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Muthumanickam S, Ramachandran B, Jeyakanthan J, Jegatheswaran S, Pandi B. Designing a novel drug-drug conjugate as a prodrug for breast cancer therapy: in silico insights. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10886-w. [PMID: 38833125 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) poses a significant global health threat, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. The ribosomal s6 kinase 2 (RSK2) has emerged as a promising target due to its roles in cell proliferation and survival. This study proposes a drug-drug conjugate prodrug comprising Methotrexate (hydrophobic) and Capecitabine (hydrophilic) for BC treatment. In silico approaches, including Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, MM-PBSA, ADME, and DFT calculations were employed to evaluate the prodrug's potential. The designed MET-CAP ligand exhibits a robust docking score (-8.980 kcal/mol), superior binding affinity (-53.16 kcal/mol), and stable dynamic behavior (0.62 nm) compared to native ligands. The DFT results reveal intramolecular charge transfer in MET-CAP (HLG = 0.09 eV), indicating its potential as a BC inhibitor. ADME analysis suggests satisfactory pharmaceutically relevant properties. The results indicate that the conjugated MET-CAP ligand exhibits favorable binding characteristics, stability, and pharmaceutically relevant properties, making it a potential RSK2 inhibitor for BC therapy. The multifaceted approach provides insights into binding interactions, stability, and pharmacokinetic properties, laying the foundation for further experimental validation and potential clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balajee Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Technical and Medical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600 077, India
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | | | - Boomi Pandi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Jeung D, Lee GE, Chen W, Byun J, Nam SB, Park YM, Lee HS, Kang HC, Lee JY, Kim KD, Hong YS, Lee CJ, Kim DJ, Cho YY. Ribosomal S6 kinase 2-forkhead box protein O4 signaling pathway plays an essential role in melanogenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9440. [PMID: 38658799 PMCID: PMC11043394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have examined the signaling pathway involved in melanogenesis through which ultraviolet (UV) or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α-MSH) stimuli act as key inducers to produce melanin at the stratum basal layer of the epidermis, the signaling pathway regulating melanogenesis is still controversial. This study reports that α-MSH, not UVA and UVB, acted as a major stimulus of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Signaling pathway analysis using gene knockdown technology and chemical inhibitors, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) played an important role in melanogenesis. Unexpectedly, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, increased melanogenesis without UV or α-MSH stimulation, suggesting that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may not be a major signaling pathway for melanogenesis. Chemical inhibition of the MEKs/ERKs/RSK2 signaling pathway using U0126 or BI-D1870 suppressed melanogenesis by stimulation of UVA or α-MSH stimulation, or both. In particular, the genetic depletion of RSK2 or constitutive active (CA)-RSK2 overexpression showed that RSK2 plays a key role in melanogenesis. Interestingly, forkhead box protein O4 (FOXO4) was phosphorylated by RSK2, resulting in the increase of FOXO4's transactivation activity. Notably, the FOXO4 mutant harboring serine-to-alanine replacement at the phosphorylation sites totally abrogated the transactivation activity and reduced melanin production, indicating that RSK2-mediated FOXO4 activity plays a key role in melanogenesis. Furthermore, kaempferol, a flavonoid inhibiting the RSK2 activity, suppressed melanogenesis. In addition, FOXO4-wt overexpression showed that FOXO4 enhance melanin synthesis. Overall, the RSK2-FOXO4 signaling pathway plays a key role in modulating melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyun Jeung
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Weidong Chen
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Jiin Byun
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Soo-Bin Nam
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Min Park
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chongbuk, 28116, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Lee
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, MBMRF, 1.410, 5300, North L St., McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea.
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Lee GE, Bang G, Byun J, Lee CJ, Chen W, Jeung D, An HJ, Kang HC, Lee JY, Lee HS, Hong YS, Kim DJ, Keniry M, Kim JY, Choi JS, Fanto M, Cho SJ, Kim KD, Cho YY. Dysregulated CREB3 cleavage at the nuclear membrane induces karyoptosis-mediated cell death. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:686-699. [PMID: 38480902 PMCID: PMC10985101 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often exhibit resistance to apoptotic cell death, but they may be vulnerable to other types of cell death. Elucidating additional mechanisms that govern cancer cell death is crucial for developing new therapies. Our research identified cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 (CREB3) as a crucial regulator and initiator of a unique cell death mechanism known as karyoptosis. This process is characterized by nuclear shrinkage, deformation, and the loss of nuclear components following nuclear membrane rupture. We found that the N-terminal domain (aa 1-230) of full-length CREB3 (CREB3-FL), which is anchored to the nuclear inner membrane (INM), interacts with lamins and chromatin DNA. This interaction maintains a balance between the outward force exerted by tightly packed DNA and the inward constraining force, thereby preserving INM integrity. Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, aberrant cleavage of CREB3-FL at the INM leads to abnormal accumulation of the cleaved form of CREB3 (CREB3-CF). This accumulation disrupts the attachment of CREB3-FL to the INM, resulting in sudden rupture of the nuclear membrane and the onset of karyoptosis. Proteomic studies revealed that CREB3-CF overexpression induces a DNA damage response akin to that caused by UVB irradiation, which is associated with cellular senescence in cancer cells. These findings demonstrated that the dysregulation of CREB3-FL cleavage is a key factor in karyoptotic cell death. Consequently, these findings suggest new therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment that exploit the process of karyoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Eun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- BK21-4th, and RCD Control∙Material Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Geul Bang
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiin Byun
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- BK21-4th, and RCD Control∙Material Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Weidong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- BK21-4th, and RCD Control∙Material Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Jeung
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- BK21-4th, and RCD Control∙Material Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung An
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- BK21-4th, and RCD Control∙Material Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- BK21-4th, and RCD Control∙Material Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
- BK21-4th, and RCD Control∙Material Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Megan Keniry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Choi
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Manolis Fanto
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Sung-Jun Cho
- University of Minnesota, Department of Medicine, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 284, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kwang-Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 four), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- BK21-4th, and RCD Control∙Material Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang X, Zheng G, Gao S, Zhou F, Pan T, Shi Q, Li J, Zhang X, Huang Z, Quan X. Synthesis and anti-tumor activity evaluation of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide derivatives with phenyl sulfonamide groups as potent RSK2 inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14376. [PMID: 37852922 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome S6 Protein Kinase 2 (RSK2) is involved in many signal pathways such as cell growth, proliferation, survival and migration in tumors. Also, RSK2 can phosphorylate YB-1, which induces the expression of tumor initiating cells, leading to poor prognosis of triple negative breast cancer. Herein, phenyl sulfonamide was introduced to a series of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide derivatives to obtain novel RSK2 inhibitors which were evaluated RSK2 inhibitory activity and proliferation inhibitory activity against MDA-MB-468. The newly introduced sulfonamide group was observed to form a hydrogen bond with target residue LEU-74 which played crucial role in activity. The results showed that most of compounds exhibited RSK2 enzyme inhibitory with IC50 up to 1.7 nM. Compound B1 exhibited the strongest MDA-MB-468 cell anti-proliferation activity (IC50 = 0.13 μM). The in vivo tumor growth inhibitory activities were evaluated with compounds B1-B3 in MDA-MB-468 xenograft model which gave up to 54.6% of TGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guochuang Zheng
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shang Gao
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Pan
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiqi Shi
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiani Li
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Quan
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Lubomirov LT, Mantke R, Enzmann T, Metzler D, Korotkova T, Hescheler J, Pfitzer G, Grisk O. ROK and RSK2-kinase pathways differ between senescent human renal and mesenteric arteries. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1201-1214. [PMID: 37115907 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small arteries from different organs vary with regard to the mechanisms that regulate vasoconstriction. This study investigated the impact of advanced age on the regulation of vasoconstriction in isolated human small arteries from kidney cortex and periintestinal mesenteric tissue. METHODS Renal and mesenteric tissues were obtained from patients (mean age 71 ± 9 years) undergoing elective surgery. Furthermore, intrarenal and mesenteric arteries from young and aged mice were studied. Arteries were investigated by small vessel myography and western blot. RESULTS Human intrarenal arteries (h-RA) showed higher stretch-induced tone and higher reactivity to α 1 adrenergic receptor stimulation than human mesenteric arteries (h-MA). Rho-kinase (ROK) inhibition resulted in a greater decrease in Ca 2+ and depolarization-induced tone in h-RA than in h-MA. Basal and α 1 adrenergic receptor stimulation-induced phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin (MLC 20 ) was higher in h-RA than in h-MA. This was associated with higher ROK-dependent phosphorylation of the regulatory subunit of myosin light-chain-phosphatase (MLCP), MYPT1-T853. In h-RA phosphorylation of ribosomal S6-kinase II (RSK2-S227) was significantly higher than in h-MA. Stretch-induced tone and RSK2 phosphorylation was also higher in interlobar arteries (m-IAs) from aged mice than in respective vessels from young mice and in murine mesenteric arteries (m-MA) from both age groups. CONCLUSION Vasoconstriction in human intrarenal arteries shows a greater ROK-dependence than in mesenteric arteries. Activation of RSK2 may contribute to intrarenal artery tone dysregulation associated with aging. Compared with h-RA, h-MA undergo age-related remodeling leading to a reduction of the contractile response to α 1 adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir T Lubomirov
- Institute of Physiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology
- Research cluster, Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | - René Mantke
- General and Visceral Surgery Clinic
- Faculty of Health Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Thomas Enzmann
- Urology and Children Urology Clinic, University Clinics Brandenburg an der Havel
| | | | | | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne
| | | | - Olaf Grisk
- Institute of Physiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin
- Research cluster, Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Diseases
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Lucia Ruiz Benitez M, Severo Sabedra Sousa F, Peter Furtado I, Carlos Rodrigues Junior J, Victoria Mascarenhas Borba M, Vieira Segatto N, Tabarelli G, Klein Couto G, Júlia Damé Fonseca Paschoal M, Silveira Pacheco B, E. D. Rodrigues O, Collares T, Kömmling Seixas F. Chiral β‐arylchalcogenium azide induce apoptosis and regulate Oxidative Damage on Human Bladder Cancer Cells. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lucia Ruiz Benitez
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences Universidad Simón Bolívar Barranquilla Colombia
| | - Fernanda Severo Sabedra Sousa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Izadora Peter Furtado
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - João Carlos Rodrigues Junior
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Msc. Victoria Mascarenhas Borba
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Natália Vieira Segatto
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Greice Tabarelli
- LabSelen-NanoBio - Chemistry Department Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Gabriela Klein Couto
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Msc. Júlia Damé Fonseca Paschoal
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Bruna Silveira Pacheco
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Oscar E. D. Rodrigues
- LabSelen-NanoBio - Chemistry Department Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kömmling Seixas
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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Li J, Lin J, Huang S, Li M, Yu W, Zhao Y, Guo J, Zhang P, Huang X, Qiao Y. Functional Phosphoproteomics in Cancer Chemoresistance Using CRISPR-Mediated Base Editors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200717. [PMID: 36045417 PMCID: PMC9596822 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of targeted protein kinases is an effective therapeutic approach for treatment of human malignancies, which interferes phosphorylation of cellular substrates. However, a drug-imposed selection creates pressures for tumor cells to acquire chemoresistance-conferring mutations or activating alternative pathways, which can bypass the inhibitory effects of kinase inhibitors. Thus, identifying downstream phospho-substrates conferring drug resistance is of great importance for developing poly-pharmacological and targeted therapies. To identify functional phosphorylation sites involved in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance during its treatment of colorectal cancer cells, CRISPR-mediated cytosine base editor (CBE) and adenine base editor (ABE) are utilized for functional screens by mutating phosphorylated amino acids with two libraries specifically targeting 7779 and 10 149 phosphorylation sites. Among the top enriched gRNAs-induced gain-of-function mutants, the target genes are involved in cell cycle and post-translational covalent modifications. Moreover, several substrates of RSK2 and PAK4 kinases are discovered as main effectors in responding to 5-FU chemotherapy, and combinational treatment of colorectal cancer cells with 5-FU and RSK2 inhibitor or PAK4 inhibitor can largely inhibit cell growth and enhance cell apoptosis through a RSK2/TP53BP1/γ-H2AX phosphorylation signaling axis. It is proposed that this screen approach can be used for functional phosphoproteomics in chemotherapy of various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- Zhejiang LabHangzhouZhejiang311121China
| | - Jianxiang Lin
- Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200125China
- Shanghai Institute of Precision MedicineShanghai200125China
| | | | - Min Li
- Precise Genome Engineering CenterSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Wenxia Yu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Precise Genome Engineering CenterSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Junfan Guo
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Pumin Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospitaland Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310029China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospitaland Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310029China
| | - Yunbo Qiao
- Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200125China
- Shanghai Institute of Precision MedicineShanghai200125China
- Precise Genome Engineering CenterSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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Gene Profiling of a 3D Psoriatic Skin Model Enriched in T Cells: Downregulation of PTPRM Promotes Keratinocyte Proliferation through Excessive ERK1/2 Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182904. [PMID: 36139479 PMCID: PMC9497242 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex, immune-mediated skin disease involving a wide range of epithelial and immune cells. The underlying mechanisms that govern the epidermal defects and immunological dysfunction observed in this condition remain largely unknown. In recent years, the emergence of new, more sophisticated models has allowed the evolution of our knowledge of the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The development of psoriatic skin biomaterials that more closely mimic native psoriatic skin provides advanced preclinical models that will prove relevant in predicting clinical outcomes. In this study, we used a tissue-engineered, two-layered (dermis and epidermis) human skin substitute enriched in T cells as a biomaterial to study both the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in psoriasis’ pathogenesis. Gene profiling on microarrays revealed significant changes in the profile of genes expressed by the psoriatic skin substitutes compared with the healthy ones. Two genes, namely, PTPRM and NELL2, whose products influence the ERK1/2 signaling pathway have been identified as being deregulated in psoriatic substitutes. Deregulation of these genes supports excessive activation of the ERK1/2 pathway in psoriatic skin substitutes. Most importantly, electrophoresis mobility shift assays provided evidence that the DNA-binding properties of two downstream nuclear targets of ERK1/2, both the NF-κB and Sp1 transcription factors, are increased under psoriatic conditions. Moreover, the results obtained with the inhibition of RSK, a downstream effector of ERK1/2, supported the therapeutic potential of inhibiting this signaling pathway for psoriasis treatment. In conclusion, this two-layered human psoriatic skin substitute enriched in T cells may prove particularly useful in deciphering the mechanistic details of psoriatic pathogenesis and provide a relevant biomaterial for the study of potential therapeutic targets.
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Li Y, Yu P, Long J, Tang L, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Cao D, Su J, Chen X, Peng C. A novel ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 inhibitor attenuates the malignant phenotype of cutaneous malignant melanoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13555-13570. [PMID: 36700473 PMCID: PMC9275999 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2080364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly life-threatening tumor causing the majority of the cutaneous cancer-related deaths. Previously, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 (RSK2), the downstream effector of the MAPK pathway, represents a therapeutic target in melanoma. AE007 is discovered as a targeted RSK2 inhibitor, and subsequent results showed that AE007 inhibits RSK2 by directly binding to its protein kinase domain. AE007 causes cell cycle arrest and cellular apoptosis, thereby dramatically inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. Nevertheless, melanocytes and keratinocytes are not affected by this compound. In addition, suppression of RSK2 abrogates the inhibitory effect of AE007 on melanoma cell proliferation. AE007 treatment significantly inhibits the expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin B1, CDK2, and Bcl-2, while raises the cleavage of PARP. Moreover, RNA sequencing results show that AE007 treatment can affect the genes expression profile, including the expression of cell cycle and DNA replication genes. In conclusion, AE007 is a promising melanoma therapeutic agent by targeting RSK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Long
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - DongSheng Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiang Chen Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,CONTACT Cong Peng Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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10
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Zheng K, Yao S, Yao W, Li Q, Wang Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Xiong H, Yuan X, Wang Y, Zou Y, Xiong H. Association Between RSK2 and Clinical Indexes of Primary Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis Based on mRNA Microarray Data. Front Genet 2021; 12:770134. [PMID: 34790230 PMCID: PMC8591226 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.770134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although ribosomal protein S6 kinases, 90 kDa, polypeptide 3 (RSK2, RPS6KA3) has been reported to play an important role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, including breast cancer, its clinical implication in primary breast cancer patients is not well understood, and there were not many studies to explore the relationship between RSK2 and breast cancer on a clinical level. Methods: A systematic series matrix file search uploaded from January 1, 2008 to November 31, 2017 was undertaken using ArrayExpress and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Search filters were breast cancer, RNA assay, and array assay. Files eligible for inclusion met the following criteria: a) sample capacity is over 100, b) tumor sample comes from unselected patient’s primary breast tumor tissue, and c) expression of RSK2 and any clinical parameters of patients were available from the files. We use median as the cutoff value to assess the association between the expression of RSK2 and the clinical indexes of breast cancer patients. Finding: The meta-analysis identified 13 series matrix files from GEO database involving 3,122 samples that come from patients’ primary breast cancer tissue or normal tissue. The expression of RSK2 in tumor tissues is lower than that in normal tissues [odds ratio (OR), 0.54; 95% credible interval (CI), 0.44–0.67; Cochran’s Q test p = 0.14; I2 = 41.7%]. Patients with a high expression of RSK2 showed more favorable overall survival [hazard ratio (HR), 0.71; 95% CI, 0.49–0.94; Cochran’s Q test p = 0.95; I2 = 0.0%] and less potential of distant metastasis (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41–0.87; Cochran’s Q test p = 0.88; I2 = 0.0%) and lymph node infiltration (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.65–0.998; Cochran’s Q test p = 0.09; I2 = 42.8%). Besides, the expression of RSK2 in luminal breast cancer is lower than Cochran’s Q test p = 0.06; I2 = 63.5%). RSK2 overexpression corresponded with higher histological grade (OR, 1.329; 95% CI, 1.03–1.721; Cochran’s Q test p = 0.69; I2 = 0.0%). RSK2 expression is also associated with estrogen receptor (ER) and age. Conclusion: The meta-analysis provides evidence that RSK2 is a potential biomarker in breast cancer patients. The expression of RSK2 is distinctive in different intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer, indicating that it may play an important role in specific breast cancer. Further study is needed to uncover the mechanism of RSK2 in breast cancer. Systematic Review Registration: (website), identifier (registration number).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Yao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianxia Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuqiong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihua Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yanmei Zou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Lee CJ, Lee GE, An HJ, Cho ES, Chen W, Lee JY, Kang HC, Lee HS, Cho YY. F-box Protein βTrCP1 Is a Substrate of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 2. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:174-182. [PMID: 34703820 PMCID: PMC8511579 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
F-box proteins, consisting of 69 members which are organized into the three subclasses FBXW, FBXL, and FBXO, are the substrate specific recognition subunits of the SKP1-Cullin 1-F-box protein E3 ligase complex. Although βTrCP 1 and 2, members of the FBXW subfamily, are known to regulate some protein stability, molecular mechanisms by which these proteins can recognize proper substrates are unknown. In this study, it was found that βTrCP1 showed strong interaction with members of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Although extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 3, p38β, and p38δ showed weak interactions, ERK2 specifically interacted with βTrCP1 as assessed by immunoprecipitation. In interaction domain determination experiments, we found that ERK2 interacted with two independent ERK docking sites located in the F-box domain and linker domain, but not the WD40 domain, of βTrCP1. Notably, mutations of βTrCP1 at the ERK docking sites abolished the interaction with ERK2. βTrCP1 underwent phosphorylation by EGF stimulation, while the presence of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases inhibitor U0126, genetic silencing by sh-ERK2, and mutation of the ERK docking site of βTrCP1 inhibited phosphorylation. This inhibition of βTrCP1 phosphorylation resulted in a shortened half-life and low protein levels. These results suggest that ERK2-mediated βTrCP1 phosphorylation may induce the destabilization of βTrCP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Jung Lee
- BRL & BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea.,Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- BRL & BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung An
- BRL & BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Eun Suh Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- BRL & BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BRL & BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- BRL & BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BRL & BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BRL & BK21-4th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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12
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Zhang X, Cai L, Zhao S, Long J, Li J, Wu L, Su J, Zhang J, Tao J, Zhou J, Chen X, Peng C. CX-F9, a novel RSK2 inhibitor, suppresses cutaneous melanoma cells proliferation and metastasis through regulating autophagy. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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RSK2-Mediated ELK3 Activation Enhances Cell Transformation and Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Regulation of c-fos Promoter Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081994. [PMID: 31018569 PMCID: PMC6515335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2), regulated by Ras/Raf/MEKs/ERKs, transmits upstream activation signals to downstream substrates including kinases and transcription and epigenetic factors. We observed that ELK members, including ELK1, 3, and 4, highly interacted with RSK2. We further observed that the RSK2-ELK3 interaction was mediated by N-terminal kinase and linker domains of RSK2, and the D and C domains of ELK3, resulting in the phosphorylation of ELK3. Importantly, RSK2-mediated ELK3 enhanced c-fos promoter activity. Notably, chemical inhibition of RSK2 signaling using kaempferol (a RSK2 inhibitor) or U0126 (a selective MEK inhibitor) suppressed EGF-induced c-fos promoter activity. Moreover, functional deletion of RSK2 by knockdown or knockout showed that RSK2 deficiency suppressed EGF-induced c-fos promoter activity, resulting in inhibition of AP-1 transactivation activity and Ras-mediated foci formation in NIH3T3 cells. Immunocytofluorescence assay demonstrated that RSK2 deficiency reduced ELK3 localization in the nucleus. In MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, knockdown of RSK2 or ELK3 suppressed cell proliferation with accumulation at the G1 cell cycle phase, resulting in inhibition of foci formation and anchorage-independent cancer colony growth in soft agar. Taken together, these results indicate that a novel RSK2/ELK3 signaling axis, by enhancing c-Fos-mediated AP-1 transactivation activity, has an essential role in cancer cell proliferation and colony growth.
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14
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Yu S, Du Z, Dong C, Ren J. In situ study of RSK2 kinase activity in a single living cell by combining single molecule spectroscopy with activity-based probes. Analyst 2019; 144:3756-3764. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00178f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FCS with the ABP strategy is a very promising method for studying endogenous protein kinases in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrong Yu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Zhixue Du
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Chaoqing Dong
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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15
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Wang L, Wang X, Chen H, Zu X, Ma F, Liu K, Bode AM, Dong Z, Kim DJ. Gossypin inhibits gastric cancer growth by direct targeting of AURKA and RSK2. Phytother Res 2018; 33:640-650. [PMID: 30536456 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gossypin is a flavone extracted from Hibiscus vitifolius, which has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. However, the anticancer properties of gossypin and its molecular mechanism of action against gastric cancer have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we report that gossypin is an Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and RSK2 inhibitor that suppresses gastric cancer growth. Gossypin attenuated anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent gastric cancer cell growth as well as cell migration. Based on the results of in vitro screening and cell-based assays, gossypin directly binds to and inhibits AURKA and RSK2 activities and their downstream signaling proteins. Gossypin decreased S phase and increased G2/M phase cell cycle arrest by reducing the expression of cyclin A2 and cyclin B1 and the phosphorylation of the CDC protein. Additionally, gossypin also induced intrinsic apoptosis by activating caspases and PARP and increasing the expression of cytochrome c. Our results demonstrate that gossypin is an AURKA and RSK2 inhibitor that could be useful for treating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Xueyin Zu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fayang Ma
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Zigang Dong
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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16
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Drozdova P, Lipaeva P, Rogoza T, Zhouravleva G, Bondarev S. Overproduction of Sch9 leads to its aggregation and cell elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193726. [PMID: 29494682 PMCID: PMC5832320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sch9 kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the major TOR pathway effectors and regulates diverse processes in the cell. Sch9 belongs to the AGC kinase family. In human, amplification of AGC kinase genes is connected with cancer. However, not much is known about the effects of Sch9 overproduction in yeast cells. To fill this gap, we developed a model system to monitor subcellular location and aggregation state of overproduced Sch9 or its regions fused to a fluorescent protein. With this system, we showed that Sch9-YFP forms detergent-resistant aggregates, and multiple protein regions are responsible for this. This finding corroborated the fact that Sch9-YFP is visualized as various fluorescent foci. In addition, we found that Sch9 overproduction caused cell elongation, and this effect was determined by its C-terminal region containing kinase domains. The constructs we present can be exploited to create superior yeast-based model systems to study processes behind kinase overproduction in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Drozdova
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Lipaeva
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana Rogoza
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Galina Zhouravleva
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- The Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav Bondarev
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- The Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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17
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RSK2 drives cell motility by serine phosphorylation of LARG and activation of Rho GTPases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E190-E199. [PMID: 29279389 PMCID: PMC5777029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708584115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is a dynamic process that requires the directed application of force and continuous coordinated changes in cell adhesion and cytoskeletal architecture often in response to extracellular stimuli. Here we have defined a mechanism by which RSK2 can promote cell migration and invasion in response to promotility stimuli. We show that in response to these signals RSK2 directly binds the RhoGEF LARG and phosphorylates it, thereby promoting LARG activation of RhoA GTPases. Moreover, we find that RSK2 is important for epidermal growth factor activation of Rho GTPases. These results advance our understanding of cell motility, RSK kinase function, and LARG/RhoA activation by revealing that these pathways are integrated and the precise mechanism by which that is accomplished. Directed migration is essential for cell motility in many processes, including development and cancer cell invasion. RSKs (p90 ribosomal S6 kinases) have emerged as central regulators of cell migration; however, the mechanisms mediating RSK-dependent motility remain incompletely understood. We have identified a unique signaling mechanism by which RSK2 promotes cell motility through leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG)-dependent Rho GTPase activation. RSK2 directly interacts with LARG and nucleotide-bound Rho isoforms, but not Rac1 or Cdc42. We further show that epidermal growth factor or FBS stimulation induces association of endogenous RSK2 with LARG and LARG with RhoA. In response to these stimuli, RSK2 phosphorylates LARG at Ser1288 and thereby activates RhoA. Phosphorylation of RSK2 at threonine 577 is essential for activation of LARG-RhoA. Moreover, RSK2-mediated motility signaling depends on RhoA and -B, but not RhoC. These results establish a unique RSK2-dependent LARG-RhoA signaling module as a central organizer of directed cell migration and invasion.
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18
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Cho YY. RSK2 and its binding partners in cell proliferation, transformation and cancer development. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 40:291-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Hafeez S, Urooj M, Saleem S, Gillani Z, Shaheen S, Qazi MH, Naseer MI, Iqbal Z, Ansari SA, Haque A, Asif M, Mir MA, Ali A, Pushparaj PN, Jamal MS, Rasool M. BAD, a Proapoptotic Protein, Escapes ERK/RSK Phosphorylation in Deguelin and siRNA-Treated HeLa Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145780. [PMID: 26745145 PMCID: PMC4706341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study has been undertaken to explore the therapeutic effects of deguelin and specific siRNAs in HeLa cells. The data provided clearly show the silencing of ERK 1/2 with siRNAs and inhibition of ERK1/2 with deguelin treatment in HeLa cells. Additionally, we are providing information that deguelin binds directly to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Mcl-1 in the hydrophobic grooves, thereby releasing BAD and BAX from dimerization with these proteins. This results in increased apoptotic activity through the intrinsic pathway involved in rupture of mitochondrial membrane and release of cytochrome C. Evidence for inhibition of ERK1/2 by deguelin and escape of BAD phosphorylation at serine 112 through ERK/RSK pathway has been further fortified by obtaining similar results by silencing ERK 1/2 each with specific siRNAs. Increase in BAD after treatment with deguelin or siRNAs has been interpreted to mean that deguelin acts through several alternative pathways and therefore can be used as effective therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Hafeez
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahwish Urooj
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shamiala Saleem
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Gillani
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Shaheen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Husain Qazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guards Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Ansari
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Absarul Haque
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Biotechnology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- College of Applied Medical Science, Al Majmaah University, Majmaah City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Ali
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Sarwar Jamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (MR); (MSJ)
| | - Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (MR); (MSJ)
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20
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Dash R, Uddin MMN, Hosen SZ, Rahim ZB, Dinar AM, Kabir MSH, Sultan RA, Islam A, Hossain MK. Molecular docking analysis of known flavonoids as duel COX-2 inhibitors in the context of cancer. Bioinformation 2015; 11:543-9. [PMID: 26770028 PMCID: PMC4702032 DOI: 10.6026/97320630011543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyzed synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and it associates with tumor growth, infiltration, and metastasis in preclinical experiments. Known inhibitors against COX-2 exhibit toxicity. Therefore, it is of interest to screen natural compounds like flavanoids against COX-2. Molecular docking using 12 known flavanoids against COX-2 by FlexX and of ArgusLab were performed. All compounds showed a favourable binding energy of >-10 KJ/mol in FlexX and > -8 kcal/mol in ArgusLab. However, this data requires in vitro and in vivo verification for further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Dash
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4000, Bangladesh
| | | | - S.M. Zahid Hosen
- Molecular Modeling & Drug Design Laboratory (MMDDL), Pharmacology Research
Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chittagong-4220, Bangladesh
| | - Zahed Bin Rahim
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4000, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Mansur Dinar
- Quality Control Operations, Square Pharmaceutical Ltd, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ramiz Ahmed Sultan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ashekul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamrul Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
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21
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Kim JE, Lee KW. Silkworm Thorn Stem Extract Targets RSK2 and Suppresses Solar UV-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25096-107. [PMID: 26506342 PMCID: PMC4632792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar UV (sUV) is associated with numerous human skin disorders, such as carcinogenesis, skin photoaging and skin inflammation. Silkworm Thorn (Cudraniatricuspidata, SW) is a plant belonging to the Moraceae family and widely present throughout Korea, China, and Japan. Most parts of the tree (including the fruit, leaf, stem, root, and bark) is consumable as a functional food or tea. In this study, we found that SW extract (SWE) inhibited the elevated expression of sUV-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 levels in both HaCaT and JB6 cells. Levels of nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1, two crucial transcription factors involved in COX-2 expression, were elevated by sUV treatment. Treatment with SWE abolished this activation. SWE also inhibited sUV-induced histone H3 phosphorylation. However, sUV-induced phosphorylation of Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase remained unchanged in the presence of SWE. SWE inhibited RSK2 activity, and pull-down assays using SWE-Sepharose beads revealed that SWE binds directly with RSK2 in an ATP-competitive manner. These results suggest a potential for SWE to be developed as a cosmeceutical material and functional food constituent for the promotion of skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea.
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea.
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22
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Abstract
RSK2 is a downstream signaling protein of ERK1 and ERK2 and plays a key role in physiological homeostasis. For this reason, RSK2 is a highly conserved protein among the p90RSK family members. In its location in the signaling pathway, RSK2 is a kinase just upstream of transcription and epigenetic factors, and a few kinases involved in cell cycle regulation and protein synthesis. Moreover, activation of RSK2 by growth factors is directly involved in cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell transformation and cancer development. Direct evidences regarding the etiological roles of RSK2 in cancer development in humans have been published by our research group illustrating that elevated total- and phospho-RSK2 protein levels mediated by ERK1 and ERK2 are higher in skin cancer tissues compared to normal skin tissues. Notably, it has been shown that RSK2 ectopic expression in JB6 Cl41 cells induces cell proliferation and anchorage- independent cell transformation. Importantly, knockdown of RSK2 suppresses Ras-mediated foci formation and anchorage-independent colony growth of cancer cells. Kaempferol is a one of the natural compounds showing selectivity in inhibiting RSK2 activity in epidermal growth factor-induced G1/S cell cycle transition and cell transformation. Thus, ERKs/RSK2 signaling axis is an important target signaling molecule in chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Cho
- University Honors Program, Twin Cities College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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23
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Crucial roles of RSK in cell motility by catalysing serine phosphorylation of EphA2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7679. [PMID: 26158630 PMCID: PMC4510653 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between inflammatory signalling pathways and receptor tyrosine kinases has been revealed as an indicator of cancer malignant progression. In the present study, we focus on EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase, which is overexpressed in many human cancers. It has been reported that ligand-independent phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser-897 is induced by Akt. We show that inflammatory cytokines promote RSK-, not Akt-, dependent phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser-897. In addition, the RSK-EphA2 signalling pathway controls cell migration and invasion of metastatic breast cancer cells. Moreover, Ser-897-phosphorylated EphA2 co-localizes with phosphorylated active form of RSK in various human tumour specimens, and this double positivity is related to poor survival in lung cancer patients, especially those with a smoking history. Taken together, these results indicate that the phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser-897 is controlled by RSK and the RSK-EphA2 axis might contribute to cell motility and promote tumour malignant progression.
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24
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Skin cancer and new treatment perspectives: A review. Cancer Lett 2015; 357:8-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Duan RB, Zhang L, Chen DF, Yang F, Yang JS, Yang WJ. Two p90 ribosomal S6 kinase isoforms are involved in the regulation of mitotic and meiotic arrest in Artemia. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16006-15. [PMID: 24755224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple isoforms of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), which regulate diverse cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, maturation, and motility. However, the relationship between the structures and functions of RSK isoforms remains undetermined. Artemia is a useful model in which to study cell cycle arrest because these animals undergo prolonged diapauses, a state of obligate dormancy. A novel RSK isoform was identified in Artemia, which was termed Ar-Rsk2. This isoform was compared with an RSK isoform that we previously identified in Artemia, termed Ar-Rsk1. Ar-Rsk2 has an ERK-docking motif, whereas Ar-Rsk1 does not. Western blot analysis revealed that Ar-Rsk1 was activated by phosphorylation, which blocked meiosis in oocytes. Knockdown of Ar-Rsk1 reduced the level of phosphorylated cdc2 and thereby suppressed cytostatic factor activity. This indicates that Ar-Rsk1 regulates the cytostatic factor in meiosis. Expression of Ar-Rsk2 was down-regulated in Artemia cysts in which mitosis was arrested. Knockdown of Ar-Rsk2 resulted in decreased levels of cyclin D3 and phosphorylated histone H3, and the production of pseudo-diapause cysts. This indicates that Ar-Rsk2 regulates mitotic arrest. PLK and ERK RNAi showed that Ar-Rsk2, but not Ar-Rsk1, could be activated by PLK-ERK in Artemia. This is the first study to report that RSK isoforms with and without an ERK-docking motif regulate mitosis and meiosis, respectively. This study provides insight into the relationship between the structures and functions of RSK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Bing Duan
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dian-Fu Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Fan Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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