1
|
Wang C, Zheng K, Wang D, Yu H, Zhao Y, Fang H, Zhang J. Effects of adding bile acids to dietary storage japonica brown rice on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal microbiota of growing-finishing Min pigs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1349754. [PMID: 38711539 PMCID: PMC11070551 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1349754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study investigated the effects of storage japonica brown rice (SJBR) and bile acids (BA) on the growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal microbiota of growing-finishing Min pigs. Methods A total of 24 healthy Min pigs with a similar body weight of 42.25 ± 2.13 kg were randomly divided into three groups with eight replicates of one pig each. The groups were as follows: CON (50% corn), SJBR (25% corn +25% SJBR), and SJBR + BA (25% corn +25% SJBR +0.025% hyodeoxycholic acid). The experimental period lasted from day 90 (the end of the nursery phase) to day 210 (the end of the finishing phase). Results The results showed the following: (1) Compared with the CON group, there was no significant difference in the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the SJBR and SJBR + BA groups, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). (2) Compared with the CON group, the total protein (TP) content in the serum was significantly increased, and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the SJBR and SJBR + BA groups; moreover, HDL-C was significantly higher by 35% (p < 0.05) in the SJBR + BA group. (3) There were no significant differences in carcass weight, carcass length, pH, drip loss, cooking loss, and shear force among the groups; the eye muscle area was significantly increased in the SJBR group compared with the CON group (p < 0.05); back fat thickness was significantly decreased in the SJBR + BA group compared with the SJBR group (p < 0.05); and the addition of SJBR significantly increased the mRNA expression of MyHC I in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of growing-finishing Min pigs (p < 0.05). (4) The cecal bacteria were detected using 16S rDNA, and the proportion of Lactobacillus was increased gradually at the genus level, but there was no significant difference among the different groups. Conclusion In conclusion, 25% SJBR can improve the growth performance and increase the abundance of intestinal beneficial bacteria, and based on this, adding bile acids can reduce the back fat thickness of growing-finishing Min pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai Y, He L, Cao S, Zeng P, Xu L, Luo Y, Tang X, Wang Q, Liu Z, He Z, Liu S. Insights into Dietary Different Co-Forms of Lysine and Glutamate on Growth Performance, Muscle Development, Antioxidation and Related Gene Expressions in Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:74-91. [PMID: 38153607 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to compare the effects of crystalline L-lysine and L-glutamate (CAA), Lys-Glu dipeptide (KE) on the growth and muscle development of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), and related molecular mechanisms. Five experimental diets (CR, 0.5% CAA, 1.5% CAA, 0.5% KE, 1.5% KE) containing Lys and Glu as free (Lys and Glu, CAA) dipeptide (Lys-Glu, KE) forms were prepared, respectively. A total of 450 juvenile grass carp with an initial weight of 10.69 ± 0.07 g were randomly assigned to 15 cages, and 5 treatments with 3 replicates of 30 fish each for 61 days of feeding. The results showed that the group of 0.5% KE exhibited the best growth performances according to the indicator's weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR), although no statistically significant occurred among all groups; diet supplemented with 0.5% CAA significantly elevated the condition factor (CF) and viscerasomatic index (VSI) of juvenile grass carp. Diet supplemented with different Lys and Glu co-forms at different levels promoted the muscle amino acid content compared with those of CR group. Comparing with the CR group and other groups, the hardness of 0.5% CAA group significantly increased, and the springiness of 0.5% KE group excelled. Both the muscle fiber diameter and density of 0.5% KE group showed significant difference with those of the CR group, and a negative correlation between them was also observed. To uncover the related molecular mechanism of the differences caused by the different co-forms of Lys and Glu, the effect of different diets on the expressions of protein absorption, muscle quality, and antioxidation-related genes was analyzed. The results suggested that comparing with those of CR group, the dipeptide KE inhibited the expressions of genes associated with protein metabolism, such as AKT, S6K1, and FoxO1a but promoted PCNA expression, while the free style of CAA would improve the FoxO1a expression. Additionally, the muscle development-related genes (MyoD, MyOG, and Myf5) were significantly boosted in CAA co-form groups, and the expressions of fMYHCs were blocked but fMYHCs30 significantly promoted in 0.5% KE group. Finally, the effect of different co-forms of Lys and Glu on muscle antioxidant was examined. The 0.5% CAA diet was verified to increase GPX1a but obstruct Keap1 and GSTP1 expressions, resulting in enhanced SOD activity and reduced MDA levels in plasma. Collectively, the different co-forms of Lys and Glu influenced the growth of juvenile grass carp, and also the muscle development and quality through their different regulation on the protein metabolism, muscle development- and antioxidative-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Cai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Li He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Shenping Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Linhan Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Yanan Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Qixiang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Zhimin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China.
| | - Suchun Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He Z, Cai Y, Xiao Y, Cao S, Zhong G, Li X, Li Y, Luo J, Tang J, Qu F, Liu Z, Liu S. Intervention of Dietary Protein Levels on Muscle Quality, Antioxidation, and Autophagy in the Muscles of Triploid Crucian Carp ( Carassius carassius Triploid). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12043. [PMID: 37569417 PMCID: PMC10418328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels on flesh quality, oxidative stress, and autophagy status in the muscles of triploid crucian carp (Carassius carassius triploid), and the related molecular mechanisms. Six experimental diets with different protein levels (26%, 29%, 32%, 35%, 38%, 41%) were formulated. A total of 540 fish with an initial weight of 11.79 ± 0.09 g were randomly assigned to 18 cages and six treatments with three replicates of 30 fish each for 8 weeks feeding. It could be found that the whole-body ash content significantly increased in high protein level groups (p < 0.05). The 29% dietary protein level group exhibited the highest muscle moisture, although there was an inconspicuous decrease in the chewiness of the muscles when compared with the other groups. The dietary protein level influenced the content of free amino acids and nucleotides, especially the content of flavor amino acids, which exhibited an increasing tendency along with the increasing protein level, such as alanine and glutamic acid, while the flavor nucleotides showed different fluctuation trends. Moreover, the genes related to muscle development were shown to be influenced by the dietary protein level, especially the expression of MRF4, which was up-regulated with the increasing dietary protein levels. The 29% dietary protein level promoted the majority of analyzed muscle genes expression to the highest level when compared to other dietary levels, except the Myostain, whose expression reached its highest at 38% dietary protein levels. Furthermore, the effect of dietary protein levels on antioxidant signaling pathway genes were also examined. High protein levels would boost the expression of GSTα; GPX1 and GPX4α mRNA expression showed the highest level at the 32% dietary protein group. The increasing dietary protein level decreased both mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 by up-regulating Keap1. Autophagy-related gene expression levels reached the peak at 32% dietary protein level, as evidenced by a similar change in protein expression of FoxO1. In summary, muscle nutritional composition, antioxidative pathways, and autophagy levels were affected by the dietary protein levels. A total of 29-32% dietary protein level would be the appropriate level range to improve muscle quality and promote the antioxidant and autophagy capacity of triploid crucian carp muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Yuyang Cai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Shenping Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Gaode Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Xinting Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Yanfang Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Junhan Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Jianzhou Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Fufa Qu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China; (Z.H.); (Y.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Suchun Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kou H, Hu J, Liu X, Zhao L, Zhang K, Pan X, Wang A, Miao Y, Lin L. Dietary protein improves flesh quality by enhancing antioxidant ability via the NF-E2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 signaling pathway in softshell turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis). Front Nutr 2022; 9:1030583. [PMID: 36438722 PMCID: PMC9685656 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1030583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was performed to assess the influence of a gradient of protein levels (14.38-45.23%) on flesh quality, skin color, amino acid profile, collagen, antioxidant capability, and antioxidant-related signaling molecule expression of the softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and yellowness values in the plastron and carapace, along with collagen, superoxide dismutase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase, all improved with elevating dietary protein up to 26.19%, after which they leveled off. Additionally, total amino acids, flavor amino acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids in the muscle, as well as the expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, manganese superoxide dismutase, NF-E2-related factor 2 were all enhanced by increasing the dietary protein level but not changed by higher protein levels. When dietary protein levels were less than 26.19%, the mRNA expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, malondialdehyde, and redness values in the carapace and plastron were reduced, as was the lightness values of the carapace, all of which plateaued at higher protein levels. Using catalase activity and malondialdehyde as the indicators and applying a broken-line analysis, the optimal dietary protein level for P. sinensis was inferred to be 26.07 and 26.06% protein, respectively. In summary, an optimal protein input improved turtle flesh quality by strengthening antioxidant capacity in muscle tissue and by regulating the expression of antioxidant-related enzymes via the Nrf2/keap1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junru Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xunbin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutao Miao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu G, Zhou M, Wang X, Mao X, Long X, Xie S, Han D, Tan Q. Effects of Dietary Cottonseed Protein Concentrate Levels on Growth Performance, Health Status, Flesh Quality and Intestinal Microbiota of Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111046. [PMID: 36355129 PMCID: PMC9698574 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) as a single dietary protein source and the optimal protein level for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). An 8-week feeding trial was conducted by feeding juvenile grass carp (initial body weight: 4.68 ± 0.01 g) with six experimental diets containing graded levels of protein provided by CPC. The results showed that the optimal CPC level (CPC4) improved the growth performance and health status of grass carp. The optimal dietary protein level was estimated to be 38.61 and 38.66% based on specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE), respectively. The CPC4 group significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) content and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). In addition, the CPC4 group increased the muscle T-AOC and glutathione (GSH) content and improved muscle hardness, and the gene expression of MRFs, fgf6a, myhc-7, myhc-1, myhc-4, igf-II, and tor was upregulated while mstn gene expression was downregulated (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the optimal dietary CPC level promoted grass carp growth, health, and flesh quality by regulating the relative abundance of intestinal microbes. Furthermore, CPC6 upregulated the ko00480 (Glutathione metabolism) and ko00620 (Pyruvate metabolism) pathways compared to CPC1 (p < 0.05), possibly indicating that low dietary CPC levels adversely affected amino acid metabolism in the intestinal microbiota of grass carp, while a high level of CPC will meet the metabolic needs of the body by increasing the utilization of energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangjie Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianmei Long
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shouqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qingsong Tan
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-8728-2113
| |
Collapse
|