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Dolenec P, Pilipović K, Janković T, Župan G. Pattern of Neuronal and Axonal Damage, Glial Response, and Synaptic Changes in Rat Cerebellum within the First Week following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:1163-1182. [PMID: 33057716 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined damage and repair processes in the rat cerebellum within the first week following moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) over the left parietal cortex. Rats were killed 1, 3, or 7 days after the injury or sham procedure. Fluoro-Jade B staining revealed 2 phases of neurodegenerative changes in the cell bodies and fibers: first, more focal, 1 day after the LFPI, and second, widespread, starting on post-injury day 3. Purkinje cell loss was detected in posterior lobule IX 1 day following LFPI. Apoptosis was observed in the cerebellar cortex, on days 1 and 7 following LFPI, and was not caspase- or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-mediated. AIF immunostaining indicated axonal damage in the cerebellar white matter tracts 3- and 7-days post-injury. Significant astrocytosis and microgliosis were noticed on day 7 following LFPI at the sites of neuronal damage and loss. Immunohistochemical labeling with the presynaptic markers synaptophysin and growth-associated protein-43 revealed synaptic perturbations already on day 1 that were more pronounced at later time points following LFPI. These results provide new insights into pathophysiological alterations in the cerebellum and their mechanisms following cerebral TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dolenec
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tamara Janković
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Župan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Kulkarni P, Morrison TR, Cai X, Iriah S, Simon N, Sabrick J, Neuroth L, Ferris CF. Neuroradiological Changes Following Single or Repetitive Mild TBI. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:34. [PMID: 31427931 PMCID: PMC6688741 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that there are differences in neuroradiological measures between single and repeated mild traumatic brain injury using multimodal MRI. Methods A closed-head momentum exchange model was used to produce one or three mild head injuries in young adult male rats compared to non-injured, age and weight-matched controls. Six-seven weeks post-injury, rats were studied for deficits in cognitive and motor function. Seven-eight weeks post-injury changes in brain anatomy and function were evaluated through analysis of high resolution T2 weighted images, resting-state BOLD functional connectivity, and diffusion weighted imaging with quantitative anisotropy. Results Head injuries occurred without skull fracture or signs of intracranial bleeding or contusion. There were no significant differences in cognitive or motors behaviors between experimental groups. With a single mild hit, the affected areas were limited to the caudate/putamen and central amygdala. Rats hit three times showed altered diffusivity in white matter tracts, basal ganglia, central amygdala, brainstem, and cerebellum. Comparing three hits to one hit showed a similar pattern of change underscoring a dose effect of repeated head injury on the brainstem and cerebellum. Disruption of functional connectivity was pronounced with three mild hits. The midbrain dopamine system, hippocampus, and brainstem/cerebellum showed hypoconnectivity. Interestingly, rats exposed to one hit showed enhanced functional connectivity (or hyperconnectivity) across brain sites, particularly between the olfactory system and the cerebellum. Interpretation Neuroradiological evidence of altered brain structure and function, particularly in striatal and midbrain dopaminergic areas, persists long after mild repetitive head injury. These changes may serve as biomarkers of neurodegeneration and risk for dementia later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas R Morrison
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xuezhu Cai
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sade Iriah
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Neal Simon
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Julia Sabrick
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucas Neuroth
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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Electrophysiological Correlates of Blast-Wave Induced Cerebellar Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13633. [PMID: 30206255 PMCID: PMC6134123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying traumatic neural injury and the sequelae of events in the acute phase is important for deciding on the best window of therapeutic intervention. We hypothesized that evoked potentials (EP) recorded from the cerebellar cortex can detect mild levels of neural trauma and provide a qualitative assessment tool for progression of cerebellar injury in time. The cerebellar local field potentials evoked by a mechanical tap on the hand and collected with chronically implanted micro-ECoG arrays on the rat cerebellar cortex demonstrated substantial changes both in amplitude and timing as a result of blast-wave induced injury. The results revealed that the largest EP changes occurred within the first day of injury, and partial recoveries were observed from day-1 to day-3, followed by a period of gradual improvements (day-7 to day-14). The mossy fiber (MF) and climbing fiber (CF) mediated components of the EPs were affected differentially. The behavioral tests (ladder rung walking) and immunohistological analysis (calbindin and caspase-3) did not reveal any detectable changes at these blast pressures that are typically considered as mild (100-130 kPa). The results demonstrate the sensitivity of the electrophysiological method and its use as a tool to monitor the progression of cerebellar injuries in longitudinal animal studies.
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Facilitated acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response in active duty military expressing posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carron SF, Alwis DS, Rajan R. Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuronal Functionality Changes in Sensory Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:47. [PMID: 27313514 PMCID: PMC4889613 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), caused by direct blows to the head or inertial forces during relative head-brain movement, can result in long-lasting cognitive and motor deficits which can be particularly consequential when they occur in young people with a long life ahead. Much is known of the molecular and anatomical changes produced in TBI but much less is known of the consequences of these changes to neuronal functionality, especially in the cortex. Given that much of our interior and exterior lives are dependent on responsiveness to information from and about the world around us, we have hypothesized that a significant contributor to the cognitive and motor deficits seen after TBI could be changes in sensory processing. To explore this hypothesis, and to develop a model test system of the changes in neuronal functionality caused by TBI, we have examined neuronal encoding of simple and complex sensory input in the rat’s exploratory and discriminative tactile system, the large face macrovibrissae, which feeds to the so-called “barrel cortex” of somatosensory cortex. In this review we describe the short-term and long-term changes in the barrel cortex encoding of whisker motion modeling naturalistic whisker movement undertaken by rats engaged in a variety of tasks. We demonstrate that the most common form of TBI results in persistent neuronal hyperexcitation specifically in the upper cortical layers, likely due to changes in inhibition. We describe the types of cortical inhibitory neurons and their roles and how selective effects on some of these could produce the particular forms of neuronal encoding changes described in TBI, and then generalize to compare the effects on inhibition seen in other forms of brain injury. From these findings we make specific predictions as to how non-invasive extra-cranial electrophysiology can be used to provide the high-precision information needed to monitor and understand the temporal evolution of changes in neuronal functionality in humans suffering TBI. Such detailed understanding of the specific changes in an individual patient’s cortex can allow for treatment to be tailored to the neuronal changes in that particular patient’s brain in TBI, a precision that is currently unavailable with any technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone F Carron
- Neuroscience Research Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University Monash, VIC, Australia
| | - Dasuni S Alwis
- Neuroscience Research Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University Monash, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Neuroscience Research Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash UniversityMonash, VIC, Australia; Ear Sciences Institute of AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
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Watson TC. "And the little brain said to the big brain…" Editorial: Distributed networks: new outlooks on cerebellar function. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:78. [PMID: 26029063 PMCID: PMC4432673 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Watson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol Bristol, UK ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Neuroscience Paris Seine, UMR CNRS 8246, INSERM 1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Cerebellum Navigation and Memory Team Paris, France
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Reis C, Wang Y, Akyol O, Ho WM, Ii RA, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. What's New in Traumatic Brain Injury: Update on Tracking, Monitoring and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11903-65. [PMID: 26016501 PMCID: PMC4490422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160611903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined as an alteration in brain functions caused by an external force, is responsible for high morbidity and mortality around the world. It is important to identify and treat TBI victims as early as possible. Tracking and monitoring TBI with neuroimaging technologies, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), and high definition fiber tracking (HDFT) show increasing sensitivity and specificity. Classical electrophysiological monitoring, together with newly established brain-on-chip, cerebral microdialysis techniques, both benefit TBI. First generation molecular biomarkers, based on genomic and proteomic changes following TBI, have proven effective and economical. It is conceivable that TBI-specific biomarkers will be developed with the combination of systems biology and bioinformation strategies. Advances in treatment of TBI include stem cell-based and nanotechnology-based therapy, physical and pharmaceutical interventions and also new use in TBI for approved drugs which all present favorable promise in preventing and reversing TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Reis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Jinan, Guangzhou 250012, China.
| | - Onat Akyol
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Wing Mann Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria.
| | - Richard Applegate Ii
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Gary Stier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Robert Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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