1
|
Hassert M, Pewe LL, He R, Heidarian M, Phruttiwanichakun P, van de Wall S, Mix MR, Salem AK, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Regenerating murine CD8+ lung tissue resident memory T cells after targeted radiation exposure. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231144. [PMID: 38363548 PMCID: PMC10873130 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation exposure occurs during medical procedures, nuclear accidents, or spaceflight, making effective medical countermeasures a public health priority. Naïve T cells are highly sensitive to radiation-induced depletion, although their numbers recover with time. Circulating memory CD8+ T cells are also depleted by radiation; however, their numbers do not recover. Critically, the impact of radiation exposure on tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) remains unknown. Here, we found that sublethal thorax-targeted radiation resulted in the rapid and prolonged numerical decline of influenza A virus (IAV)-specific lung TRM in mice, but no decline in antigen-matched circulating memory T cells. Prolonged loss of lung TRM was associated with decreased heterosubtypic immunity. Importantly, boosting with IAV-epitope expressing pathogens that replicate in the lungs or peripheral tissues or with a peripherally administered mRNA vaccine regenerated lung TRM that was derived largely from circulating memory CD8+ T cells. Designing effective vaccination strategies to regenerate TRM will be important in combating the immunological effects of radiation exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Hassert
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lecia L. Pewe
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rui He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mohammad Heidarian
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology Graduate Programs, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pornpoj Phruttiwanichakun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Madison R. Mix
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology Graduate Programs, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology Graduate Programs, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molecular Radiobiology in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognostic and Predictive Response Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092202. [PMID: 35565331 PMCID: PMC9101029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The identification of prognostic and predictive gene signatures of response to cancer treatment (radiotherapy) could help in making therapeutic decisions in patients affected by NSCLC. There are multiple proposals for gene signatures that attempt to predict survival or predict response to treatment (not radiotherapy), but they mainly focus on early stages or metastasis at diagnosis. In contrast, there have been few studies that raise these predictive and/or prognostic elements in nonmetastatic locally advanced stages, where treatment with ionizing radiation plays an important role. In this work, we review in depth previous works discovering the prognostic and predictive response factors in non-small cell lung cancer, specially focused on non-deeply studied radiation-based therapy. Abstract Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, generating huge economic and social impacts that have not slowed in recent years. Oncological treatment for this neoplasm usually includes surgery, chemotherapy, treatments on molecular targets and ionizing radiation. The prognosis in terms of overall survival (OS) and the different therapeutic responses between patients can be explained, to a large extent, by the existence of widely heterogeneous molecular profiles. The identification of prognostic and predictive gene signatures of response to cancer treatment, could help in making therapeutic decisions in patients affected by NSCLC. Given the published scientific evidence, we believe that the search for prognostic and/or predictive gene signatures of response to radiotherapy treatment can significantly help clinical decision-making. These signatures may condition the fractions, the total dose to be administered and/or the combination of systemic treatments in conjunction with radiation. The ultimate goal is to achieve better clinical results, minimizing the adverse effects associated with current cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Detection of Lung Nodules in Micro-CT Imaging Using Deep Learning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:358-372. [PMID: 34449750 PMCID: PMC8396172 DOI: 10.3390/tomography7030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We are developing imaging methods for a co-clinical trial investigating synergy between immunotherapy and radiotherapy. We perform longitudinal micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of mice to detect lung metastasis after treatment. This work explores deep learning (DL) as a fast approach for automated lung nodule detection. We used data from control mice both with and without primary lung tumors. To augment the number of training sets, we have simulated data using real augmented tumors inserted into micro-CT scans. We employed a convolutional neural network (CNN), trained with four competing types of training data: (1) simulated only, (2) real only, (3) simulated and real, and (4) pretraining on simulated followed with real data. We evaluated our model performance using precision and recall curves, as well as receiver operating curves (ROC) and their area under the curve (AUC). The AUC appears to be almost identical (0.76-0.77) for all four cases. However, the combination of real and synthetic data was shown to improve precision by 8%. Smaller tumors have lower rates of detection than larger ones, with networks trained on real data showing better performance. Our work suggests that DL is a promising approach for fast and relatively accurate detection of lung tumors in mice.
Collapse
|
4
|
DeVito NC, Sturdivant M, Thievanthiran B, Xiao C, Plebanek MP, Salama AKS, Beasley GM, Holtzhausen A, Novotny-Diermayr V, Strickler JH, Hanks BA. Pharmacological Wnt ligand inhibition overcomes key tumor-mediated resistance pathways to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109071. [PMID: 33951424 PMCID: PMC8148423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While immune checkpoint blockade is associated with prolonged responses in multiple cancers, most patients still do not benefit from this therapeutic strategy. The Wnt-β-catenin pathway is associated with diminished T cell infiltration; however, activating mutations are rare, implicating a role for autocrine/paracrine Wnt ligand-driven signaling in immune evasion. In this study, we show that proximal mediators of the Wnt signaling pathway are associated with anti-PD-1 resistance, and pharmacologic inhibition of Wnt ligand signaling supports anti-PD-1 efficacy by reversing dendritic cell tolerization and the recruitment of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in autochthonous tumor models. We further demonstrate that the inhibition of Wnt signaling promotes the development of a tumor microenvironment that is more conducive to favorable responses to checkpoint blockade in cancer patients. These findings support a rationale for Wnt ligand-focused treatment approaches in future immunotherapy clinical trials and suggest a strategy for selecting those tumors more responsive to Wnt inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C DeVito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael Sturdivant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Balamayooran Thievanthiran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christine Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael P Plebanek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - April K S Salama
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia M Beasley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alisha Holtzhausen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Veronica Novotny-Diermayr
- Experimental Drug Development Centre (EDDC), A(∗)STAR, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - John H Strickler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brent A Hanks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anbalagan S, Ström C, Downs JA, Jeggo PA, McBay D, Wilkins A, Rothkamm K, Harrington KJ, Yarnold JR, Somaiah N. TP53 modulates radiotherapy fraction size sensitivity in normal and malignant cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7119. [PMID: 33782505 PMCID: PMC8007815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials in breast and prostate cancer have established that fewer, larger daily doses (fractions) of radiotherapy are safe and effective, but these do not represent personalised dosing on a patient-by-patient basis. Understanding cell and molecular mechanisms determining fraction size sensitivity is essential to fully exploit this therapeutic variable for patient benefit. The hypothesis under test in this study is that fraction size sensitivity is dependent on the presence of wild-type (WT) p53 and intact non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Using single or split-doses of radiation in a range of normal and malignant cells, split-dose recovery was determined using colony-survival assays. Both normal and tumour cells with WT p53 demonstrated significant split-dose recovery, whereas Li-Fraumeni fibroblasts and tumour cells with defective G1/S checkpoint had a large S/G2 component and lost the sparing effect of smaller fractions. There was lack of split-dose recovery in NHEJ-deficient cells and DNA-PKcs inhibitor increased sensitivity to split-doses in glioma cells. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of p53 in fibroblasts reduced split-dose recovery. In summary, cells defective in p53 are less sensitive to radiotherapy fraction size and lack of split-dose recovery in DNA ligase IV and DNA-PKcs mutant cells suggests the dependence of fraction size sensitivity on intact NHEJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Penny A Jeggo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - David McBay
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Wilkins
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John R Yarnold
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Navita Somaiah
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boivin G, Ancey PB, Vuillefroy de Silly R, Kalambaden P, Contat C, Petit B, Ollivier J, Bourhis J, Meylan E, Vozenin MC. Anti-Ly6G binding and trafficking mediate positive neutrophil selection to unleash the anti-tumor efficacy of radiation therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1876597. [PMID: 33628622 PMCID: PMC7889163 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1876597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-Ly6G antibody is used to deplete Ly6Gpos neutrophils and study their role in diverse pathologies. However, depletion is never absolute, as Ly6Glow neutrophils resistant to depletion rapidly emerge. Studying the functionality of these residual neutrophils is necessary to interpret anti-Ly6G-based experimental designs. In vitro, we found anti-Ly6G binding induced Ly6G internalization, surface Ly6G paucity, and primed the oxidative burst of neutrophils upon TNF α co-stimulation. In vivo, we found neutrophils resistant to anti-Ly6G depletion exhibited anti-neutrophil-cytoplasmic-antibodies. In the pre-clinical KrasLox-STOP-Lox-G12D/WT; Trp53Flox/Flox mouse lung tumor model, abnormal neutrophil accumulation and aging was accompanied with an N2-like SiglecFpos polarization and ly6g downregulation. Consequently, SiglecFpos neutrophils exposed to anti-Ly6G reverted to Ly6Glow and were resistant to depletion. Noting that anti-Ly6G mediated neutrophil depletion alone had no anti-tumor effect, we found a long-lasting rate of tumor regression (50%) by combining anti-Ly6G with radiation-therapy, in this model reputed to be refractory to standard anticancer therapies. Mechanistically, anti-Ly6G regulated neutrophil aging while radiation-therapy enhanced the homing of anti-Ly6G-boundSiglecFneg neutrophils to tumors. This anti-tumor effect was recapitulated by G-CSF administration prior to RT and abrogated with an anti-TNFα antibody co-administration. In summary, we report that incomplete depletion of neutrophils using targeted antibodies can intrinsically promote their oxidative activity. This effect depends on antigen/antibody trafficking and can be harnessed locally using select delivery of radiation-therapy to impair tumor progression. This underutilized aspect of immune physiology may be adapted to expand the scope of neutrophil-related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Boivin
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De, Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Benoit Ancey
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De, Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pradeep Kalambaden
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Contat
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De, Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Petit
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Ollivier
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Meylan
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De, Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Badea CT. Principles of Micro X-ray Computed Tomography. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
8
|
Blocker SJ, Holbrook MD, Mowery YM, Sullivan DC, Badea CT. The impact of respiratory gating on improving volume measurement of murine lung tumors in micro-CT imaging. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225019. [PMID: 32097413 PMCID: PMC7041814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small animal imaging has become essential in evaluating new cancer therapies as they are translated from the preclinical to clinical domain. However, preclinical imaging faces unique challenges that emphasize the gap between mouse and man. One example is the difference in breathing patterns and breath-holding ability, which can dramatically affect tumor burden assessment in lung tissue. As part of a co-clinical trial studying immunotherapy and radiotherapy in sarcomas, we are using micro-CT of the lungs to detect and measure metastases as a metric of disease progression. To effectively utilize metastatic disease detection as a metric of progression, we have addressed the impact of respiratory gating during micro-CT acquisition on improving lung tumor detection and volume quantitation. Accuracy and precision of lung tumor measurements with and without respiratory gating were studied by performing experiments with in vivo images, simulations, and a pocket phantom. When performing test-retest studies in vivo, the variance in volume calculations was 5.9% in gated images and 15.8% in non-gated images, compared to 2.9% in post-mortem images. Sensitivity of detection was examined in images with simulated tumors, demonstrating that reliable sensitivity (true positive rate (TPR) ≥ 90%) was achievable down to 1.0 mm3 lesions with respiratory gating, but was limited to ≥ 8.0 mm3 in non-gated images. Finally, a clinically-inspired "pocket phantom" was used during in vivo mouse scanning to aid in refining and assessing the gating protocols. Application of respiratory gating techniques reduced variance of repeated volume measurements and significantly improved the accuracy of tumor volume quantitation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Blocker
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. D. Holbrook
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Y. M. Mowery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - D. C. Sullivan
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - C. T. Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Torok JA, Oh P, Castle KD, Reinsvold M, Ma Y, Luo L, Lee CL, Kirsch DG. Deletion of Atm in Tumor but not Endothelial Cells Improves Radiation Response in a Primary Mouse Model of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:773-782. [PMID: 30315114 PMCID: PMC6377832 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic body radiotherapy is utilized to treat lung cancer. The mechanism of tumor response to high-dose radiotherapy (HDRT) is controversial, with competing hypotheses of increased direct tumor cell killing versus indirect effects on stroma including endothelial cells. Here we used dual recombinase technology in a primary murine lung cancer model to test whether tumor cells or endothelial cells are critical HDRT targets. Lenti-Cre deleted one or two copies of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene (Atm; KPAFL/+ or KPAFL/FL), whereas adeno-FlpO-infected mice expressed Cre in endothelial cells to delete one or both copies of Atm (KPVAFL/+ or KPVAFL/FL) to modify tumor cell or endothelial cell radiosensitivity, respectively. Deletion of Atm in either tumor cells or endothelial cells had no impact on tumor growth in the absence of radiation. Despite increased endothelial cell death in KPVAFL/FL mice following irradiation, tumor growth delay was not significantly increased. In contrast, a prolonged tumor growth delay was apparent in KPAFL/FL mice. Primary tumor cell lines lacking Atm expression also demonstrated enhanced radiosensitivity as determined via a clonogenic survival assay. These findings indicate that tumor cells, rather than endothelial cells, are critical targets of HDRT in primary murine lung cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings establish radiosensitizing tumor cells rather than endothelial cells as the primary mechanism of tumor response to high-dose radiotherapy, supporting efforts to maximize local control by radiosensitizing tumors cells.See related commentary by Hallahan, p. 704.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Torok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick Oh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine D Castle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael Reinsvold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wilkins A, Melcher A, Somaiah N. Science in Focus: Biological Optimisation of Radiotherapy Fraction Size in an Era of Immune Oncology. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2018; 30:605-608. [PMID: 30041845 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Wilkins
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Somaiah
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Meganck JA, Liu B. Dosimetry in Micro-computed Tomography: a Review of the Measurement Methods, Impacts, and Characterization of the Quantum GX Imaging System. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:499-511. [PMID: 27957647 PMCID: PMC5498628 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) is a widely used imaging modality in preclinical research with applications in many areas including orthopedics, pulmonology, oncology, cardiology, and infectious disease. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and, therefore, can potentially induce damage and cause detrimental effects. Previous reviews have touched on these effects but have not comprehensively covered the possible implications on study results. Furthermore, interpreting data across these studies is difficult because there is no widely accepted dose characterization methodology for preclinical μCT. The purpose of this paper is to ensure in vivo μCT studies can be properly designed and the data can be appropriately interpreted. Procedures Studies from the scientific literature that investigate the biological effects of radiation doses relevant to μCT were reviewed. The different dose measurement methodologies used in the peer-reviewed literature were also reviewed. The CT dose index 100 (CTDI100) was then measured on the Quantum GX μCT instrument. A low contrast phantom, a hydroxyapatite phantom, and a mouse were also imaged to provide examples of how the dose can affect image quality. Results Data in the scientific literature indicate that scenarios exist where radiation doses used in μCT imaging are high enough to potentially bias experimental results. The significance of this effect may relate to the study outcome and tissue being imaged. CTDI100 is a reasonable metric to use for dose characterization in μCT. Dose rates in the Quantum GX vary based on the amount of material in the beam path and are a function of X-ray tube voltage. The CTDI100 in air for a Quantum GX can be as low as 5.1 mGy for a 50 kVp scan and 9.9 mGy for a 90 kVp scan. This dose is low enough to visualize bone both in a mouse image and in a hydroxyapatite phantom, but applications requiring higher resolution in a mouse or less noise in a low-contrast phantom benefit from longer scan times with increased dose. Conclusions Dose management should be considered when designing μCT studies. Dose rates in the Quantum GX are compatible with longitudinal μCT imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Meganck
- Research and Development, Life Sciences Technology, PerkinElmer, 68 Elm Street, Hopkinton, MA, 01748, USA.
| | - Bob Liu
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kirsch DG, Diehn M, Kesarwala AH, Maity A, Morgan MA, Schwarz JK, Bristow R, Demaria S, Eke I, Griffin RJ, Haas-Kogan D, Higgins GS, Kimmelman AC, Kimple RJ, Lombaert IM, Ma L, Marples B, Pajonk F, Park CC, Schaue D, Tran PT, Willers H, Wouters BG, Bernhard EJ. The Future of Radiobiology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110:329-340. [PMID: 29126306 PMCID: PMC5928778 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovation and progress in radiation oncology depend on discovery and insights realized through research in radiation biology. Radiobiology research has led to fundamental scientific insights, from the discovery of stem/progenitor cells to the definition of signal transduction pathways activated by ionizing radiation that are now recognized as integral to the DNA damage response (DDR). Radiobiological discoveries are guiding clinical trials that test radiation therapy combined with inhibitors of the DDR kinases DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia related (ATR), and immune or cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors. To maintain scientific and clinical relevance, the field of radiation biology must overcome challenges in research workforce, training, and funding. The National Cancer Institute convened a workshop to discuss the role of radiobiology research and radiation biologists in the future scientific enterprise. Here, we review the discussions of current radiation oncology research approaches and areas of scientific focus considered important for rapid progress in radiation sciences and the continued contribution of radiobiology to radiation oncology and the broader biomedical research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Max Diehn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meredith A Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Julie K Schwarz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert Bristow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Daphne Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Isabelle M Lombaert
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, Biointerfaces Institute, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine C Park
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Phuoc T. Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Oncology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brad G. Wouters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (RB), Princess Margaret Cancer Center
| | - Eric J Bernhard
- Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tu S, Zhang XL, Wan HF, Xia YQ, Liu ZQ, Yang XH, Wan FS. Effect of taurine on cell proliferation and apoptosis human lung cancer A549 cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5473-5480. [PMID: 29552188 PMCID: PMC5840730 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of taurine on cell proliferation and apoptosis, the human lung cancer A549 cell line and xenograft tumors in nude mice were used. The effects of taurine on cell proliferation and apoptosis were observed at time points of 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment using an MTT assay to detect the survival rate, and flow cytometry to detect the apoptotic rate. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the levels of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), BCL2, apoptosis regulator (Bcl-2) and BCL2-associated X, apoptosis regulator (Bax) in A549 cells. The level of PUMA, Bax and Bcl-2 proteins in the mouse xenograft tumors treated with taurine and/or exogenous PUMA were assessed by immunohistochemistry, with taurine suppressing the proliferation of the human lung cancer A549 cell line in a concentration-dependent manner, and it significantly enhanced the apoptosis rate at all concentrations. Taurine induced the significant upregulation of PUMA and Bax, but led to downregulation of Bcl-2. In comparison to the control group, taurine treatment markedly reduced the volume and weight of A549-derived xenograft tumors in nude mice. Expression of PUMA and Bax were upregulated in the xenograft tumors following taurine treatment, whereas Bcl-2 was downregulated. In addition, the inhibitory effect of taurine and exogenous PUMA on tumor growth was significantly higher than that of a single treatment of taurine or exogenous PUMA. It can therefore be concluded that taurine can inhibit cell proliferation of the human lung cancer A549 cell line and the growth of the xenograft tumors, whereas PUMA serves an important role in taurine-induced growth suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College of Nan Chang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xia-Li Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Nan Chang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Fang Wan
- Department of Medical Experimental Teaching Center, Nan Chang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qin Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College of Nan Chang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo-Qi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College of Nan Chang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College of Nan Chang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College of Nan Chang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Treatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME provides a survival advantage in a mouse model of Kras mutation-positive, non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42385-42392. [PMID: 27285753 PMCID: PMC5173142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the gene KRAS are commonly detected in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This disease is inherently difficult to treat, and combinations involving platinum-based drugs remain the therapeutic mainstay. In terms of novel, pharmacologically actionable targets, nitric oxide synthases (NOS) have been implicated in the etiology of KRAS-driven cancers, including lung cancer, and small molecular weight NOS inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of other diseases. Thus, we evaluated the anti-neoplastic activity of the oral NOS inhibitor L-NAME in a randomized preclinical trial using a genetically engineered mouse model of Kras and p53 mutation-positive NSCLC. We report here that L-NAME decreased lung tumor growth in vivo, as assessed by sequential radiological imaging, and provided a survival advantage, perhaps the most difficult clinical parameter to improve upon. Moreover, L-NAME enhanced the therapeutic benefit afforded by carboplatin chemotherapy, provided it was administered as maintenance therapy after carboplatin. Collectively, these results support the clinical evaluation of L-NAME for the treatment of KRAS mutation-positive NSCLC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Castle KD, Chen M, Wisdom AJ, Kirsch DG. Genetically engineered mouse models for studying radiation biology. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S900-S913. [PMID: 30733931 PMCID: PMC6363345 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.06.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are valuable research tools that have transformed our understanding of cancer. The first GEMMs generated in the 1980s and 1990s were knock-in and knock-out models of single oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The advances that made these models possible catalyzed both technological and conceptual shifts in the way cancer research was conducted. As a result, dozens of mouse models of cancer exist today, covering nearly every tissue type. The advantages inherent to GEMMs compared to in vitro and in vivo transplant models are compounded in preclinical radiobiology research for several reasons. First, they accurately and robustly recapitulate primary cancers anatomically, histopathologically, and genetically. Reliable models are a prerequisite for predictive preclinical studies. Second, they preserve the tumor microenvironment, including the immune, vascular, and stromal compartments, which enables the study of radiobiology at a systems biology level. Third, they provide exquisite control over the genetics and kinetics of tumor initiation, which enables the study of specific gene mutations on radiation response and functional genomics in vivo. Taken together, these facets allow researchers to utilize GEMMs for rigorous and reproducible preclinical research. In the three decades since the generation of the first GEMMs of cancer, advancements in modeling approaches have rapidly progressed and expanded the mouse modeling toolbox with techniques such as in vivo short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown, inducible gene expression, site-specific recombinases, and dual recombinase systems. Our lab and many others have utilized these tools to study cancer and radiobiology. Recent advances in genome engineering with CRISPR/Cas9 technology have made GEMMs even more accessible to researchers. Here, we review current and future approaches to mouse modeling with a focus on applications in preclinical radiobiology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D. Castle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy J. Wisdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Herter-Sprie GS, Koyama S, Korideck H, Hai J, Deng J, Li YY, Buczkowski KA, Grant AK, Ullas S, Rhee K, Cavanaugh JD, Neupane NP, Christensen CL, Herter JM, Makrigiorgos GM, Hodi FS, Freeman GJ, Dranoff G, Hammerman PS, Kimmelman AC, Wong KK. Synergy of radiotherapy and PD-1 blockade in Kras-mutant lung cancer. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87415. [PMID: 27699275 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT), a critical modality in the treatment of lung cancer, induces direct tumor cell death and augments tumor-specific immunity. However, despite initial tumor control, most patients suffer from locoregional relapse and/or metastatic disease following RT. The use of immunotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) could potentially change this outcome by enhancing the effects of RT. Here, we report significant (up to 70% volume reduction of the target lesion) and durable (up to 12 weeks) tumor regressions in conditional Kras-driven genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of NSCLC treated with radiotherapy and a programmed cell death 1 antibody (αPD-1). However, while αPD-1 therapy was beneficial when combined with RT in radiation-naive tumors, αPD-1 therapy had no antineoplastic efficacy in RT-relapsed tumors and further induced T cell inhibitory markers in this setting. Furthermore, there was differential efficacy of αPD-1 plus RT among Kras-driven GEMMs, with additional loss of the tumor suppressor serine/threonine kinase 11/liver kinase B1 (Stk11/Lkb1) resulting in no synergistic efficacy. Taken together, our data provide evidence for a close interaction among RT, T cells, and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and underscore the rationale for clinical combinatorial therapy with immune modulators and radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grit S Herter-Sprie
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center
| | - Houari Korideck
- Division of Medical Physics and Biophysics, and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josephine Hai
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Yvonne Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Kevin A Buczkowski
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Aaron K Grant
- Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Soumya Ullas
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Jillian D Cavanaugh
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Neermala Poudel Neupane
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Camilla L Christensen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Jan M Herter
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Mike Makrigiorgos
- Division of Medical Physics and Biophysics, and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cancer Vaccine Center.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stone HB, Bernhard EJ, Coleman CN, Deye J, Capala J, Mitchell JB, Brown JM. Preclinical Data on Efficacy of 10 Drug-Radiation Combinations: Evaluations, Concerns, and Recommendations. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:46-56. [PMID: 26947881 PMCID: PMC4800059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical testing of new therapeutic interventions requires comprehensive, high-quality preclinical data. Concerns regarding quality of preclinical data have been raised in recent reports. This report examines the data on the interaction of 10 drugs with radiation and provides recommendations for improving the quality, reproducibility, and utility of future studies. The drugs were AZD6244, bortezomib, 17-DMAG, erlotinib, gefitinib, lapatinib, oxaliplatin/Lipoxal, sunitinib (Pfizer, Corporate headquarters, New York, NY), thalidomide, and vorinostat. METHODS In vitro and in vivo data were tabulated from 125 published papers, including methods, radiation and drug doses, schedules of administration, assays, measures of interaction, presentation and interpretation of data, dosimetry, and conclusions. RESULTS In many instances, the studies contained inadequate or unclear information that would hamper efforts to replicate or intercompare the studies, and that weakened the evidence for designing and conducting clinical trials. The published reports on these drugs showed mixed results on enhancement of radiation response, except for sunitinib, which was ineffective. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for improved experimental design, execution, and reporting of preclinical testing of agents that are candidates for clinical use in combination with radiation. A checklist is provided for authors and reviewers to ensure that preclinical studies of drug-radiation combinations meet standards of design, execution, and interpretation, and report necessary information to ensure high quality and reproducibility of studies. Improved design, execution, common measures of enhancement, and consistent interpretation of preclinical studies of drug-radiation interactions will provide rational guidance for prioritizing drugs for clinical radiotherapy trials and for the design of such trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Stone
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, 20850, MSC 9727
| | - Eric J Bernhard
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, 20850, MSC 9727.
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, 20850, MSC 9727
| | - James Deye
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, 20850, MSC 9727
| | - Jacek Capala
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, 20850, MSC 9727
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, MSC 1002, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - J Martin Brown
- Stanford University, Radiation and Cancer Biology, CCSR-S Rm 1255, 269 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA, 94305
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ashton JR, West JL, Badea CT. In vivo small animal micro-CT using nanoparticle contrast agents. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:256. [PMID: 26581654 PMCID: PMC4631946 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most valuable modalities for in vivo imaging because it is fast, high-resolution, cost-effective, and non-invasive. Moreover, CT is heavily used not only in the clinic (for both diagnostics and treatment planning) but also in preclinical research as micro-CT. Although CT is inherently effective for lung and bone imaging, soft tissue imaging requires the use of contrast agents. For small animal micro-CT, nanoparticle contrast agents are used in order to avoid rapid renal clearance. A variety of nanoparticles have been used for micro-CT imaging, but the majority of research has focused on the use of iodine-containing nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. Both nanoparticle types can act as highly effective blood pool contrast agents or can be targeted using a wide variety of targeting mechanisms. CT imaging can be further enhanced by adding spectral capabilities to separate multiple co-injected nanoparticles in vivo. Spectral CT, using both energy-integrating and energy-resolving detectors, has been used with multiple contrast agents to enable functional and molecular imaging. This review focuses on new developments for in vivo small animal micro-CT using novel nanoparticle probes applied in preclinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Ashton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA ; Department of Radiology, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
| | - Cristian T Badea
- Department of Radiology, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu H, Yang X, Ding Y, Liu J, Lu J, Zhan L, Qin Q, Zhang H, Chen X, Yang Y, Yang Y, Liu Z, Yang M, Zhou X, Cheng H, Sun X. Recombinant human endostatin enhances the radioresponse in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by normalizing tumor vasculature and reducing hypoxia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14503. [PMID: 26412785 PMCID: PMC4585975 DOI: 10.1038/srep14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recombinant human endostatin (rh-Endo) in combination with radiation therapy (RT) on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and explore the potential mechanisms. ECA109-bearing nude mice were administered RT and/or rh-Endo treatment. Tumor volume, survival, hypoxia and vascular parameters were recorded during the treatment schedule and follow-up as measures of treatment response. ESCC cell lines (ECA109 and TE13) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were developed to investigate the outcomes and toxicities of rh-Endo and RT in vitro. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were also evaluated. In vivo studies of ECA109-bearing xenografts showed that rh-Endo improved the radioresponse, with normalization of tumor vasculature and a reduction in hypoxia. In vitro studies showed that rh-Endo did not radiosensitize ESCC cell lines but did affect endothelial cells with a time- and dose-dependent manner. Studies of the molecular mechanism indicated that the improved radioresponse might be due to crosstalk between cancer cells and endothelial cells involving HIF and VEGF expression. Our data suggest that rh-Endo may be a potential anti-angiogenic agent in ESCC especially when combined with RT. The improved radioresponse arises from normalization of tumor vasculature and a reduction in hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuqiong Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liangliang Zhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuehua Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xifa Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sheridan C, Downward J. Overview of KRAS-Driven Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 70:14.35.1-14.35.16. [PMID: 26331885 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1435s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
KRAS, the most frequently mutated oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer, has been utilized extensively to model human lung adenocarcinomas. The results from such studies have enhanced considerably an understanding of the relationship between KRAS and the development of lung cancer. Detailed in this overview are the features of various KRAS-driven genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of non-small cell lung cancer, their utilization, and the potential of these models for the study of lung cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Sheridan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Downward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Cancer Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Haas-Kogan DA, Raleigh DR, Dicker AP. Toward an improved understanding of the ionizing radiation induced DNA damage/response networks in human malignancies. Front Oncol 2014; 4:335. [PMID: 25538888 PMCID: PMC4255519 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Adam Paul Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Image-guided radiotherapy platform using single nodule conditional lung cancer mouse models. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5870. [PMID: 25519892 PMCID: PMC4271540 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Close resemblance of murine and human trials is essential to achieve the best predictive value of animal-based translational cancer research. Kras-driven genetically engineered mouse models of non-small-cell lung cancer faithfully predict the response of human lung cancers to systemic chemotherapy. Owing to development of multifocal disease, however, these models have not been usable in studies of outcomes following focal radiotherapy (RT). We report the development of a preclinical platform to deliver state-of-the-art image-guided RT in these models. Presence of a single tumour as usually diagnosed in patients is modelled by confined injection of adenoviral Cre recombinase. Furthermore, three-dimensional conformal planning and state-of-the-art image-guided dose delivery are performed as in humans. We evaluate treatment efficacies of two different radiation regimens and find that Kras-driven tumours can temporarily be stabilized upon RT, whereas additional loss of either Lkb1 or p53 renders these lesions less responsive to RT.
Collapse
|
23
|
Text mining and network analysis of molecular interaction in non-small cell lung cancer by using natural language processing. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:8071-9. [PMID: 25205120 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors with high incidence and low survival rate. The typical NSCLC patients account for 80-85 % of the total lung cancer patients. To systemically explore the molecular mechanisms of NSCLC, we performed a molecular network analysis between human and mouse to identify key genes (pathways) involved in the occurrence of NSCLC. We automatically extracted the human-to-mouse orthologous interactions using the GeneWays system by natural language processing and further constructed molecular (gene and its products) networks by mapping the human-to-mouse interactions to NSCLC-related mammalian phenotypes, followed by module analysis using ClusterONE of Cytoscape and pathway enrichment analysis using the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) successively. A total of 70 genes were proven to be related to the mammalian phenotypes of NSCLC, and seven genes (ATAD5, BECN1, CDKN2A, FNTB, E2F1, KRAS and PTEN) were found to have a bearing on more than one mammalian phenotype (MP) each. Four network clusters centered by four genes thyroglobulin (TG), neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1 ), neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2 ) and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) were generated. Genes in the four network modules were enriched in eight KEGG pathways (p value < 0.05), including pathways in cancer, small cell lung cancer, cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. Genes p53 and E2F1 may play important roles in NSCLC occurrence, and thus can be considered as therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hayes SA, Hudson AL, Clarke SJ, Molloy MP, Howell VM. From mice to men: GEMMs as trial patients for new NSCLC therapies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 27:118-27. [PMID: 24718320 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Given the large socio-economic burden of cancer, there is an urgent need for in vivo animal cancer models that can provide a rationale for personalised therapeutic regimens that are translatable to the clinic. Recent developments in establishing mouse models that closely resemble human lung cancers involve the application of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) for use in drug efficacy studies or to guide patient therapy. Here, we review recent applications of GEMMs in non-small cell lung cancer research for drug development and their potential in aiding biomarker discovery and understanding of biological mechanisms behind clinical outcomes and drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hayes
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda L Hudson
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Clarke
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Viive M Howell
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Klement RJ, Allgäuer M, Appold S, Dieckmann K, Ernst I, Ganswindt U, Holy R, Nestle U, Nevinny-Stickel M, Semrau S, Sterzing F, Wittig A, Andratschke N, Guckenberger M. Support Vector Machine-Based Prediction of Local Tumor Control After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88:732-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
26
|
Zhong R, Pytynia M, Pelizzari C, Spiotto M. Bioluminescent imaging of HPV-positive oral tumor growth and its response to image-guided radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2073-81. [PMID: 24525739 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment paradigms for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) are changing due to the emergence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated tumors possessing distinct molecular profiles and responses to therapy. Although patients with HNSCCs are often treated with radiotherapy, preclinical models are limited by the ability to deliver precise radiation to orthotopic tumors and to monitor treatment responses accordingly. To better model this clinical scenario, we developed a novel autochthonous HPV-positive oral tumor model to track responses to small molecules and image-guided radiation. We used a tamoxifen-regulated Cre recombinase system to conditionally express the HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 as well as a luciferase reporter (iHPV-Luc) in the epithelial cells of transgenic mice. In the presence of activated Cre recombinase, luciferase activity, and by proxy, HPV oncogenes were induced to 11-fold higher levels. In triple transgenic mice containing the iHPV-Luc, K14-CreER(tam), and LSL-Kras transgenes, tamoxifen treatment resulted in oral tumor development with increased bioluminescent activity within 6 days that reached a maximum of 74.8-fold higher bioluminescence compared with uninduced mice. Oral tumors expressed p16 and MCM7, two biomarkers associated with HPV-positive tumors. After treatment with rapamycin or image-guided radiotherapy, tumors regressed and possessed decreased bioluminescence. Thus, this novel system enables us to rapidly visualize HPV-positive tumor growth to model existing and new interventions using clinically relevant drugs and radiotherapy techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhong
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Herfindal L, Myhren L, Gjertsen BT, Døskeland SO, Gausdal G. Functional p53 is required for rapid restoration of daunorubicin-induced lesions of the spleen. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:341. [PMID: 23841896 PMCID: PMC3710475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour suppressor and transcription factor p53 is a major determinant of the therapeutic response to anthracyclines. In healthy tissue, p53 is also considered pivotal for side effects of anthracycline treatment such as lesions in haematopoietic tissues like the spleen. We used a Trp53null mouse to explore the significance of p53 in anthracycline (daunorubicin) induced lesions in the spleen. METHODS Mice with wild type or deleted Trp53 were treated with the daunorubicin (DNR) for three consecutive days. Spleens were collected at various time points after treatment, and examined for signs of chemotherapy-related lesions by microscopic analysis of haematoxylin-eosin or tunel-stained paraffin sections. Expression of death-inducing proteins was analysed by immunoblotting. Changes between Trp53 wild type and null mice were compared by t-tests. RESULTS Signs of cell death (pyknotic nuclei and tunel-positive cells) in the white pulp of the spleen occurred earlier following DNR exposure in wt-mice compared to Trp53-null mice. While the spleen of wt-mice recovered to normal morphology, the spleen of the Trp53-null animals still had lesions with large necrotic areas and disorganised histologic appearance eight days after treatment. Immunoblotting showed that only Trp53-wt mice had significant increase in p21 after DNR treatment. However, both wt and null mice had elevated p63 levels following DNR exposure. CONCLUSIONS p53 protects against severe and enduring cellular damage of the spleen parenchyma after DNR treatment, and initial DNR-induced apoptosis is not predictive of tissue lesions in the spleen. Our data indicate that p53 induction following DNR treatment serves to protect rather than to destroy normal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Herfindal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|