on sensory cortexes at neuronal and ensemble scales is mostly unknown and represents an important gap in knowledge that has widespread relevance for neural sciences. To address this knowledge gap, this work explored the effects of isoflurane and ketamine/xylazine, two widely used anesthetic paradigms, on electrophysiological behavior in mouse primary visual cortex. First, multiunit activity and local field potentials were examined to understand how each anesthetic influences spontaneous activity. Then, the interlaminar relationships between populations of neurons at different cortical depths were studied to assess whether anesthetics influenced resting-state functional connectivity. Lastly, the spatiotemporal dynamics of visually evoked multiunit and local field potentials were examined to determine how each anesthetic alters communication of visual information. We found that isoflurane enhanced the rhythmicity of spontaneous ensemble activity at 10-40 Hz, which coincided with large increases in coherence between layer IV with superficial and deep layers. Ketamine preferentially increased local field potential power from 2 to 4 Hz, and the largest increases in coherence were observed between superficial and deep layers. Visually evoked responses across layers were diminished under isoflurane, and enhanced under ketamine anesthesia. These findings demonstrate that isoflurane and ketamine anesthesia differentially impact sensory processing in V1. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We directly compared electrophysiological responses in awake and anesthetized (isoflurane or ketamine) mice. We also proposed a method for quantifying and visualizing highly variable, evoked multiunit activity. Lastly, we observed distinct oscillatory responses to stimulus onset and offset in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Michelson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Calderón P, Deltenre P, Stany I, Kaleeta Maalu JP, Stevens M, Lamoureux J, Bellemans M, Dujardin S, Van der Linden P, Dachy B. Clonidine administration during intraoperative monitoring for pediatric scoliosis surgery: Effects on central and peripheral motor responses. Neurophysiol Clin 2017; 48:93-102. [PMID: 29248202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of clonidine administrated as a co-analgesic during scoliosis surgery, on the neuromonitoring of spinal motor pathways. METHODS Using standardized intraoperative monitoring, we compared the time course of peripherally and transcranially electrically evoked motor potentials (TcEMEPs) before and after injection of a single bolus of clonidine in children under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). MEP data were obtained from 9 patients and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were obtained from 2 patients. The potential effect of clonidine on mean blood pressure (BP) was controlled. RESULTS TcEMEPs from upper and lower limbs rapidly showed significant drops in amplitude after the injection of clonidine. Amplitudes reached minimal values within five minutes and remained very weak for at least 10-20minutes during which monitoring of the central motor pathways was severely compromised. SSEPs were not altered during maximal amplitude depression of the TcEMEPS. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing that clonidine severely interferes with neuromonitoring of the spinal cord motor pathways. The results are discussed in light of the literature describing the effects of dexmedetomidine, another α-2 adrenergic agonist. The experimental and literature data point to central mechanisms taking place at both the spinal and cerebral levels. Therefore, clonidine as well as other α-2 adrenergic agonists should be used with extreme caution in patients for whom neuromonitoring of the motor pathways is required during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Calderón
- Department of neurology, université libre de Bruxelles, CHU Brugmann, 4, place Van-Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Deltenre
- Department of neurology, université libre de Bruxelles, CHU Brugmann, 4, place Van-Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of sensory and cognitive neurophysiology, université libre de Bruxelles, CHU Brugmann, place Van-Gehuchten, 4, 1020 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ida Stany
- Department of anesthesiology, CHU Brugmann, Queen-Fabiola Children's university hospital, université libre de Bruxelles, 15, avenue JJ Crocq, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Kaleeta Maalu
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Queen-Fabiola Children's university hospital, université libre de Bruxelles, 15, avenue J-J-Crocq, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magali Stevens
- Department of neurology, université libre de Bruxelles, CHU Brugmann, 4, place Van-Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Lamoureux
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Queen-Fabiola Children's university hospital, université libre de Bruxelles, 15, avenue J-J-Crocq, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Bellemans
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Queen-Fabiola Children's university hospital, université libre de Bruxelles, 15, avenue J-J-Crocq, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Dujardin
- Department of neurology, université libre de Bruxelles, CHU Brugmann, 4, place Van-Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Van der Linden
- Department of anesthesiology, CHU Brugmann, Queen-Fabiola Children's university hospital, université libre de Bruxelles, 15, avenue JJ Crocq, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Dachy
- Department of neurology, université libre de Bruxelles, CHU Brugmann, 4, place Van-Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well tolerated and efficacious surgical treatment for movement disorders, chronic pain, psychiatric disorder, and a growing number of neurological disorders. Given that the brain targets are deep and small, accurate electrode placement is commonly accomplished by utilizing frame-based systems. DBS electrode placement is confirmed by microlectrode recordings and macrostimulation to optimize and verify target placement. With a reliance on electrophysiology, proper anaesthetic management is paramount to balance patient comfort without interfering with neurophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS To achieve optimal pain control, generous amounts of local anaesthesia are instilled into the planned incision. During the opening and closing states, conscious sedation is the prevailing method of anaesthesia. The preferred agents are dexmedetomidine, propofol, and remifentanil, as they affect neurocognitive testing the least, and shorter acting. All the agents are turned off 15-30 min prior to microelectrode recording. Dexmedetomidine has gained popularity in DBS procedures, but has some considerations at higher doses. The addition of ketamine is helpful for pediatric cases. SUMMARY DBS is a robust surgical treatment for a variety of neurological disorders. Appropriate anaesthetic agents that achieve patient comfort without interfering with electrophysiology are paramount.
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Stoicea N, Versteeg G, Florescu D, Joseph N, Fiorda-Diaz J, Navarrete V, Bergese SD. Ketamine-Based Anesthetic Protocols and Evoked Potential Monitoring: A Risk/Benefit Overview. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:37. [PMID: 26909017 PMCID: PMC4754440 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery, ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist related to phencyclidine, has been linked to multiple adverse reactions sometimes described as “out of body” and “near death experiences,” including emergence phenomena, delusions, hallucinations, delirium, and confusion. Due to these effects, ketamine has been withdrawn from mainstream anesthetic use in adult patients. Evoked potentials (EPs) are utilized to monitor neural pathways during surgery, detect intraoperative stress or damage, detect and define the level of neural lesions, and define abnormalities. Unfortunately, many of the volatile anesthetics commonly used during spinal and neurologic procedures suppress EP amplitude and monitoring. Ketamine has been found in several preclinical and clinical studies to actually increase EP amplitude and thus has been used as an analgesic adjunct in procedures where EP monitoring is critical. Once the gap in our knowledge of ketamine's risks has been sufficiently addressed in animal models, informed clinical trials should be conducted in order to properly incorporate ketamine-based anesthetic regimens during EP-monitored neurosurgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Stoicea
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory Versteeg
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Diana Florescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicholas Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Juan Fiorda-Diaz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Sergio D Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OH, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OH, USA
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Li S, Wang CX, Liu NZ, Liu P. Anti-inflammatory effects of propofol on lipopolysaccharides-treated rat hepatic Kupffer cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 71:845-50. [PMID: 25296958 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study is set to explore the role of commonly used intravenous anesthetic propofol on the inflammatory response of rat liver Kupffer cells (KCs) induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The isolated KCs were cultured at the density of 1 × 10(5)/ml, divided into five groups randomly after 48 h culture: group C, control group; group L, KCs were treated with 1 μg/ml LPS for 24 h; groups P1, P2, P3, KCs were pretreated with propofol at low (25 μM), medium (50 μM), high (100 μM) concentration for 2 h, respectively, and then were stimulated with 1 μg/ml LPS for 24 h. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA of every group were measured by RT-PCR. Nuclear NF-ΚB p65 was determined by Western blot. The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in supernatant were measured by ELISA. Compared with the group C, TNF-α mRNA and IL-1β mRNA in group L were significantly up-regulated and NF-ΚB p65 was significantly up-regulated after LPS treatment (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, TNF-α and IL-1β were also significantly increased (P < 0.05). With propofol the mRNA expressions of aforementioned inflammatory mediators were significantly down-regulated and NF-ΚB p65 was significantly inhibited in group P2 and P3 (P < 0.05), compared with group L. However, low propofol concentration did not exhibit any effect (group P1, P > 0.05). Propofol at medium and high concentration can counteract the LPS-induced inflammatory response in KCs by regulating NF-ΚB p65 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Department of Emergency, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, China
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Modulation of Cortical Motor Evoked Potential After Stroke During Electrical Stimulation of the Lateral Cerebellar Nucleus. Brain Stimul 2015. [PMID: 26215752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the dentato-thalamo-cortical (DTC) pathway at its origin in the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) has been shown to enhance motor recovery in a rodent model of cortical ischemia. LCN DBS also yielded frequency-specific changes in motor cortex excitability in the normal brain, indexed by motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cortical stroke on cortical motor excitability in a rodent ischemia model and to measure the effects of LCN DBS on post-ischemia excitability as a function of stimulation parameters. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: naïve and stroke, with cortical ischemia induced through multiple, unilateral endothelin-1 injections. All animals were implanted with a bipolar electrode in the LCN opposite the affected hemisphere. MEPs were elicited from the affected hemisphere using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) techniques. Multiple LCN DBS parameters were examined, including isochronal stimulation at 20, 30, 50, and 100 Hz as well as a novel burst stimulation pattern. RESULTS ICMS-evoked MEPs were reduced in stroke (n = 10) relative to naïve (n = 12) animals. However, both groups showed frequency-dependent augmentation of cortical excitability in response to LCN DBS. In the naïve group, LCN DBS increased MEPs by 22-58%, while in the stroke group, MEPs were enhanced by 9-41% compared to OFF-DBS conditions. CONCLUSIONS Activation of the DTC pathway increases cortical excitability in both naïve and post-stroke animals. These effects may underlie, at least partially, functional reorganization and therapeutic benefits associated with chronic LCN DBS in post-stroke animals.
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