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Yohana MA, Ray GW, Yang Q, Kou S, Tan B, Wu J, Mao M, Bo Ge Z, Feng L. Protective effects of butyric acid during heat stress on the survival, immune response, histopathology, and gene expression in the hepatopancreas of juvenile pacific shrimp (L. Vannamei). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109610. [PMID: 38734117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study looked at the effects of adding butyric acid (BA) to the diets of juvenile Pacific shrimp and how it affected their response to survival, immunity, histopathological, and gene expression profiles under heat stress. The shrimp were divided into groups: a control group with no BA supplementation and groups with BA inclusion levels of 0.5 %, 1 %, 1.5 %, 2 %, and 2.5 %. Following the 8-week feeding trial period, the shrimp endured a heat stress test lasting 1 h at a temperature of 38 °C. The results showed that the control group had a lower survival rate than those given BA. Interestingly, no mortality was observed in the group receiving 1.5 % BA supplementation. Heat stress had a negative impact on the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the control group. Still, these activities were increased in shrimp fed the BA diet. Similar variations were observed in AST and ALT fluctuations among the different groups. The levels of triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) increased with high temperatures but were reduced in shrimp-supplemented BA. The activity of an antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased with higher BA levels (P < 0.05). Moreover, the groups supplemented with 1.5 % BA exhibited a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P < 0.05), suggesting the potential antioxidant properties of BA. The histology of the shrimp's hepatopancreas showed improvements in the groups given BA. Conversely, the BA significantly down-regulated the HSPs and up-regulated MnSOD transcript level in response to heat stress. The measured parameters determine the essential dietary requirement of BA for shrimp. Based on the results, the optimal level of BA for survival, antioxidant function, and immunity for shrimp under heat stress is 1.5 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpwaga Alatwinusa Yohana
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Gyan Watson Ray
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Qihui Yang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China.
| | - Shiyu Kou
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Beiping Tan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Jiahua Wu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Minling Mao
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Zhan Bo Ge
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Lan Feng
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
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Cobham AE, Rohner N. Unraveling stress resilience: Insights from adaptations to extreme environments by Astyanax mexicanus cavefish. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:178-188. [PMID: 38247307 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions have profound impacts on shaping the evolutionary trajectory of organisms. Exposure to these conditions elicits stress responses, that can trigger phenotypic changes in novel directions. The Mexican Tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, is an excellent model for understanding evolutionary mechanisms in response to extreme or new environments. This fish species consists of two morphs; the classical surface-dwelling fish and the blind cave-dwellers that inhabit dark and biodiversity-reduced ecosystems. In this review, we explore the specific stressors present in cave environments and examine the diverse adaptive strategies employed by cave populations to not only survive but thrive as successful colonizers. By analyzing the evolutionary responses of A. mexicanus, we gain valuable insights into the genetic, physiological, and behavioral adaptations that enable organisms to flourish under challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansa E Cobham
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Missouri, Kansas City, USA
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Missouri, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Marrero M, Monroig Ó, Pérez JA, Betancor MB, Galindo A, Bolaños A, Acosta NG, Rodríguez C. Dietary LC-PUFA and environmental salinity modulate the fatty acid biosynthesis capacity of the euryhaline teleost thicklip grey mullet (Chelon labrosus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 269:110865. [PMID: 37230375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to biosynthesise long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) depends upon the complement and function of key enzymes commonly known as fatty acyl desaturases and elongases. The presence of a Δ5/Δ6 desaturase enabling the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) through the "Sprecher pathway" has been reported in Chelon labrosus. Research in other teleosts have demonstrated that LC-PUFA biosynthesis can be modulated by diet and ambient salinity. The present study aimed to assess the combined effects of partial dietary replacement of fish oil (FO) by vegetable oil (VO) and reduced ambient salinity (35 ppt vs 20 ppt) on the fatty acid composition of muscle, enterocytes and hepatocytes of C. labrosus juveniles. Moreover, the enzymatic activity over radiolabelled [1-14C] 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) and [1-14C] 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) to biosynthesise n-3 LC-PUFA in hepatocytes and enterocytes, and the gene regulation of the C. labrosus fatty acid desaturase-2 (fads2) and elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 5 (elovl5) in liver and intestine was also investigated. Recovery of radiolabelled products including stearidonic acid (18:4n-3, SDA), 20:5n-3, tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n-3, THA) and 22:6n-3 in all treatments except FO35-fish, provided compelling evidence that a complete pathway enabling the biosynthesis of EPA and DHA from ALA is present and active in C. labrosus. Low salinity conditions upregulated fads2 in hepatocytes and elovl5 in both cell types, regardless of dietary composition. Interestingly, FO20-fish showed the highest amount of n-3 LC-PUFA in muscle, while no differences in VO-fish reared at both salinities were found. These results demonstrate a compensatory capacity of C. labrosus to biosynthesise n-3 LC-PUFA under reduced dietary supply, and emphasise the potential of low salinity conditions to stimulate this pathway in euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marrero
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - José A Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Mónica B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ana Galindo
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana Bolaños
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - N Guadalupe Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
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Małachowicz M, Krasnov A, Wenne R. Diverse Transcriptome Responses to Salinity Change in Atlantic Cod Subpopulations. Cells 2023; 12:2760. [PMID: 38067188 PMCID: PMC10706248 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to environmental variation caused by global climate change is a significant aspect of fisheries management and ecology. A reduction in ocean salinity is visible in near-shore areas, especially in the Baltic Sea, where it is affecting the Atlantic cod population. Cod is one of the most significant teleost species, with high ecological and economical value worldwide. The population of cod in the Baltic Sea has been traditionally divided into two subpopulations (western and eastern) existing in higher- and lower-salinity waters, respectively. In recent decades, both Baltic cod subpopulations have declined massively. One of the reasons for the poor condition of cod in the Baltic Sea is environmental factors, including salinity. Thus, in this study, an oligonucleotide microarray was applied to explore differences between Baltic cod subpopulations in response to salinity fluctuations. For this purpose, an exposure experiment was conducted consisting of salinity elevation and reduction, and gene expression was measured in gill tissue. We found 400 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the immune response, metabolism, programmed cell death, cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix that showed a subpopulation-dependent pattern. These findings indicate that osmoregulation in Baltic cod is a complex process, and that western and eastern Baltic cod subpopulations respond differently to salinity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Małachowicz
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstanców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Department of Fish Health, Nofima—Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, NO-1431 Ås, Norway;
| | - Roman Wenne
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstanców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
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Jin M, Li X, Shen Y, Bao Y, Yang B, Wu Z, Jiao L, Zhou Q. The Benefit of Optimal Dietary Lipid Level for Black Seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii Juveniles under Low-Salinity Environment. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:2222029. [PMID: 36860453 PMCID: PMC9973135 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2222029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at evaluating the regulatory effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance, osmoregulation, fatty acid composition, lipid metabolism, and physiological response in Acanthopagrus schlegelii under low salinity (5 psu). An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in juvenile A. schlegelii with an initial weight of 2.27 ± 0.05 g, and six isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated with graded levels of lipid: 68.7 g/kg (D1), 111.7 g/kg (D2), 143.5 g/kg (D3), 188.9 g/kg (D4), 239.3 g/kg (D5), and 269.4 g/kg (D6), respectively. Results indicated that fish fed with diet containing 188.9 g/kg lipid significantly improved growth performance. Dietary D4 improved ion reabsorption and osmoregulation by increasing the concentrations of Na+, K+, and cortisol in serum and activities of Na+/K+-ATPase as well as expression levels of osmoregulation related to gene expression levels in the gill and intestine. The expression levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes were dramatically upregulated when dietary lipid levels increased from 68.7 g/kg to 189.9 g/kg with levels of docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and DHA/EPA ratio being highest in the D4 group. When fish fed dietary lipid levels from 68.7 g/kg to 188.9 g/kg, lipid homeostasis could be maintained by upregulating sirt1 and pparα expression levels, whereas lipid accumulation was observed in dietary lipid levels of 239.3 g/kg and over. Fish fed with high dietary lipid levels resulted in physiological stress related to oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In conclusion, based on weight gain, the optimal dietary lipid requirement of juvenile A. schlegelii reared at low-salinity water is 196.0 g/kg. These findings indicate that the optimal dietary lipid level can improve growth performance, n-3 LC-PUFA accumulation, and osmoregulatory ability and maintain lipid homeostasis and normal physiological functions of juvenile A. schlegelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuedong Shen
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yangguang Bao
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bingqian Yang
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhaoxun Wu
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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