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Mazzola AM, Zammarchi I, Valerii MC, Spisni E, Saracino IM, Lanzarotto F, Ricci C. Gluten-Free Diet and Other Celiac Disease Therapies: Current Understanding and Emerging Strategies. Nutrients 2024; 16:1006. [PMID: 38613039 PMCID: PMC11013189 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of gluten-free products. Moreover, although the GFD is effective in achieving mucosal healing, it may lead to dietary imbalances due to nutrient deficiencies over a long period of time. To overcome these issues, several gluten-free wheat flours have been developed to create products that closely resemble their gluten-containing counterparts. Furthermore, given the critical importance of adhering to the GFD, it becomes essential to promote adherence and monitor possible voluntary or involuntary transgressions. Various methods, including clinical assessment, questionnaires, serology for celiac disease, duodenal biopsies and the detection of Gluten Immunogenic Peptides (GIPs) are employed for this purpose, but none are considered entirely satisfactory. Since adherence to the GFD poses challenges, alternative therapies should be implemented in the coming years to improve treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients with celiac disease. The aim of this narrative review is to explore current knowledge of the GFD and investigate its future perspectives, focusing on technology advancements, follow-up strategies and insights into a rapidly changing future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Mazzola
- Gastroenterology Unit, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (I.Z.); (F.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Zammarchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (I.Z.); (F.L.)
| | - Maria Chiara Valerii
- Unit of Translational Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Unit of Translational Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Ilaria Maria Saracino
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesco Lanzarotto
- Gastroenterology Unit, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (I.Z.); (F.L.)
| | - Chiara Ricci
- Gastroenterology Unit, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (I.Z.); (F.L.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Science, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Wen JJ, Li MZ, Nie SP. Dietary supplementation with resistant starch contributes to intestinal health. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:334-340. [PMID: 37057658 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Resistant starch has received much attention recently as a healthy carbohydrate component of the diet. Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine and can thus affect the gut microbiota of the host because of its fermentability. This review summarizes the interactions along the resistant starch-gut microbiota-host axis to help understand the health effects of resistant starch. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies indicate that resistant starch can be a helpful dietary component for special disease states like diabetes, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, constipation, and colitis. Its health effects are associated with modulation of the gut microbiota, and with gut microbes converting resistant starch into active and bioavailable metabolites that promote intestinal health. SUMMARY The results from human clinical trials and studies in animal models indicate that supplementation of the diet with resistant starch in different metabolic diseases help remodel gut microbiota, especially increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, and produce bioactive metabolites like SCFA, bile acids, and amino acids responsible for a variety of health effects. The gut microbiota and microbial metabolites probably mediate the effects of resistant starch on intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Bester A, O'Brien M, Cotter PD, Dam S, Civai C. Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Revealed the Prebiotic Potential of a Fruit Juice Drink with Fermentable Fibres in Healthy Humans. Foods 2023; 12:2480. [PMID: 37444219 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibre-based dietary interventions are at the forefront of gut microbiome modulation research, with a wealth of 16S rRNA information to demonstrate the prebiotic effects of isolated fibres. However, there is a distinct lack of data relating to the effect of a combination of soluble and insoluble fibres in a convenient-to-consume fruit juice food matrix on gut microbiota structure, diversity, and function. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of the MOJU Prebiotic Shot, an apple, lemon, ginger, and raspberry fruit juice drink blend containing chicory inulin, baobab, golden kiwi, and green banana powders, on gut microbiota structure and function. Healthy adults (n = 20) were included in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, receiving 60 mL MOJU Prebiotic Shot or placebo (without the fibre mix) for 3 weeks with a 3-week washout period between interventions. Shotgun metagenomics revealed significant between-group differences in alpha and beta diversity. In addition, the relative abundance of the phyla Actinobacteria and Desulfobacteria was significantly increased as a result of the prebiotic intervention. Nine species were observed to be differentially abundant (uncorrected p-value of <0.05) as a result of the prebiotic treatment. Of these, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and CAG-81 sp900066785 (Lachnospiraceae) were present at increased abundance relative to baseline. Additionally, KEGG analysis showed an increased abundance in pathways associated with arginine biosynthesis and phenylacetate degradation during the prebiotic treatment. Our results show the effects of the daily consumption of 60 mL MOJU Prebiotic Shot for 3 weeks and provide insight into the functional potential of B. adolescentis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adri Bester
- London Agri Food Innovation Clinic (LAFIC), School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Civai
- London Agri Food Innovation Clinic (LAFIC), School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
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Zhu H, Wang R, Hua H, Qian H, Du P. Deciphering the potential role of Maca compounds prescription influencing gut microbiota in the management of exercise-induced fatigue by integrative genomic analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1004174. [PMID: 36313119 PMCID: PMC9597638 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals have been utilized for millennia as anti-fatigue supplements in folk medicine. However, the anti-fatigue mechanism underlying is still far from being clearly explained. The aim of the study is to explore the underlying mechanism of the Maca compound preparation (MCP), a prescription for management of exercise-induced fatigue. In this study, mice weight-loaded swimming test was used to evaluate the anti-fatigue effect of MCP. MCP significantly improved the forelimb grip strength and Rota-rod test in behavioral tests via regulating energy metabolism. 16S rDNA sequencing results showed MCP can regulate the intestinal flora at the genus level by increasing several beneficial bacteria (i.e., Lactobacillus, Akkermansia and etc.), and decreasing the harmful bacteria (i.e., Candidatus_Planktophila and Candidatus_Arthromitus), where notable high relevance was observed between the fatigue-related biomarkers and fecal microbiota. The results of microbial function analysis suggested that MCP might improve exercise-induced fatigue by enhancing energy metabolism, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides and breakdown of amino acid metabolism. In addition, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress model on C2C12 cells was employed to further validate the regulation of MCP on energy metabolisms. MCP pre-treatment significantly reduced intracellular ROS accumulation, and increased glycogen content, ATP generation capacity and mitochondrial membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells, as well as conferred anti-cell necrosis ability. In conclusion, MCP plays a key role in regulating fatigue occurrence in exercising and gut microbiota balance, which may be of particular importance in the case of manual workers or sub-healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Hanyi Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: He Qian, amtf168168126.com
| | - Peng Du
- Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China,Peng Du,
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Dibakoane SR, Du Plessis B, Silva LD, Anyasi TA, Emmambux M, Mlambo V, Wokadala OC. Nutraceutical Properties of Unripe Banana Flour Resistant Starch: A Review. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siphosethu Richard Dibakoane
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences University of Mpumalanga Corner R40 and D725 Road Nelspruit 1200 South Africa
- Agro‐Processing and Postharvest Technologies Division Agricultural Research Council – Tropical and Subtropical Crops Nelspruit 1200 South Africa
| | - Belinda Du Plessis
- Tshwane University of Technology Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology Private Bag X680 Pretoria 0083 South Africa
| | - Laura Da Silva
- Tshwane University of Technology Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology Private Bag X680 Pretoria 0083 South Africa
| | - Tonna A. Anyasi
- Agro‐Processing and Postharvest Technologies Division Agricultural Research Council – Tropical and Subtropical Crops Nelspruit 1200 South Africa
| | - Mohammad Emmambux
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences University of Pretoria Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Victor Mlambo
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences University of Mpumalanga Corner R40 and D725 Road Nelspruit 1200 South Africa
| | - Obiro Cuthbert Wokadala
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences University of Mpumalanga Corner R40 and D725 Road Nelspruit 1200 South Africa
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