Impact of Extensively Hydrolyzed Infant Formula on Circulating Lipids During Early Life

Serum proteomics of mother-infant dyads carrying HLA-conferred type 1 diabetes risk

In-utero and dietary factors make important contributions toward health and development in early childhood. In this respect, serum proteomics of maturing infants can provide insights into studies of childhood diseases, which together with perinatal proteomes could reveal further biological perspectives. Accordingly, to determine differences between feeding groups and changes in infancy, serum proteomics analyses of mother-infant dyads with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (n = 22), weaned to either an extensively hydrolyzed or regular cow's milk formula, were made. The LC-MS/MS analyses included samples from the beginning of third trimester, the time of delivery, 3 months postpartum, cord blood, and samples from the infants at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Correlations between ranked protein intensities were detected within the dyads, together with perinatal and age-related changes. Comparison with intestinal permeability data revealed a number of significant correlations, which could merit further consideration in this context.

Amino acid formula induces microbiota dysbiosis and depressive-like behavior in mice

Amino acid formula (AAF) is increasingly consumed in infants with cow's milk protein allergy; however, the long-term influences on health are less described. In this study, we established a mouse model by subjecting neonatal mice to an amino acid diet (AAD) to mimic the feeding regimen of infants on AAF. Surprisingly, AAD-fed mice exhibited dysbiotic microbiota and increased neuronal activity in both the intestine and brain, as well as gastrointestinal peristalsis disorders and depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation from AAD-fed mice or AAF-fed infants to recipient mice led to elevated neuronal activations and exacerbated depressive-like behaviors compared to that from normal chow-fed mice or cow's-milk-formula-fed infants, respectively. Our findings highlight the necessity to avoid the excessive use of AAF, which may influence the neuronal development and mental health of children.

Lipidomics in nutrition research

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review focuses on the recent findings from lipidomics studies as related to nutrition and health research.

RECENT FINDINGS

Several lipidomics studies have investigated malnutrition, including both under- and overnutrition. Focus has been both on the early-life nutrition as well as on the impact of overfeeding later in life. Multiple studies have investigated the impact of different macronutrients in lipidome on human health, demonstrating that overfeeding with saturated fat is metabolically more harmful than overfeeding with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate-rich food. Diet rich in saturated fat increases the lipotoxic lipids, such as ceramides and saturated fatty-acyl-containing triacylglycerols, increasing also the low-density lipoprotein aggregation rate. In contrast, diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as n-3 fatty acids, decreases the triacylglycerol levels, although some individuals are poor responders to n-3 supplementation.

SUMMARY

The results highlight the benefits of lipidomics in clinical nutrition research, also providing an opportunity for personalized nutrition. An area of increasing interest is the interplay of diet, gut microbiome, and metabolome, and how they together impact individuals' responses to nutritional challenges.