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Kulkarni P, Bhosle MR, Lu SF, Simon NS, Iriah S, Brownstein MJ, Ferris CF. Evidence of early vasogenic edema following minor head impact that can be reduced with a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:218-227. [PMID: 33053434 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Does minor head impact without signs of structural brain damage cause short-term changes in vasogenic edema as measured by an increase apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) using diffusion weighted imaging? If so, could the increase in vasogenic edema be treated with a vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist? We hypothesized that SRX251, a highly selective V1a antagonist, would reduce vasogenic edema in response to a single minor head impact. METHODS Lightly anesthetized male rats were subjected to a sham procedure or a single hit to the forehead using a closed skull, momentum exchange model. Animals recovered in five min and were injected with saline vehicle (n = 8) or SRX251 (n = 8) at 15 min post head impact and again 7-8 hrs later. At 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h post injury, rats were anesthetized and scanned for increases in ADC, a neurological measure of vasogenic edema. Sham rats (n = 6) were exposed to anesthesia and scanned at all time points but were not hit or treated. Images were registered to and analyzed using a 3D MRI rat atlas providing site-specific data on 150 different brain areas. These brain areas were parsed into 11 major brain regions. RESULTS Untreated rats with brain injury showed a significant increase in global brain vasogenic edema as compared to sham and SRX251 treated rats. Edema peaked at 6 h in injured, untreated rats in three brain regions where changes in ADC were observed, but returned to sham levels by 24 h. There were regional variations in the time course of vasogenic edema and drug efficacy. Edema was significantly reduced in cerebellum and thalamus with SRX251 treatment while the basal ganglia did not show a response to treatment. CONCLUSION A single minor impact to the forehead causes regional increases in vasogenic edema that peak at 6 h but return to baseline within a day in a subset of brain regions. Treatment with a selective V1a receptor antagonist can reduce much of the edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mansi R Bhosle
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shi-Fang Lu
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States; Dept.of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Neal S Simon
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States; Dept.of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Sade Iriah
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.
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Kulkarni P, Grant S, Morrison TR, Cai X, Iriah S, Kristal BS, Honeycutt J, Brenhouse H, Hartner JC, Madularu D, Ferris CF. Characterizing the human APOE epsilon 4 knock-in transgene in female and male rats with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147030. [PMID: 32745658 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The APOE Ɛ4 genotype is the most prevalent genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Women carriers of Ɛ4 have higher risk for an early onset of AD than men. Human imaging studies suggest apolipoprotein Ɛ4 may affect brain structures associated with cognitive decline in AD many years before disease onset. It was hypothesized that female APOE Ɛ4 carriers would present with decreased cognitive function and neuroradiological evidence of early changes in brain structure and function as compared to male carriers. Six-month old wild-type (WT) and human APOE Ɛ4 knock-in (TGRA8960), male and female Sprague Dawley rats were studied for changes in brain structure using voxel-based morphometry, alteration in white and gray matter microarchitecture using diffusion weighted imaging with indices of anisotropy, and functional coupling using resting state BOLD functional connectivity. Images from each modality were registered to, and analyzed, using a 3D MRI rat atlas providing site-specific data on over 168 different brain areas. Quantitative volumetric analysis revealed areas involved in memory and arousal were significantly different between Ɛ4 and wild-type (WT) females, with few differences between male genotypes. Diffusion weighted imaging showed few differences between WT and Ɛ4 females, while male genotypes showed significant different measures in fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient. Resting state functional connectivity showed Ɛ4 females had greater connectivity between areas involved in cognition, emotion, and arousal compared to WT females, with male Ɛ4 showing few differences from controls. Interestingly, male Ɛ4 showed increased anxiety and decreased performance in spatial and episodic memory tasks compared to WT males, with female genotypes showing little difference across behavioral tests. The sex differences in behavior and diffusion weighted imaging suggest male carriers of the Ɛ4 allele may be more vulnerable to cognitive and emotional complications compared to female carriers early in life. Conversely, the data may also suggest that female carriers are more resilient to cognitive/emotional problems at this stage of life perhaps due to altered brain volumes and enhanced connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kulkarni
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simone Grant
- Dept of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Univ California at Davis, United States
| | - Thomas R Morrison
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xuezhu Cai
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sade Iriah
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruce S Kristal
- Dept Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dan Madularu
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Northeastern Univ, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States; Northeastern Univ, Dept. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States.
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Morrison TR, Kulkarni P, Cai X, Iriah S, Aggarwal D, Lu SF, Simon NG, Madularu D, Ferris CF. Treating head injury using a novel vasopressin 1a receptor antagonist. Neurosci Lett 2019; 714:134565. [PMID: 31639422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a chemical signal in the brain that influences cerebral vascular resistance and brain water permeability. Increases in AVP contribute to the pathophysiology of brain edema following traumatic brain injury (TBI). These effects are mediated through AVP V1a receptors that are expressed in cortical and subcortical brain areas. This exploratory study characterizes the effects of a novel, V1a receptor antagonist, AVN576, on behavioral and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures after severe TBI. Male Sprague Dawley rats were impacted twice producing contusions in the forebrain, putative cerebral edema, and cognitive deficits. Rats were treated with AVN576 after initial impact for 5 days and then tested for changes in cognition. MRI was used to assess brain injury, enlargement of the ventricles, and resting state functional connectivity. Vehicle treated rats had significant deficits in learning and memory, enlarged ventricular volumes, and hypoconnectivity in hippocampal circuitry. AVN576 treatment eliminated the enlargement of the lateral ventricles and deficits in cognitive function while increasing connectivity in hippocampal circuitry. These data corroborate the extensive literature that drugs selectively targeting the AVP V1a receptor could be used to treat TBI in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Morrison
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xuezhu Cai
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sade Iriah
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dipak Aggarwal
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shi-Fang Lu
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States; Dept. of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Neal G Simon
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States; Dept. of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Dan Madularu
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Northeastern University, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Boston, MA, United States; Dept of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States.
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Ferris CF, Morrison TR, Iriah S, Malmberg S, Kulkarni P, Hartner JC, Trivedi M. Evidence of Neurobiological Changes in the Presymptomatic PINK1 Knockout Rat. J Parkinsons Dis 2019; 8:281-301. [PMID: 29710734 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic models of Parkinson's disease (PD) coupled with advanced imaging techniques can elucidate neurobiological disease progression, and can help identify early biomarkers before clinical signs emerge. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) helps protect neurons from mitochondrial dysfunction, and a mutation in the associated gene is a risk factor for recessive familial PD. The PINK1 knockout (KO) rat is a novel model for familial PD that has not been neuroradiologically characterized for alterations in brain structure/function, alongside behavior, prior to 4 months of age. OBJECTIVE To identify biomarkers of presymptomatic PD in the PINK1 -/- rat at 3 months using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. METHODS At postnatal weeks 12-13; one month earlier than previously reported signs of motor and cognitive dysfunction, this study combined imaging modalities, including assessment of quantitative anisotropy across 171 individual brain areas using an annotated MRI rat brain atlas to identify sites of gray matter alteration between wild-type and PINK1 -/- rats. RESULTS The olfactory system, hypothalamus, thalamus, nucleus accumbens, and cerebellum showed differences in anisotropy between experimental groups. Molecular analyses revealed reduced levels of glutathione, ATP, and elevated oxidative stress in the substantia nigra, striatum and deep cerebellar nuclei. Mitochondrial genes encoding proteins in Complex IV, along with mRNA levels associated with mitochondrial function and genes involved in glutathione synthesis were reduced. Differences in brain structure did not align with any cognitive or motor impairment. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal early markers, and highlight novel brain regions involved in the pathology of PD in the PINK1 -/- rat before behavioral dysfunction occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas R Morrison
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sade Iriah
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Malmberg
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Malav Trivedi
- NOVA Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Kulkarni P, Morrison TR, Cai X, Iriah S, Simon N, Sabrick J, Neuroth L, Ferris CF. Neuroradiological Changes Following Single or Repetitive Mild TBI. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:34. [PMID: 31427931 PMCID: PMC6688741 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that there are differences in neuroradiological measures between single and repeated mild traumatic brain injury using multimodal MRI. Methods A closed-head momentum exchange model was used to produce one or three mild head injuries in young adult male rats compared to non-injured, age and weight-matched controls. Six-seven weeks post-injury, rats were studied for deficits in cognitive and motor function. Seven-eight weeks post-injury changes in brain anatomy and function were evaluated through analysis of high resolution T2 weighted images, resting-state BOLD functional connectivity, and diffusion weighted imaging with quantitative anisotropy. Results Head injuries occurred without skull fracture or signs of intracranial bleeding or contusion. There were no significant differences in cognitive or motors behaviors between experimental groups. With a single mild hit, the affected areas were limited to the caudate/putamen and central amygdala. Rats hit three times showed altered diffusivity in white matter tracts, basal ganglia, central amygdala, brainstem, and cerebellum. Comparing three hits to one hit showed a similar pattern of change underscoring a dose effect of repeated head injury on the brainstem and cerebellum. Disruption of functional connectivity was pronounced with three mild hits. The midbrain dopamine system, hippocampus, and brainstem/cerebellum showed hypoconnectivity. Interestingly, rats exposed to one hit showed enhanced functional connectivity (or hyperconnectivity) across brain sites, particularly between the olfactory system and the cerebellum. Interpretation Neuroradiological evidence of altered brain structure and function, particularly in striatal and midbrain dopaminergic areas, persists long after mild repetitive head injury. These changes may serve as biomarkers of neurodegeneration and risk for dementia later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas R Morrison
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xuezhu Cai
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sade Iriah
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Neal Simon
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals, Bethlehem, PA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Julia Sabrick
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucas Neuroth
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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Cai X, Qiao J, Knox T, Iriah S, Kulkarni P, Madularu D, Morrison T, Waszczak B, Hartner JC, Ferris CF. In search of early neuroradiological biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease: Alterations in resting state functional connectivity and gray matter microarchitecture in PINK1 −/− rats. Brain Res 2019; 1706:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sinkevicius KW, Morrison TR, Kulkarni P, Caffrey Cagliostro MK, Iriah S, Malmberg S, Sabrick J, Honeycutt JA, Askew KL, Trivedi M, Ferris CF. RNaseT2 knockout rats exhibit hippocampal neuropathology and deficits in memory. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.032631. [PMID: 29752287 PMCID: PMC6031352 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.032631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNASET2 deficiency in humans is associated with infant cystic leukoencephalopathy, which causes psychomotor impairment, spasticity and epilepsy. A zebrafish mutant model suggests that loss of RNASET2 function leads to neurodegeneration due to the accumulation of non-degraded RNA in the lysosomes. The goal of this study was to characterize the first rodent model of RNASET2 deficiency. The brains of 3- and 12-month-old RNaseT2 knockout rats were studied using multiple magnetic resonance imaging modalities and behavioral tests. While T1- and T2-weighted images of RNaseT2 knockout rats exhibited no evidence of cystic lesions, the prefrontal cortex and hippocampal complex were enlarged in knockout animals. Diffusion-weighted imaging showed altered anisotropy and putative gray matter changes in the hippocampal complex of the RNaseT2 knockout rats. Immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) showed the presence of hippocampal neuroinflammation. Decreased levels of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) and elevated acid phosphatase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activities indicated that the RNASET2 knockout rats likely had altered lysosomal function and potential defects in autophagy. Object recognition tests confirmed that RNaseT2 knockout rats exhibited memory deficits. However, the Barnes maze, and balance beam and rotarod tests indicated there were no differences in spatial memory or motor impairments, respectively. Overall, patients with RNASET2 deficiency exhibited a more severe neurodegeneration phenotype than was observed in the RNaseT2 knockout rats. However, the vulnerability of the knockout rat hippocampus as evidenced by neuroinflammation, altered lysosomal function and cognitive defects indicates that this is still a useful in vivo model to study RNASET2 function. Summary: The authors characterize a rodent model of RNaseT2 deficiency, which offers insight into the susceptibility of the hippocampus to early inflammation caused by lysosome impairment due to loss of RNaseT2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R Morrison
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martha K Caffrey Cagliostro
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sade Iriah
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samantha Malmberg
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia Sabrick
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer A Honeycutt
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kim L Askew
- Preclinical Pharmacology, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Malav Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Moore K, Madularu D, Iriah S, Yee JR, Kulkarni P, Darcq E, Kieffer BL, Ferris CF. BOLD Imaging in Awake Wild-Type and Mu-Opioid Receptor Knock-Out Mice Reveals On-Target Activation Maps in Response to Oxycodone. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:471. [PMID: 27857679 PMCID: PMC5094148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) imaging in awake mice was used to identify differences in brain activity between wild-type, and Mu (μ) opioid receptor knock-outs (MuKO) in response to oxycodone (OXY). Using a segmented, annotated MRI mouse atlas and computational analysis, patterns of integrated positive and negative BOLD activity were identified across 122 brain areas. The pattern of positive BOLD showed enhanced activation across the brain in WT mice within 15 min of intraperitoneal administration of 2.5 mg of OXY. BOLD activation was detected in 72 regions out of 122, and was most prominent in areas of high μ opioid receptor density (thalamus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, caudate putamen, basal amygdala, and hypothalamus), and focus on pain circuits indicated strong activation in major pain processing centers (central amygdala, solitary tract, parabrachial area, insular cortex, gigantocellularis area, ventral thalamus primary sensory cortex, and prelimbic cortex). Importantly, the OXY-induced positive BOLD was eliminated in MuKO mice in most regions, with few exceptions (some cerebellar nuclei, CA3 of the hippocampus, medial amygdala, and preoptic areas). This result indicates that most effects of OXY on positive BOLD are mediated by the μ opioid receptor (on-target effects). OXY also caused an increase in negative BOLD in WT mice in few regions (16 out of 122) and, unlike the positive BOLD response the negative BOLD was only partially eliminated in the MuKO mice (cerebellum), and in some case intensified (hippocampus). Negative BOLD analysis therefore shows activation and deactivation events in the absence of the μ receptor for some areas where receptor expression is normally extremely low or absent (off-target effects). Together, our approach permits establishing opioid-induced BOLD activation maps in awake mice. In addition, comparison of WT and MuKO mutant mice reveals both on-target and off-target activation events, and set an OXY brain signature that should, in the future, be compared to other μ opioid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Moore
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan Madularu
- Brain Imaging Center, Douglas Hospital Research Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sade Iriah
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason R Yee
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Brain Imaging Center, Douglas Hospital Research Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Brain Imaging Center, Douglas Hospital Research Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
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