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Shiner A, Sperandio RC, Naimi M, Emmenegger U. Prostate Cancer Liver Metastasis: An Ominous Metastatic Site in Need of Distinct Management Strategies. J Clin Med 2024; 13:734. [PMID: 38337427 PMCID: PMC10856097 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer liver metastasis (PCLM), seen in upwards of 25% of metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC) patients, is the most lethal site of mCRPC with a median overall survival of 10-14 months. Despite its ominous prognosis and anticipated rise in incidence due to longer survival with contemporary therapy, PCLM is understudied. This review aims to summarize the existing literature regarding the risk factors associated with the development of PCLM, and to identify areas warranting further research. A literature search was conducted through Ovid MEDLINE from 2000 to March 2023. Relevant subject headings and text words were used to capture the following concepts: "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Liver Neoplasms", and "Neoplasm Metastasis". Citation searching identified additional manuscripts. Forty-one studies were retained for detailed analysis. The clinical risk factors for visceral/liver metastasis included <70 years, ≥T3 tumor, N1 nodal stage, de novo metastasis, PSA >20 ng/mL, and a Gleason score >8. Additional risk factors comprised elevated serum AST, LDH or ALP, decreased Hb, genetic markers like RB1 and PTEN loss, PIK3CB and MYC amplification, as well as numerous PC treatments either acting directly or indirectly through inducing liver injury. Further research regarding predictive factors, early detection strategies, and targeted therapies for PCLM are critical for improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Shiner
- Division of Medical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (A.S.); (R.C.S.); (M.N.)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rubens Copia Sperandio
- Division of Medical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (A.S.); (R.C.S.); (M.N.)
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mahdi Naimi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (A.S.); (R.C.S.); (M.N.)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Urban Emmenegger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; (A.S.); (R.C.S.); (M.N.)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Dutta S, Bhattacharya S, Harris H, Islam R, Bodas S, Polavaram N, Mishra J, Das D, Seshacharyulu P, Kalluchi A, Pal A, Kohli M, Lele S, Muders M, Batra S, Ghosh P, Datta K, Rowley M. Understanding the role of Pax5 in development of taxane-resistant neuroendocrine like prostate cancers. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3464475. [PMID: 38168280 PMCID: PMC10760218 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3464475/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to the current Androgen Receptor Signaling Inhibitor (ARSI) therapies has led to higher incidences of therapy-induced neuroendocrine-like prostate cancer (t-NEPC). This highly aggressive subtype with predominant small cell-like characteristics is resistant to taxane chemotherapies and has a dismal overall survival. t-NEPCs are mostly treated with platinum-based drugs with a combination of etoposide or taxane and have less selectivity and high systemic toxicity, which often limit their clinical potential. During t-NEPC transformation, adenocarcinomas lose their luminal features and adopt neuro-basal characteristics. Whether the adaptive neuronal characteristics of t-NEPC are responsible for such taxane resistance remains unknown. Pathway analysis from patient gene-expression databases indicates that t-NEPC upregulates various neuronal pathways associated with enhanced cellular networks. To identify transcription factor(s) (TF) that could be important for promoting the gene expression for neuronal characters in t-NEPC, we performed ATAC-Seq, acetylated-histone ChIP-seq, and RNA-seq in our NE-like cell line models and analyzed the promoters of transcriptionally active and significantly enriched neuroendocrine-like (NE-like) cancer-specific genes. Our results indicate that Pax5 could be an important transcription factor for neuronal gene expression and specific to t-NEPC. Pathway analysis revealed that Pax5 expression is involved in axonal guidance, neurotransmitter regulation, and neuronal adhesion, which are critical for strong cellular communications. Further results suggest that depletion of Pax5 disrupts cellular interaction in NE-like cells and reduces surface growth factor receptor activation, thereby, sensitizing them to taxane therapies. Moreover, t-NEPC specific hydroxymethylation of Pax5 promoter CpG islands favors Pbx1 binding to induce Pax5 expression. Based on our study, we concluded that continuous exposure to ARSI therapies leads to epigenetic modifications and Pax5 activation in t-NEPC, which promotes the expression of genes necessary to adopt taxane-resistant NE-like cancer. Thus, targeting the Pax5 axis can be beneficial for reverting their taxane sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Muders
- Rudolf Becker Laboratory for Prostate Cancer Research, Center of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical Center
| | - Surinder Batra
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases
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Natani S, Ramakrishna M, Nallavolu T, Ummanni R. MicroRNA-147b induces neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells by targeting ribosomal protein RPS15A. Prostate 2023; 83:936-949. [PMID: 37069746 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in men, often androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) leads to the progression of androgen independent PCa (AIPC) which further leads to Neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC). Identifying the molecular mechanisms which navigate the neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of PCa cells is clinically relevant. It has been suggested that the micro RNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the regulation of intrinsic mechanisms relevant to tumor progression, resistance as a result leads to poor prognosis. miR-147b has been transpiring as one of the deregulated miRNAs associated with the occurrence of multiple cancers. The present study has studied the role of miRNA-147b in inducing NEPC. METHODS To investigate the functional role of miR-147b in NEPC, we have expressed miRNA mimics or inhibitors in PCa cells and monitored the progression of NEPC along with PCa cell proliferation and survival. The molecular mechanism miRNA-147b follows was studied using western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain analysis. miRNA target prediction using bioinformatics tools followed by target validation using luciferase reporter assays was performed. RESULTS In the present study, we found that miR-147b is highly expressed in AIPC cell lines in particular neuroendocrine cells NCI-H660 and NE-LNCaP derived from LNCaP. Mechanistic studies revealed that overexpression of miR-147b or miRNA mimics induced NED in LNCaP cells in in-vitro while its inhibitor reversed the NE features (increased NE markers and reduced prostate specific antigen) of PC3, NCI-H660 and NE-LNCaP cells. In addition, miR-147b reduced the proliferation rate of LNCaP cells via elevated p27kip1 and lowered cyclin D1 for promoting differentiation. In reporter assays, we have identified ribosomal protein S15A (RPS15A) is a direct target of miRNA-147b and RPS15A expression was negatively regulated by miR-147b in PCa cells. Furthermore, we also report that RPS15A is downregulated in NEPC cells and its expression is inversely correlated with NE markers. CONCLUSION Targeting the miR-147b - RPS15A axis may overcome the progression of NEPC and serve as a novel therapeutic target to attenuate NED progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Natani
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Maresha Ramakrishna
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Teja Nallavolu
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Ummanni
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Oseni SO, Naar C, Pavlović M, Asghar W, Hartmann JX, Fields GB, Esiobu N, Kumi-Diaka J. The Molecular Basis and Clinical Consequences of Chronic Inflammation in Prostatic Diseases: Prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, and Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3110. [PMID: 37370720 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is now recognized as one of the major risk factors and molecular hallmarks of chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which chronic inflammation signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of these prostate diseases are poorly understood. Previous efforts to therapeutically target the upstream (e.g., TLRs and IL1-Rs) and downstream (e.g., NF-κB subunits and cytokines) inflammatory signaling molecules in people with these conditions have been clinically ambiguous and unsatisfactory, hence fostering the recent paradigm shift towards unraveling and understanding the functional roles and clinical significance of the novel and relatively underexplored inflammatory molecules and pathways that could become potential therapeutic targets in managing prostatic diseases. In this review article, we exclusively discuss the causal and molecular drivers of prostatitis, BPH, and prostate tumorigenesis, as well as the potential impacts of microbiome dysbiosis and chronic inflammation in promoting prostate pathologies. We specifically focus on the importance of some of the underexplored druggable inflammatory molecules, by discussing how their aberrant signaling could promote prostate cancer (PCa) stemness, neuroendocrine differentiation, castration resistance, metabolic reprogramming, and immunosuppression. The potential contribution of the IL1R-TLR-IRAK-NF-κBs signaling molecules and NLR/inflammasomes in prostate pathologies, as well as the prospective benefits of selectively targeting the midstream molecules in the various inflammatory cascades, are also discussed. Though this review concentrates more on PCa, we envision that the information could be applied to other prostate diseases. In conclusion, we have underlined the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that may need to be targeted and/or further investigated to better understand the association between chronic inflammation and prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheed Oluwasina Oseni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Corey Naar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Mirjana Pavlović
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - James X Hartmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and I-HEALTH, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Nwadiuto Esiobu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - James Kumi-Diaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Teh S, Inn FX, Rizuana IH, WM WM. A rare case of prostate neuroendocrine tumor: A case report. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1009146. [PMID: 36263212 PMCID: PMC9574441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1009146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell prostate neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCPC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignant tumor. We present a case of a 52-year-old Iranian man, presenting with complaints of occasional gross hematuria and perineal pain for 6 months. PSA was 0.8 ng/ml. A digital rectal examination found a huge and hard prostate mass. He underwent a transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy of the prostate. Histopathology showed high-grade small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Immunohistochemical markers were positive for synaptophysin with a Ki67 index of almost 100%. However, CD56 and chromogranin A markers were negative. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate showed a prostate mass with invasion to the rectum, while contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis (CT TAP) ruled out metastasis. A multidisciplinary team discussion was carried out, and a decision was made for concurrent chemotherapy and radiation (cisplatin and etoposide for 4 cycles and 70 Gy, 35 fractions). There is a lack of consensus on the management of SCPC. The main modality of management in advanced (stage IV) disease is chemotherapy. It is a highly aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis and is not responsive to hormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxing Teh
- Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fam Xeng Inn
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Iqbal Hussain Rizuana
- Department of Radiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Muhaizan WM
- Department of Pathology, Sunway Medical Center, Sunway, Malaysia
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Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells Increase Prostate Cancer Cell Apoptosis in 3D Triculture Model of Reactive Stroma. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091271. [PMID: 36138750 PMCID: PMC9495890 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer (PCa) metastasizes preferentially to the bone marrow where it becomes difficult to treat. PCa cells in the bone marrow may survive, dormant and undetected for many years before patients eventually relapse with metastatic disease. Bone marrow is a complex tissue that initially is hostile to the PCa cells, Understanding how cancer cells survive in the bone marrow and what changes to the bone microenvironment permit them to switch to an actively growing state could offer new therapeutic strategies to combat metastatic PCa. In this study, we describe a method to culture PCa cells with two other cell types from the bone marrow, stromal cells and endothelial cells, as a way to study the interactions among these cell types. We found that factors produced by bone marrow endothelial cells, but not endothelial cells from other tissues, trigger PCa cells to either die or enter a dormant state, similar to what has been observed in patients when PCa cells initially colonize the bone marrow. Further analysis of the cell interactions within the culture model described in this study will offer increased understanding of PCa interaction with the bone marrow environment. Abstract The bone marrow tumor microenvironment (BMTE) is a complex network of cells, extracellular matrix, and sequestered signaling factors that initially act as a hostile environment for disseminating tumor cells (DTCs) from the cancerous prostate. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems offer an opportunity to better model these complex interactions in reactive stroma, providing contextual behaviors for cancer cells, stromal cells, and endothelial cells. Using a new system designed for the triculture of osteoblastic prostate cancer (PCa) cells, stromal cells, and microvascular endothelial cells, we uncovered a context-specific pro-apoptotic effect of endothelial cells of the bone marrow different from those derived from the lung or dermis. The paracrine nature of this effect was demonstrated by observations that conditioned medium from bone marrow endothelial cells, but not from dermal or lung endothelial cells, led to PCa cell death in microtumors grown in 3D BMTE-simulating hydrogels. Analysis of the phosphoproteome by reverse phase protein analysis (RPPA) of PCa cells treated with conditioned media from different endothelial cells identified the differential regulation of pathways involved in proliferation, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. The findings from the RPPA were validated by western blotting for representative signaling factors identified, including forkhead box M1 (FOXM1; proliferation factor), pRb (cell cycle regulator), and Smac/DIABLO (pro-apoptosis) among treatment conditions. The 3D model presented here thus presents an accurate model to study the influence of the reactive BMTE, including stromal and endothelial cells, on the adaptive behaviors of cancer cells modeling DTCs at sites of bone metastasis. These findings in 3D culture systems can lead to a better understanding of the real-time interactions among cells present in reactive stroma than is possible using animal models.
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Developing New Treatment Options for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Recurrent Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081872. [PMID: 36009418 PMCID: PMC9405166 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major diagnosed cancer among men globally, and about 20% of patients develop metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) in the initial diagnosis. PCa is a typical androgen-dependent disease; thus, hormonal therapy is commonly used as a standard care for mPCa by inhibiting androgen receptor (AR) activities, or androgen metabolism. Inevitably, almost all PCa will acquire resistance and become castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) that is associated with AR gene mutations or amplification, the presence of AR variants, loss of AR expression toward neuroendocrine phenotype, or other hormonal receptors. Treating CRPC poses a great challenge to clinicians. Research efforts in the last decade have come up with several new anti-androgen agents to prolong overall survival of CRPC patients. In addition, many potential targeting agents have been at the stage of being able to translate many preclinical discoveries into clinical practices. At this juncture, it is important to highlight the emerging strategies including small-molecule inhibitors to AR variants, DNA repair enzymes, cell survival pathway, neuroendocrine differentiation pathway, radiotherapy, CRPC-specific theranostics and immune therapy that are underway or have recently been completed.
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Lee C, Chen Y, Hernandez E, Pong R, Ma S, Hofstad M, Kapur P, Zhau H, Chung LWK, Lai C, Lin H, Lee M, Raj GV, Hsieh J. The central role of Sphingosine kinase 1 in the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC): A new targeted therapy of NEPC. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e695. [PMID: 35184376 PMCID: PMC8858611 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is often diagnosed as a sub‐type from the castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) recurred from the second generation of anti‐androgen treatment and is a rapidly progressive fatal disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the trans‐differentiation from CRPC to NEPC are not fully characterized, which hampers the development of effective targeted therapy. Methods Bioinformatic analyses were conducted to determine the clinical correlation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) in CRPC progression. To investigate the transcriptional regulation SphK1 and neuroendocrine (NE) transcription factor genes, both chromosome immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene assays were performed. To demonstrate the role of SphK1 in NEPC development, neurosphere assay was carried out along with several biomarkers determined by quantitative PCR and western blot. Furthermore, in vivo NEPC xenograft models and patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model were employed to determine the effect of SphK1 inhibitors and target validation. Results Significant prevalence of SphK1 in NEPC development is observed from clinical datasets. SphK1 is transcriptionally repressed by androgen receptor‐RE1‐silencing transcription factor (REST) complex. Furthermore, sphingosine 1‐phosphate produced by SphK1 can modulate REST protein turnover via MAPK signaling pathway. Also, decreased REST protein levels enhance the expression of NE markers in CRPC, enabling the transition to NEPC. Finally, specific SphK1 inhibitors can effectively inhibit the growth of NEPC tumors and block the REST protein degradation in PDX. Conclusions SphK1 plays a central role in NEPC development, which offers a new target for this lethal cancer using clinically approved SphK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Fan Lee
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐An Chen
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Rey‐Chen Pong
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Shihong Ma
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Mia Hofstad
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Payal Kapur
- Urology and Pathology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Haiyen Zhau
- Uro‐Oncology Research Department of Medicine Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Uro‐Oncology Research Department of Medicine Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
| | - Chih‐Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Jer‐Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
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Natani S, Sruthi KK, Asha SM, Khilar P, Lakshmi PSV, Ummanni R. Activation of TGF-β - SMAD2 signaling by IL-6 drives neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer through p38MAPK. Cell Signal 2022; 91:110240. [PMID: 34986386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive, androgen independent PCa and it is detected in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in PCa patients promotes neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). In this study, PCa cells were differentiated with IL-6 in in-vitro to identify novel targets or signaling pathways associated with emergence of NEPC on deprivation of androgens. From the results, we observed an activation of TGF-β signaling pathway is altered through multiple proteins in differentiated LNCaP cells. Hence, we investigated the role of TGF-β axis in PCa cells differentiation. LNCaP cells treated with IL-6 in androgens deprived media release excess TGF-β ligand and this as conditioned media added to cells stimulated NED of PCa cells. TGF-β released by IL-6 stimulated cells activate p38MAPK through SMAD2 thereby promote NED. Inhibition of TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII signaling activation in LNCaP cells treated with IL-6 did not reversed the NED of cells, possibly due to the reason that the inhibition of TGF-β axis is further activating p38MAPK through SMAD independent manner in PCa cells. However, siRNA mediated knock down or inhibition p38MAPK inactivated TGF-β - SMAD axis in differentiating cells and attenuated NED of LNCaP cells. This result suggests that p38MAPK is the central node for receiving IL-6 signals and promotes NED of LNCaP cells in androgens free media. Remarkably, downregulation or inhibition of p38MAPK in NCI-H660 reversed NED characteristics as well as markers along with inactivation of SMAD2 whereas no effect observed in WPMY-1 normal prostate cells. Taken together these findings unveil that p38MAPK and its upstream regulators are potential targets to overcome the progression of NED of PCa and develop novel therapeutic measures along ADT for effective treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Natani
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - K K Sruthi
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sakkarai Mohamed Asha
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Khilar
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pampana Sandhya Venkata Lakshmi
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramesh Ummanni
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Arman T, Nelson PS. Endocrine and paracrine characteristics of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1012005. [PMID: 36440195 PMCID: PMC9691667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy affecting men worldwide. While the vast majority of newly diagnosed prostate cancers are categorized as adenocarcinomas, a spectrum of uncommon tumor types occur including those with small cell and neuroendocrine cell features. Benign neuroendocrine cells exist in the normal prostate microenvironment, and these cells may give rise to primary neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, the more common development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer is observed after therapeutics designed to repress the signaling program regulated by the androgen receptor which is active in the majority of localized and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Neuroendocrine tumors are identified through immunohistochemical staining for common markers including chromogranin A/B, synaptophysin and neuron specific enolase (NSE). These markers are also common to neuroendocrine tumors that arise in other tissues and organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung and skin. Notably, neuroendocrine prostate cancer shares biochemical features with nerve cells, particularly functions involving the secretion of a variety of peptides and proteins. These secreted factors have the potential to exert local paracrine effects, and distant endocrine effects that may modulate tumor progression, invasion, and resistance to therapy. This review discusses the spectrum of factors derived from neuroendocrine prostate cancers and their potential to influence the pathophysiology of localized and metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarana Arman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter S. Nelson,
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Validation of SV2A-Targeted PET Imaging for Noninvasive Assessment of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313085. [PMID: 34884893 PMCID: PMC8657802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive and lethal variant of prostate cancer (PCa), and it remains a diagnostic challenge. Herein we report our findings of using synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 isoform A (SV2A) as a promising marker for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). The bioinformatic analyses revealed an amplified SV2A gene expression in clinical samples of NEPC versus castration-resistant PCa with adenocarcinoma characteristics (CRPC-Adeno). Importantly, significantly upregulated SV2A protein levels were found in both NEPC cell lines and tumor tissues. PET imaging studies were carried out in NEPC xenograft models with 18F-SynVesT-1. Although 18F-SynVesT-1 is not a cancer imaging agent, it showed a significant uptake level in the SV2A+ tumor (NCI-H660: 0.70 ± 0.14 %ID/g at 50–60 min p.i.). The SV2A blockade resulted in a significant reduction of tumor uptake (0.25 ± 0.03 %ID/g, p = 0.025), indicating the desired SV2A imaging specificity. Moreover, the comparative PET imaging study showed that the DU145 tumors could be clearly visualized by 18F-SynVesT-1 but not 68Ga-PSMA-11 nor 68Ga-DOTATATE, further validating the role of SV2A-targeted imaging for noninvasive assessment of NED in PCa. In conclusion, we demonstrated that SV2A, highly expressed in NEPC, can serve as a promising target for noninvasive imaging evaluation of NED.
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Mendieta I, Rodríguez-Nieto M, Nuñez-Anita RE, Menchaca-Arredondo JL, García-Alcocer G, Berumen LC. Ultrastructural changes associated to the neuroendocrine transdifferentiation of the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151797. [PMID: 34688180 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine transdifferentiation has been found in many cancer cell types, such as prostate, lung and gastrointestinal cells and is accompanied by a lower patient life expectancy. The transdifferentiation process has been induced in vitro by the exposure to different stimuli in human lung adenocarcinoma. The aim of this work was to identify the morphological characteristics of the neuroendocrine phenotype in a human lung cancer cell line, induced by two cAMP elevating agents (IBMX and FSK). Our results showed two phenotypes, one produced by IBMX with higher volume, cell size and increased number of secondary projections, and the other produced by FSK with higher area, roughness of the membrane, cell neurite percentage, number of outgrowths per cell and increased number of primary projections. In conclusion, we describe some morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the neuroendocrine phenotype in A549 human lung cancer cell line promoted by IBMX and FSK to contribute to the understanding of the autocrine or paracrine signaling within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irasema Mendieta
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas 76010, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Maricela Rodríguez-Nieto
- Instituto de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58060, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo, Tarímbaro Municipio de Morelia 58920, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Menchaca-Arredondo
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-Alcocer
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas 76010, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Laura Cristina Berumen
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas 76010, Querétaro, Mexico.
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13
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Erb HHH, Culig Z, Stope MB. IL-4 Counteracts the Cytotoxic Effects of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells on Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Cells. In Vivo 2021; 35:1973-1977. [PMID: 34182471 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Proinflammatory cytokines play an essential role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Especially interleukine (IL-)6 is involved in the development of aggressive PCa. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have been reported to interact with cancer cells and subsequently lead to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the role of anti-nflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 is still largely unexplored in prostate cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of IL-4 on PBMC co-cultured with PCa cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS PBMC were co-culured with the PCa cell lines LNCaP and LNCaP-IL6+. To avoid cell-cell contact, cancer and immune cells were separated using cell culture inserts with a 0.4 μm pore size membrane. Cell growth was assessed using the [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay. Cytokine levels were measured using a BD™Cytometric Bead Array. RESULTS Cell viability of LNCaP cells decreased massively when cells were co-cultured with PBMC. Pre-incubation with IL-4 could partly rescue the observed effect of cell viability of LNCaP cells co-cultured with PBMC. In contrast, cell viability of the LNCaP-IL6+ cell line was not affected when co-cultured with PBMC. CONCLUSION IL-4 counteracts the cytotoxic effects of PBMC on hormone-sensitive LNCaP cells and is involved in the immune escape and development of aggressive phenotypes of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger H H Erb
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,UroFors Consortium (Natural Scientists in Urological Research) of the German Society of Urology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias B Stope
- UroFors Consortium (Natural Scientists in Urological Research) of the German Society of Urology, Düsseldorf, Germany; .,Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Nagaya N, Lee GT, Lu Y, Ashizawa T, Nagata M, Kim IY, Horie S. Transcription factor 4 expression in circulating tumor cells from castration-resistant prostate cancer. IJU Case Rep 2021; 4:159-162. [PMID: 33977248 PMCID: PMC8088892 DOI: 10.1002/iju5.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroendocrine differentiation is partly caused by antiandrogen therapy and exhibits an androgen receptor-independent growth mechanism. We hypothesized that the expression of transcription factor 4, an inducer of neuroendocrine differentiation, in circulating tumor cells is related to drug resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. CASE PRESENTATION We evaluate the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of transcription factor 4 in circulating tumor cells from 17 patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and compared these levels between patients receiving antiandrogen therapies and those who were resistant to antiandrogen therapies and receiving chemotherapies. The expression of transcription factor 4 in circulating tumor cells was significantly higher among patients receiving chemotherapies. CONCLUSION This study shows that transcription factor 4 is higher in the group of patients who were judged by their physicians to need chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nagaya
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Section of Urologic OncologyRutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic OncologyRutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takeshi Ashizawa
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Masayoshi Nagata
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Isaac Yi Kim
- Section of Urologic OncologyRutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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Kaarijärvi R, Kaljunen H, Ketola K. Molecular and Functional Links between Neurodevelopmental Processes and Treatment-Induced Neuroendocrine Plasticity in Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040692. [PMID: 33572108 PMCID: PMC7915380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is a subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) which develops under prolonged androgen deprivation therapy. The mechanisms and pathways underlying the t-NEPC are still poorly understood and there are no effective treatments available. Here, we summarize the literature on the molecules and pathways contributing to neuroendocrine phenotype in prostate cancer in the context of their known cellular neurodevelopmental processes. We also discuss the role of tumor microenvironment in neuroendocrine plasticity, future directions, and therapeutic options under clinical investigation for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Abstract Neuroendocrine plasticity and treatment-induced neuroendocrine phenotypes have recently been proposed as important resistance mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression. Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is highly aggressive subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer which develops for one fifth of patients under prolonged androgen deprivation. In recent years, understanding of molecular features and phenotypic changes in neuroendocrine plasticity has been grown. However, there are still fundamental questions to be answered in this emerging research field, for example, why and how do the prostate cancer treatment-resistant cells acquire neuron-like phenotype. The advantages of the phenotypic change and the role of tumor microenvironment in controlling cellular plasticity and in the emergence of treatment-resistant aggressive forms of prostate cancer is mostly unknown. Here, we discuss the molecular and functional links between neurodevelopmental processes and treatment-induced neuroendocrine plasticity in prostate cancer progression and treatment resistance. We provide an overview of the emergence of neurite-like cells in neuroendocrine prostate cancer cells and whether the reported t-NEPC pathways and proteins relate to neurodevelopmental processes like neurogenesis and axonogenesis during the development of treatment resistance. We also discuss emerging novel therapeutic targets modulating neuroendocrine plasticity.
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Nerve growth factor interacts with CHRM4 and promotes neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer and castration resistance. Commun Biol 2021; 4:22. [PMID: 33398073 PMCID: PMC7782543 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) contributes to the progression of malignancy. However, the functional role and regulatory mechanisms of NGF in the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) are unclear. Here, we show that an androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT)-stimulated transcription factor, ZBTB46, upregulated NGF via ZBTB46 mediated-transcriptional activation of NGF. NGF regulates NEPC differentiation by physically interacting with a G-protein-coupled receptor, cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (CHRM4), after ADT. Pharmacologic NGF blockade and NGF knockdown markedly inhibited CHRM4-mediated NEPC differentiation and AKT-MYCN signaling activation. CHRM4 stimulation was associated with ADT resistance and was significantly correlated with increased NGF in high-grade and small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer (SCNC) patient samples. Our results reveal a role of the NGF in the development of NEPC that is linked to ZBTB46 upregulation and CHRM4 accumulation. Our study provides evidence that the NGF-CHRM4 axis has potential to be considered as a therapeutic target to impair NEPC progression. Here, the authors discover that NGF, upregulated by transcription factor ZBTB46 in prostate cancer exposed to androgen therapy, promotes neuroendocrine differentiation. They show that NGF interacts with the GPCR CHRM4, that both NGF and CHRM4 are upregulated in highly metastatic prostate cancer and that targeting NGF reduces therapy resistance in a mouse xenograft model.
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Nepal P, Nagar A, Tirumani SH, Ojili V. Imaging of non-epithelial neoplasms of the prostate. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45:4117-4132. [PMID: 32964275 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the spectrum of rare non-epithelial tumors of the prostate. This focused article will help the readers to understand the imaging findings of such rare entities attributed to their clinicopathological features. Radiologists must be familiar with the spectrum of non-epithelial tumors of the prostate, which helps to suggest alternate diagnosis other than adenocarcinoma, when imaging features are atypical. This is important because these tumors have different management approaches and prognoses when compared to adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Nepal
- Department of Radiology, St. Vincent's Medical Center, Bridgeport, CT, USA
| | - Arpit Nagar
- Department of Radiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sree Harsha Tirumani
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vijayanadh Ojili
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Jung E, Alfonso J, Monyer H, Wick W, Winkler F. Neuronal signatures in cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:3281-3291. [PMID: 32510582 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of solid tumors, the prognosis of patients with many cancers remains poor, particularly of those with primary and metastatic brain tumors. In the last years, "Cancer Neuroscience" emerged as novel field of research at the crossroads of oncology and classical neuroscience. In primary brain tumors, including glioblastoma (GB), communicating networks that render tumor cells resistant against cytotoxic therapies were identified. To build these networks, GB cells extend neurite-like protrusions called tumor microtubes (TMs). Synapses on TMs allow tumor cells to retrieve neuronal input that fosters growth. Single cell sequencing further revealed that primary brain tumors recapitulate many steps of neurodevelopment. Interestingly, neuronal characteristics, including the ability to extend neurite-like protrusions, neuronal gene expression signatures and interactions with neurons, have now been found not only in brain and neuroendocrine tumors but also in some cancers of epithelial origin. In this review, we will provide an overview about neurite-like protrusions as well as neurodevelopmental origins, hierarchies and gene expression signatures in cancer. We will also discuss how "Cancer Neuroscience" might provide a framework for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jung
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julieta Alfonso
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Kessel K, Seifert R, Weckesser M, Roll W, Humberg V, Schlack K, Bögemann M, Bernemann C, Rahbar K. Molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells of metastatic castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Patients receiving 177Lu-PSMA-617 Radioligand Therapy. Theranostics 2020; 10:7645-7655. [PMID: 32685010 PMCID: PMC7359074 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Lu-177-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy (RLT) is currently under approval for treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients with late stage disease. However, previous studies demonstrated both heterogeneity of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression, as well as response to PSMA treatment among mCRPC patients. Thus, there is an unmet need for identifying predictive parametres prior or under PSMA-RLT treatment. We therefore aimed to correlate several clinical and molecular parameters with response to PSMA treatment in a cohort of mCRPC patients undergoing PSMA RLT followed by a detailed analysis of promising candidates. Methods: Nineteen patients, median age 68.8 years (range: 56.9 - 83.3) with mCRPC were included in this study. We performed baseline analysis of clinical parameters based on PSMA PET/CT, (metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total tumor volume (TTV)), serum PSA, ALP, LDH and gene expression analysis of circulating tumor cells (expression of AR full length (AR-FL), AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7), PSA and PSMA) as well as common markers for neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). Results: Patients presented with bone, lymph node, and visceral metastases (89%, 68%, and 21%, respectively). All patients were pretreated with docetaxel, either abiraterone or enzalutamide, or both. Biochemical response in terms of PSA decline ≥50 or ≥30% was observed in 42% and 63%, respectively. There were significant correlations between PSA and PSMA mRNA expression, as well as tumor volumes (both MTV and TTV), AR-FL and AR-V7 mRNA expression. However, there was no correlation with response to PSMA treatment. Furthermore, none of these parameters was significantly correlated with baseline serum PSA values. Common NED markers were shown to be specifically high expressed and revealed impact on OS independent from AR-V7 gene expression. Conclusion: We demonstrate that AR-FL and its splice variant AR-V7 might serve as prognostic biomarkers displaying high tumor burden in mCRPC patient prior to PSMA-RLT. Contrary, PSMA, which has been discussed as a biomarker for PSMA targeted treatment, does not display strong prognostic ability - at least on the mRNA level. Surprisingly, none of these parameters correlates to response to PSMA treatment. In contrast, commom NED markers such as SYP and ENO2 as well as FOXA1 expression level seem to predict OS, but not PFS, more reliably. We admit that a limitation of our study is the focus on mRNA expression of potential biomarkers only. Further investigations analyzing the potential role of protein expression of these markers are therefore warranted.
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Rosar F, Ribbat K, Ries M, Linxweiler J, Bartholomä M, Maus S, Schreckenberger M, Ezziddin S, Khreish F. Neuron-specific enolase has potential value as a biomarker for [ 18F]FDG/[ 68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET mismatch findings in advanced mCRPC patients. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:52. [PMID: 32449086 PMCID: PMC7246282 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) yielded impressive results in the metastasized castration-resistant prostate carcinoma (mCRPC) setting. High expression of PSMA is essential for successful PSMA-RLT. However, some patients develop [18F]FDG-avid lesions with low or no PSMA expression ([18F]FDG/[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 mismatch findings on PET/CT) in the course of treatment. Those lesions are not affected by PSMA-RLT and a change in therapy management is needed. To enable early mismatch detection, possible blood parameters as indicators for the occurrence of [18F]FDG/[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 mismatch findings on PET/CT were evaluated. METHODS Retrospective study of N = 66 advanced mCRPC patients with dual [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and [18F]FDG PET/CT imaging within 4 weeks, who were referred for or received [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were tested as indicators for the occurrence of [18F]FDG/[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 mismatch findings. Additional to absolute values, relative changes (ΔPSA, ΔNSE, ΔGGT, ΔALP) over a period of 4 ± 1 weeks prior to [18F]FDG PET/CT were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 41/66 (62%) patients revealed at least one [18F]FDG/[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 mismatch finding on PET/CT. These mismatch findings were detected in 13/41 (32%) patients by screening for and in 28/41 (68%) patients during PSMA-RLT. NSE serum level (55.4 ± 44.6 μg/l vs. 18.5 ± 8 μg/l, p < 0.001) and ΔNSE (93.8 ± 124.5% vs. 2.9 ± 39.5%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the mismatch group than in the non-mismatch group. No significant differences were found for serum PSA (p = 0.424), ΔPSA (p = 0.417), serum ALP (p = 0.937), ΔALP (p = 0.611), serum GGT (p = 0.773), and ΔGGT (p = 0.971). For NSE and ΔNSE, the maximum value of the Youden index in ROC analysis was at a cut-off level of 26.8 μg/l (sensitivity 78%, specificity 96%) and at + 13.9% (sensitivity 84%, specificity 75%), respectively. An introduced scoring system of both parameters achieved a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 88% for the occurrence of [18F]FDG/[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 mismatch. CONCLUSION We observed a significantly higher absolute serum concentration and a higher relative increase of NSE in advanced mCRPC patients with [18F]FDG-avid and insufficient PSMA expressing metastases ([18F]FDG/[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 mismatch findings on PET/CT) in our cohort. NSE might be used as a potential laboratory indicator for [18F]FDG/[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 mismatch findings, if this observation is confirmed in future, ideally prospective, studies in larger patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rosar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University-Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Kalle Ribbat
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University-Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Ries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University-Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Mark Bartholomä
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University-Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Maus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University-Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Samer Ezziddin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University-Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Fadi Khreish
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University-Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, Geb. 50, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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Coleman DJ, Sampson DA, Sehrawat A, Kumaraswamy A, Sun D, Wang Y, Schwartzman J, Urrutia J, Lee AR, Coleman IM, Nelson PS, Dong X, Morrissey C, Corey E, Xia Z, Yates JA, Alumkal JJ. Alternative splicing of LSD1+8a in neuroendocrine prostate cancer is mediated by SRRM4. Neoplasia 2020; 22:253-262. [PMID: 32403054 PMCID: PMC7218227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is the most virulent form of prostate cancer. Importantly, our recent work examining metastatic biopsy samples demonstrates NEPC is increasing in frequency. In contrast to prostate adenocarcinomas that express a luminal gene expression program, NEPC tumors express a neuronal gene expression program. Despite this distinction, the diagnosis of NEPC is often challenging, demonstrating an urgent need to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Our prior work demonstrated that the histone demethylase LSD1 (KDM1A) is important for survival of prostate adenocarcinomas, but little was known about LSD1's role in NEPC. Recently, a neural-specific transcript variant of LSD1-LSD1+8a-was discovered and demonstrated to activate neuronal gene expression in neural cells. The splicing factor SRRM4 was previously shown to promote LSD1+8a splicing in neuronal cells, and SRRM4 promotes NEPC differentiation and cell survival. Therefore, we sought to determine if LSD1+8a might play a role in NEPC and whether LSD1+8a splicing was linked to SRRM4. To investigate a potential role for LSD1+8a in NEPC, we examined a panel of prostate adenocarcinoma and NEPC patient-derived xenografts and metastatic biopsies. LSD1+8a was expressed exclusively in NEPC samples and correlated significantly with elevated expression of SRRM4. Using SRRM4-overexpressing cell lines, we determined that SRRM4 mediates alternative splicing of LSD1+8a. Finally, using gain of function studies, we confirmed that LSD1+8a and SRRM4 co-regulate target genes distinct from canonical LSD1. Our findings suggest further study of the interplay between SRRM4 and LSD1+8a and mechanisms by which LSD1+8a regulates gene expression in NEPC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Coleman
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David A Sampson
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Archana Sehrawat
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anbarasu Kumaraswamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Duanchen Sun
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jacob Schwartzman
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joshua Urrutia
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ahn R Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Computational Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel A Yates
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joshi J Alumkal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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22
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Ostano P, Mello-Grand M, Sesia D, Gregnanin I, Peraldo-Neia C, Guana F, Jachetti E, Farsetti A, Chiorino G. Gene Expression Signature Predictive of Neuroendocrine Transformation in Prostate Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031078. [PMID: 32041153 PMCID: PMC7037893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) can arise de novo, but much more commonly occurs as a consequence of a selective pressure from androgen deprivation therapy or androgen receptor antagonists used for prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. The process is known as neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. There is little molecular characterization of NEPCs and consequently there is no standard treatment for this kind of tumors, characterized by highly metastases rates and poor survival. For this purpose, we profiled 54 PCa samples with more than 10-years follow-up for gene and miRNA expression. We divided samples into two groups (NE-like vs. AdenoPCa), according to their clinical and molecular features. NE-like tumors were characterized by a neuroendocrine fingerprint made of known neuroendocrine markers and novel molecules, including long non-coding RNAs and components of the estrogen receptor signaling. A gene expression signature able to predict NEPC was built and tested on independently published datasets. This study identified molecular features (protein-coding, long non-coding, and microRNAs), at the time of surgery, that may anticipate the NE transformation process of prostate adenocarcinoma. Our results may contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of this subgroup of tumors for which traditional therapy regimens do not show beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ostano
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy; (P.O.); (M.M.-G.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (C.P.-N.); (F.G.)
| | - Maurizia Mello-Grand
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy; (P.O.); (M.M.-G.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (C.P.-N.); (F.G.)
| | - Debora Sesia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy; (P.O.); (M.M.-G.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (C.P.-N.); (F.G.)
| | - Ilaria Gregnanin
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy; (P.O.); (M.M.-G.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (C.P.-N.); (F.G.)
| | - Caterina Peraldo-Neia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy; (P.O.); (M.M.-G.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (C.P.-N.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesca Guana
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy; (P.O.); (M.M.-G.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (C.P.-N.); (F.G.)
| | - Elena Jachetti
- Department of Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonella Farsetti
- National Research Council - Institute of Analysis, Systems and Computer Science –CNR-IASI, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy; (P.O.); (M.M.-G.); (D.S.); (I.G.); (C.P.-N.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Yin L, Hu P, Shi X, Qian W, Zhau HE, Pandol SJ, Lewis MS, Chung LWK, Wang R. Cancer cell's neuroendocrine feature can be acquired through cell-cell fusion during cancer-neural stem cell interaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1216. [PMID: 31988304 PMCID: PMC6985266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced and therapy-resistant prostate tumors often display neural or neuroendocrine behavior. We assessed the consequences of prostate cancer cell interaction with neural cells, which are rich in the human prostate and resident of the prostate tumor. In 3-dimensional co-culture with neurospheres, red fluorescent human LNCaP cells formed agglomerates on the neurosphere surface. Upon induced neural differentiation, some red fluorescent cells showed morphology of fully differentiated neural cells, indicating fusion between the cancer and neural stem cells. These fusion hybrids survived for extended times in a quiescent state. A few eventually restarted cell division and propagated to form derivative hybrid progenies. Clones of the hybrid progenies were highly heterogeneous; most had lost prostatic and epithelial markers while some had acquired neural marker expression. These results indicate that cancer cells can fuse with bystander neural cells in the tumor microenvironment; and cancer cell fusion is a direct route to tumor cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Yin
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xianping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Weiping Qian
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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24
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Jiang M, Kang Y, Sewastianik T, Wang J, Tanton H, Alder K, Dennis P, Xin Y, Wang Z, Liu R, Zhang M, Huang Y, Loda M, Srivastava A, Chen R, Liu M, Carrasco RD. BCL9 provides multi-cellular communication properties in colorectal cancer by interacting with paraspeckle proteins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:19. [PMID: 31911584 PMCID: PMC6946813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer, which despite recent advances in treatment, remains incurable due to molecular heterogeneity of tumor cells. The B-cell lymphoma 9 (BCL9) oncogene functions as a transcriptional co-activator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which plays critical roles in CRC pathogenesis. Here we have identified a β-catenin-independent function of BCL9 in a poor-prognosis subtype of CRC tumors characterized by expression of stromal and neural associated genes. In response to spontaneous calcium transients or cellular stress, BCL9 is recruited adjacent to the interchromosomal regions, where it stabilizes the mRNA of calcium signaling and neural associated genes by interacting with paraspeckle proteins. BCL9 subsequently promotes tumor progression and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by sustaining the calcium transients and neurotransmitter-dependent communication among CRC cells. These data provide additional insights into the role of BCL9 in tumor pathogenesis and point towards additional avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yue Kang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tomasz Sewastianik
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, 02776, Poland
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Helen Tanton
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Keith Alder
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter Dennis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yu Xin
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Depatment of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Ruiyang Liu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mengyun Zhang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amitabh Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Runsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ruben D Carrasco
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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25
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Hong P, Guo RQ, Song G, Yang KW, Zhang L, Li XS, Zhang K, Zhou LQ. Prognostic role of chromogranin A in castration-resistant prostate cancer: A meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2019; 20:561-566. [PMID: 30084431 PMCID: PMC6219310 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_57_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of chromogranin A (CgA) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE for citations published prior to September 2017 that described CgA and CRPC and performed a standard meta-analysis on survival outcomes. Our meta-analysis included eight eligible studies with 686 patients. The results were as follows: progression-free survival (PFS) was associated with CgA level (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47-4.14, P = 0.0006); PFS was relative to CgA change (HR = 9.22, 95% CI: 3.03-28.05, P < 0.0001); and overall survival (OS) was relative to CgA level (HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15-1.87, P = 0.002). When we divided the patients into two groups according to therapy status, the result for OS relative to CgA level was an HR of 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09-1.45, P = 0.001) in the first-line hormonal therapy group, and an HR of 2.33 (95% CI: 1.40-3.89, P = 0.001) in the second-line hormonal therapy or chemotherapy group. This meta-analysis indicated that a high CgA level had a negative influence on OS and PFS in CRPC patients. In addition, CRPC patients with a rising CgA had a shorter PFS. Further studies are needed to verify the prognostic value of CgA in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Centre for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Run-Qi Guo
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Centre for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Gang Song
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Centre for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Kai-Wei Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Centre for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Centre for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Centre for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Centre for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Li-Qun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Centre for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China
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26
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Metz EP, Wilder PJ, Dong J, Datta K, Rizzino A. Elevating SOX2 in prostate tumor cells upregulates expression of neuroendocrine genes, but does not reduce the inhibitory effects of enzalutamide. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3731-3740. [PMID: 31587305 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in men. In this cancer, the stem cell transcription factor SOX2 increases during tumor progression, especially as the cancer progresses to the highly aggressive neuroendocrine-like phenotype. Other studies have shown that knockdown of RB1 and TP53 increases the expression of neuroendocrine markers, decreases the sensitivity to enzalutamide, and increases the expression of SOX2. Importantly, knockdown of SOX2 in the context of RB1 and TP53 depletion restored sensitivity to enzalutamide and reduced the expression of neuroendocrine markers. In this study, we examined whether elevating SOX2 is not only necessary, but also sufficient on its own to promote the expression of neuroendocrine markers and confer enzalutamide resistance. For this purpose, we engineered LNCaP cells for inducible overexpression of SOX2 (i-SOX2-LNCaP). As shown previously for other tumor cell types, inducible elevation of SOX2 in i-SOX2-LNCaP inhibited cell proliferation. SOX2 elevation also increased the expression of several neuroendocrine markers, including several neuropeptides and synaptophysin. However, SOX2 elevation did not decrease the sensitivity of i-SOX2-LNCaP cells to enzalutamide, which indicates that elevating SOX2 on its own is not sufficient to confer enzalutamide resistance. Furthermore, knocking down SOX2 in C4-2B cells, a derivative of LNCaP cells which is far less sensitive to enzalutamide and which expresses much higher levels of SOX2 than LNCaP cells, did not alter the growth response to this antiandrogen. Thus, our studies indicate that NE marker expression can increase independently of the sensitivity to enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan P Metz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Phillip J Wilder
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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27
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Braadland PR, Ramberg H, Grytli HH, Urbanucci A, Nielsen HK, Guldvik IJ, Engedal A, Ketola K, Wang W, Svindland A, Mills IG, Bjartell A, Taskén KA. The β 2-Adrenergic Receptor Is a Molecular Switch for Neuroendocrine Transdifferentiation of Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2154-2168. [PMID: 31395667 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is rising as more potent drugs targeting the androgen signaling axis are clinically implemented. Neuroendocrine transdifferentiation (NEtD), an putative initial step in t-NEPC development, is induced by androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) or anti-androgens, and by activation of the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) in prostate cancer cell lines. Thus, understanding whether ADRB2 is involved in ADT-initiated NEtD may assist in developing treatment strategies that can prevent or reverse t-NEPC emergence, thereby prolonging therapeutic responses. Here we found that in primary, treatment-naïve prostate cancers, ADRB2 mRNA was positively correlated with expression of luminal differentiation markers, and ADRB2 protein levels were inversely correlated with Gleason grade. ADRB2 mRNA was upregulated in metastatic prostate cancer, and progressively downregulated during ADT and t-NEPC emergence. In androgen-deprivated medium, high ADRB2 was required for LNCaP cells to undergo NEtD, measured as increased neurite outgrowth and expression of neuron differentiation and neuroendocrine genes. ADRB2 overexpression induced a neuroendocrine-like morphology in both androgen receptor (AR)-positive and -negative prostate cancer cell lines. ADRB2 downregulation in LNCaP cells increased canonical Wnt signaling, and GSK3α/β inhibition reduced the expression of neuron differentiation and neuroendocrine genes. In LNCaP xenografts, more pronounced castration-induced NEtD was observed in tumors derived from high than low ADRB2 cells. In conclusion, high ADRB2 expression is required for ADT-induced NEtD, characterized by ADRB2 downregulation and t-NEPC emergence. IMPLICATIONS: This data suggest a potential application of β-blockers to prevent cancer cells committed to a neuroendocrine lineage from evolving into t-NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder R Braadland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Ramberg
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helene Hartvedt Grytli
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Core Facilities, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kristin Nielsen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Jenny Guldvik
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Engedal
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsi Ketola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Wanzhong Wang
- Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aud Svindland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian G Mills
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Movember FASTMAN Centre of Excellence, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmø, Sweden
| | - Kristin Austlid Taskén
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Mohammadpour H, Bucsek MJ, Hylander BL, Repasky EA. Depression Stresses the Immune Response and Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2363-2365. [PMID: 30670491 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression induces secretion of neuropeptide Y from prostate cancer cells, which, in turn, recruits myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) to the tumor; tumor cells and MDSCs secrete IL6, which activates STAT3 within cancer cells. Prostate cancer samples from depressed patients reveal a similar phenotype, suggesting new treatment strategies based upon blockade of β2-adrenergic receptors and/or neuropeptide Y.See related article by Cheng et al., p. 2621.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemn Mohammadpour
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Mark J Bucsek
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Bonnie L Hylander
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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29
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DiNatale A, Fatatis A. The Bone Microenvironment in Prostate Cancer Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:171-184. [PMID: 31900910 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The propensity of prostate cancer cells to seed the skeleton and then progress into clinically relevant metastatic tumors is widely recognized and a major cause of morbidity and mortality for patients. The natural history of prostate adenocarcinoma most frequently begins with a tumor diagnosed at a localized stage, which is successfully treated by surgical and/or radiation therapy modalities. A relevant percentage of patients are clinically cured but approximately 20-30% will develop biochemical signs of recurrence, which respond to the inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) signaling by hormone-deprivation and receptor antagonists, before the inevitable transition into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This stage simultaneously presents with or is rapidly followed by secondary tumors, which involve the skeleton in more than 90% of cases (mCRPC). While generalization in clinical practice is always unwise, it is indisputable that bone-metastatic prostate cancer is virtually incurable. Decades of research have revealed that the tissue microenvironment provided by the bone marrow is as important as the cell-autonomous features of tumor cells in fostering the right conditions that lead to establishment and progression of metastatic tumors in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony DiNatale
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Program in Prostate Cancer, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alessandro Fatatis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Program in Prostate Cancer, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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The role of serum neuron-specific enolase in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review of the recent literature. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 33:10-21. [PMID: 28885659 DOI: 10.5301/ijbm.5000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this systematic review, we evaluated the value of serum concentrations of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) in order to clarify the possible role of NSE in the diagnosis, management, treatment and monitoring of PCa. A comprehensive search of the recent literature was conducted to find relevant data on the role of NSE in PCa. Two hundred and eighty-two records were revealed, and 19 articles including 1,772 patients with PCa (either confirmed or suspected) were selected. After reviewing the articles, the major result was that elevated serum NSE appears to correlate with prognosis in advanced PCa, particularly in patients with progressive and metastatic castration-resistant PCa. Based on the existing literature, the role of serum NSE in PCa patients should be further evaluated.
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31
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Frank S, Nelson P, Vasioukhin V. Recent advances in prostate cancer research: large-scale genomic analyses reveal novel driver mutations and DNA repair defects. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30135717 PMCID: PMC6073096 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14499.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease of mutated and misregulated genes. However, primary prostate tumors have relatively few mutations, and only three genes (
ERG,
PTEN, and
SPOP) are recurrently mutated in more than 10% of primary tumors. On the other hand, metastatic castration-resistant tumors have more mutations, but, with the exception of the androgen receptor gene (
AR), no single gene is altered in more than half of tumors. Structural genomic rearrangements are common, including
ERG fusions, copy gains involving the
MYC locus, and copy losses containing
PTEN. Overall, instead of being associated with a single dominant driver event, prostate tumors display various combinations of modifications in oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This review takes a broad look at the recent advances in PCa research, including understanding the genetic alterations that drive the disease and how specific mutations can sensitize tumors to potential therapies. We begin with an overview of the genomic landscape of primary and metastatic PCa, enabled by recent large-scale sequencing efforts. Advances in three-dimensional cell culture techniques and mouse models for PCa are also discussed, and particular emphasis is placed on the benefits of patient-derived xenograft models. We also review research into understanding how ETS fusions (in particular,
TMPRSS2-ERG) and
SPOP mutations contribute to tumor initiation. Next, we examine the recent findings on the prevalence of germline DNA repair mutations in about 12% of patients with metastatic disease and their potential benefit from the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immune modulation. Lastly, we discuss the recent increased prevalence of AR-negative tumors (neuroendocrine and double-negative) and the current state of immunotherapy in PCa. AR remains the primary clinical target for PCa therapies; however, it does not act alone, and better understanding of supporting mutations may help guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Frank
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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32
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Malignant invasion of the central nervous system: the hidden face of a poorly understood outcome of prostate cancer. World J Urol 2018; 36:2009-2019. [PMID: 29980839 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancies of the central nervous system include primary brain tumors and brain metastases, the latter being the major cause of intracranial neoplasms in adults. Although prostate cancer (PCa) brain metastases are not the most common source, recent data show that the relevance of prostate cancer brain metastases (PCBM) cannot be neglected. In this review, we focus on the molecular repertory as well as on the phenotypical similarities between PCBM and primary PCa, such as the cellular evolution and the maintenance of androgen-receptor expression. Moreover, the simultaneous occurrence of PCBM with other PCa metastatic sites and the significance of the clinical heterogeneity of the disease are also discussed. In addition, a potential relationship between the heterogeneous behavior exhibited by PCBM and the co-occurrence of malignant cell clusters with distinct genetic profiles is also hypothesized, as well as the prominent role of astrocytes in the establishment of PCBM.
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33
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Williams KA, Lee M, Winter JM, Gildea DE, Calagua C, Curry NL, Lichtenberg J, Ye H, Crawford NPS. Prostate cancer susceptibility gene HIST1H1A is a modulator of androgen receptor signaling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28532-28546. [PMID: 29983878 PMCID: PMC6033342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2018, approximately 165,000 new prostate cancer (PC) cases will be diagnosed, and over 29,000 men will succumb to PC in the U.S. alone. The means of assessing outcome in the clinic are inaccurate, and there is a pressing need to more precisely identify men at risk of aggressive PC. We previously identified HIST1H1A as a susceptibility gene for aggressive PC. HIST1H1A encodes H1.1, a member of the linker histone family that is involved in chromatin organization and compaction. To understand the molecular basis of aggressive PC, we have characterized how germline variation modulates susceptibility to neuroendocrine differentiation, which is a form of aggressive PC. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that HIST1H1A is over-expressed in normal human prostate tissue compared to prostate adenocarcinoma. Functional characterization of HIST1H1A in prostate LNCaP cells indicated that HIST1HA over-expression increased cell growth, as well as the expression of neuroendocrine and epithelial-to-mesenchymal markers in vitro. Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq), which is used to assess chromatin compaction and thus the transcriptional availability of individual genomic regions, demonstrated that H1.1 plays a prominent role in modulating Wnt signaling pathway genes, which are implicated in prostate tumorigenesis. These results demonstrate that HIST1H1A is a modulator of aggressive PC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A Williams
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Minnkyong Lee
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean M Winter
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Derek E Gildea
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carla Calagua
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha L Curry
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jens Lichtenberg
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nigel P S Crawford
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Current address: Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
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34
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Appetecchia M, Lauretta R, Sperduti I, Gallucci M. Chromogranin A as a biomarker for prostate cancer: is it actually relevant for clinical practice? Future Oncol 2018; 14:1233-1235. [PMID: 29712494 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Lauretta
- Endocrinology Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Sperduti
- Biostatistical Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Gallucci
- Urology Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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35
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Jolly MK, Kulkarni P, Weninger K, Orban J, Levine H. Phenotypic Plasticity, Bet-Hedging, and Androgen Independence in Prostate Cancer: Role of Non-Genetic Heterogeneity. Front Oncol 2018; 8:50. [PMID: 29560343 PMCID: PMC5845637 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that genetic mutations can drive drug resistance and lead to tumor relapse. Here, we focus on alternate mechanisms-those without mutations, such as phenotypic plasticity and stochastic cell-to-cell variability that can also evade drug attacks by giving rise to drug-tolerant persisters. The phenomenon of persistence has been well-studied in bacteria and has also recently garnered attention in cancer. We draw a parallel between bacterial persistence and resistance against androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer (PCa), the primary standard care for metastatic disease. We illustrate how phenotypic plasticity and consequent mutation-independent or non-genetic heterogeneity possibly driven by protein conformational dynamics can stochastically give rise to androgen independence in PCa, and suggest that dynamic phenotypic plasticity should be considered in devising therapeutic dosing strategies designed to treat and manage PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Keith Weninger
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - John Orban
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, United States
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
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36
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Li Q, Yin L, Jones LW, Chu GCY, Wu JBY, Huang JM, Li Q, You S, Kim J, Lu YT, Mrdenovic S, Wang R, Freeman MR, Garraway I, Lewis MS, Chung LWK, Zhau HE. Keratin 13 expression reprograms bone and brain metastases of human prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84645-84657. [PMID: 27835867 PMCID: PMC5356688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lethal progression of prostate cancer metastasis can be improved by developing animal models that recapitulate the clinical conditions. We report here that cytokeratin 13 (KRT13), an intermediate filament protein, plays a directive role in prostate cancer bone, brain, and soft tissue metastases. KRT13 expression was elevated in bone, brain, and soft tissue metastatic prostate cancer cell lines and in primary and metastatic clinical prostate, lung, and breast cancer specimens. When KRT13 expression was determined at a single cell level in primary tumor tissues of 44 prostate cancer cases, KRT13 level predicted bone metastasis and the overall survival of prostate cancer patients. Genetically enforced KRT13 expression in human prostate cancer cell lines drove metastases toward mouse bone, brain and soft tissues through a RANKL-independent mechanism, as KRT13 altered the expression of genes associated with EMT, stemness, neuroendocrine/neuromimicry, osteomimicry, development, and extracellular matrices, but not receptor activator NF-κB ligand (RANKL) signaling networks in prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest new inhibitors targeting RANKL-independent pathways should be developed for the treatment of prostate cancer bone and soft tissue metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Current address: Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence W Jones
- Urological Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gina C-Y Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason B-Y Wu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jen-Ming Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Quanlin Li
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Tsung Lu
- John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stefan Mrdenovic
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isla Garraway
- Department of Urology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Division of Urology, Greater Los Angeles Veteran's Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Sepulveda Research Corporation VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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37
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Phospholipase D inhibitors reduce human prostate cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. Br J Cancer 2017; 118:189-199. [PMID: 29136407 PMCID: PMC5785744 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phospholipases D1 and D2 (PLD1/2) hydrolyse cell membrane glycerophospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid, a signalling lipid, which regulates cell growth and cancer progression through effects on mTOR and PKB/Akt. PLD expression and/or activity is raised in breast, colorectal, gastric, kidney and thyroid carcinomas but its role in prostate cancer (PCa), the major cancer of men in the western world, is unclear. Methods: PLD1 protein expression in cultured PNT2C2, PNT1A, P4E6, LNCaP, PC3, PC3M, VCaP, 22RV1 cell lines and patient-derived PCa cells was analysed by western blotting. PLD1 protein localisation in normal, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tissue sections and in a PCa tissue microarray (TMA) was examined by immunohistochemistry. PLD activity in PCa tissue was assayed using an Amplex Red method. The effect of PLD inhibitors on PCa cell viability was measured using MTS and colony forming assays. Results: PLD1 protein expression was low in the luminal prostate cell lines (LNCaP, VCaP, 22RV1) compared with basal lines (PC3 and PC3M). PLD1 protein expression was elevated in BPH biopsy tissue relative to normal and PCa samples. In normal and BPH tissue, PLD1 was predominantly detected in basal cells as well in some stromal cells, rather than in luminal cells. In PCa tissue, luminal cells expressed PLD1. In a PCa TMA, the mean peroxidase intensity per DAB-stained Gleason 6 and 7 tissue section was significantly higher than in sections graded Gleason 9. In CRPC tissue, PLD1 was expressed prominently in the stromal compartment, in luminal cells in occasional glands and in an expanding population of cells that co-expressed chromogranin A and neurone-specific enolase. Levels of PLD activity in normal and PCa tissue samples were similar. A specific PLD1 inhibitor markedly reduced the survival of both prostate cell lines and patient-derived PCa cells compared with two dual PLD1/PLD2 inhibitors. Short-term exposure of PCa cells to the same specific PLD1 inhibitor significantly reduced colony formation. Conclusions: A new specific inhibitor of PLD1, which is well tolerated in mice, reduces PCa cell survival and thus has potential as a novel therapeutic agent to reduce prostate cancer progression. Increased PLD1 expression may contribute to the hyperplasia characteristic of BPH and in the progression of castrate-resistant PCa, where an expanding population of neuroendocrine-like cells express PLD1.
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38
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The role of prostate tumor overexpressed 1 in cancer progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12451-12471. [PMID: 28029646 PMCID: PMC5355357 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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39
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Genitsch V, Zlobec I, Seiler R, Thalmann GN, Fleischmann A. Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Metastatic Conventional Prostate Cancer Is Significantly Increased in Lymph Node Metastases Compared to the Primary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1640. [PMID: 28788048 PMCID: PMC5578030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine serum markers released from prostate cancers have been proposed for monitoring disease and predicting survival. However, neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in various tissue compartments of metastatic prostate cancer is poorly described and its correlation with specific tumor features is unclear. NED was determined by Chromogranin A expression on immunostains from a tissue microarray of 119 nodal positive, hormone treatment-naïve prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and extended lymphadenectomy. NED in the primary cancer and in the metastases was correlated with tumor features and survival. The mean percentage of NED cells increased significantly (p < 0.001) from normal prostate glands (0.4%), to primary prostate cancer (1.0%) and nodal metastases (2.6%). In primary tumors and nodal metastases, tumor areas with higher Gleason patterns tended to display a higher NED, although no significance was reached. The same was observed in patients with a larger primary tumor volume and higher total size and number of metastases. NED neither in the primary tumors nor in the metastases predicted outcome significantly. Our data suggest that (a) increasing levels of neuroendocrine serum markers in the course of prostate cancer might primarily derive from a poorly differentiated metastatic tumor component; and (b) NED in conventional hormone-naïve prostate cancers is not significantly linked to adverse tumor features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Genitsch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Seiler
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.
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40
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Cytoprotective effect of neuropeptides on cancer stem cells: vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced antiapoptotic signaling. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2844. [PMID: 28569785 PMCID: PMC5520887 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are increasingly considered to be responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis and drug resistance. The drug resistance mechanisms activated in CSCs have not been thoroughly investigated. Although neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) can promote tumor growth and activate antiapoptotic signaling in differentiated cancer cells, it is not known whether they can activate antiapoptotic mechanisms in CSCs. The objectives of this study are to unravel the cytoprotective effects of neuropeptides and identify antiapoptotic mechanisms activated by neuropeptides in response to anticancer drug treatment in CSCs. We enriched and purified CSCs (CD44+/high/CD24-/low or CD133+ population) from breast and prostate cancer cell lines, and demonstrated their stemness phenotype. Of the several neuropeptides tested, only VIP could protect CSCs from drug-induced apoptosis. A functional correlation was found between drug-induced apoptosis and dephosphorylation of proapoptotic Bcl2 family protein BAD. Similarly, VIP-induced cytoprotection correlated with BAD phosphorylation at Ser112 in CSCs. Using pharmacological inhibitors and dominant-negative proteins, we showed that VIP-induced cytoprotection and BAD phosphorylation are mediated via both Ras/MAPK and PKA pathways in CSCs of prostate cancer LNCaP and C4-2 cells, but only PKA signaling was involved in CSCs of DUVIPR (DU145 prostate cancer cells ectopically expressing VIP receptor) and breast cancer MCF7 cells. As each of these pathways partially control BAD phosphorylation at Ser112, both have to be inhibited to block the cytoprotective effects of VIP. Furthermore, VIP is unable to protect CSCs that express phosphorylation-deficient mutant-BAD, suggesting that BAD phosphorylation is essential. Thus, antiapoptotic signaling by VIP could be one of the drug resistance mechanisms by which CSCs escape from anticancer therapies. Our findings suggest the potential usefulness of VIP receptor inhibition to eliminate CSCs, and that targeting BAD might be an attractive strategy for development of novel therapeutics.
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41
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Okeyo-Owuor T, Benesh E, Bibbey S, Reid M, Halabi J, Sutcliffe S, Moley K. Exposure to maternal obesogenic diet worsens some but not all pre-cancer phenotypes in a murine genetic model of prostate cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175764. [PMID: 28489892 PMCID: PMC5425180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer research has been predominantly focused on adult exposures and risk factors. However, because the prostate develops during gestation and early life, exposure to external factors, such as obesity, during development could affect the prostate cancer progression in adults. Our previous work demonstrated that exposure to a high fat/high sugar (HF/HS) diet during gestation and until weaning stimulated prostate hyperplasia and altered the Pten/Akt pathway in adult mice fed a normal diet after weaning. Here, we asked whether maternal exposure to HF/HS would worsen prostate phenotypes in mice lacking Pten, a widely accepted driver of prostate cancer. We found that, at six weeks of age, both Chow (control)-and HF/HS-exposed Pten knockout mice showed evidence of murine PIN that included ducts with central comedo necrosis but that the HF/HS exposure did not influence murine PIN progression. The Pten knockout mice exposed to HF/HS in utero had significantly more mitotic cells than Pten knockouts exposed to Chow diet. In the Pten null background, the maternal HF/HS diet enhanced proliferation but did not have an additive effect on Akt activation. We observed neuroendocrine differentiation in Pten knockout mice, a phenotype that had not been previously described in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Okeyo-Owuor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Emily Benesh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott Bibbey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michaela Reid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacques Halabi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kelle Moley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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42
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Dong B, Fan L, Wang Y, Chi C, Ma X, Wang R, Cai W, Shao X, Pan J, Zhu Y, Shangguan X, Xin Z, Hu J, Xie S, Kang X, Zhou L, Xue W. Influence of abiraterone acetate on neuroendocrine differentiation in chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:1373-1380. [PMID: 28804908 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the influence of abiraterone Acetate (AA) on neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in patients with chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). METHODS We conducted an analysis in 115 chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC patients who would be treated with chemotherapy. The serum levels of chromogranin A (CgA), neurone-specific enolase (NSE) were measured in 67 mCRPC patients without AA treatment and 48 patients after the failure of AA treatment, in which these markers were also measured in 34 patients before and after 6 months of AA treatment. Comparative t-test was used to evaluate the serial changes of serum NED markers during AA treatment and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the influence of AA treatment on NED. RESULTS Serum CgA were NSE were evaluated to be above the upper limit of normal (ULN) in 56 (48.7%) and 29 (25.2%) patients before chemotherapy. In 34 patients with serial evaluation, serum CgA level of 14 patients and NSE of 14 patients increased after the failure of AA treatment. There was no significant difference of NED markers (CgA or NSE variation (P = 0.243) between at baseline and after the failure of AA treatment. Compared with the CgA elevation group in the first 6 months of AA treatment and baseline supranormal CgA group, the CgA decline group, and baseline normal CgA group has a much longer median PSA PFS (14.34 vs 10.00 months, P < 0.001, and 14.23 vs 10.30 months, P = 0.02) and rPFS, respectively (18.33 vs 11.37 months, P < 0.001, and 17.10 vs 12.07 months, P = 0.03). In logistic univariate analysis, AA treatment and its duration were not independent factors influencing NED. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesized that AA might not significantly lead to progression of NED of mCRPC in general. Furthermore, we found there was heterogeneity in changes of NED markers in different mCRPC patients during AA treatment. Serial CgA and NSE evaluation might help clinicians guide clinical treatment of mCRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liancheng Fan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenfei Chi
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shao
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinjie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Shangguan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiang Xin
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianian Hu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaowei Xie
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Kang
- Department of Biobank, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wei F, Lian Y, Wu Y, Gong Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Cao K, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Zeng Z, Guo C. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer 2017; 8:761-773. [PMID: 28382138 PMCID: PMC5381164 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process, consisting of three stages: initiation, progression, and metastasis. Tumors are encircled by extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells, and the physiological state of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely connected to every step of tumorigenesis. Evidence suggests that the vital components of the TME are fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, neuroendocrine cells, adipose cells, immune and inflammatory cells, the blood and lymphatic vascular networks, and ECM. This manuscript, based on the current studies of the TME, offers a more comprehensive overview of the primary functions of each component of the TME in cancer initiation, progression, and invasion. The manuscript also includes primary therapeutic targeting markers for each player, which may be helpful in treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jingzhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yingfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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44
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Fan L, Wang Y, Chi C, Pan J, Xun S, Xin Z, Hu J, Zhou L, Dong B, Xue W. Chromogranin A and neurone-specific enolase variations during the first 3 months of abiraterone therapy predict outcomes in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int 2017; 120:226-232. [PMID: 28107595 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Fan
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Chenfei Chi
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Shangguan Xun
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhixiang Xin
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Jianian Hu
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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45
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Gupta K, Gupta S. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: key epigenetic players. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S104-S108. [PMID: 30613478 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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46
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Lin LC, Gao AC, Lai CH, Hsieh JT, Lin H. Induction of neuroendocrine differentiation in castration resistant prostate cancer cells by adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP) delivered by exosomes. Cancer Lett 2017; 391:74-82. [PMID: 28109910 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although overall mortality rate of prostate cancer (PCa) declines in recent years, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains incurable. Clinical evidence indicates that CRPC recurred from hormonal therapy exhibits neuroendocrine differentiated (NED) phenotypes, which could contribute to therapeutic resistance and poor survival. Understanding the onset of NED could lead us to develop new therapeutic strategies for CRPC. Although PCa is known as a lipid-enriched tumor, its role in CRPC development is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-6 or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)-induced lipid accumulation is associated with NED phenotypes. IL-6 or ADT can induce NED in PCa cells via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ, a major lipogenic transcription factor) and adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP, a major component of adiposome). In addition, ADRP protein can be detected in exosomes released from these cells and these exosomes are capable of inducing NED of PCa cells in a paracrine fashion. Understanding the role of PPARγ/ADRP in NED could provide new target(s) for CRPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chiung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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47
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Germline BRCA2 mutations drive prostate cancers with distinct evolutionary trajectories. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13671. [PMID: 28067867 PMCID: PMC5227331 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the BRCA2 tumour suppressor are associated with both an increased lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa) and increased risk of aggressive disease. To understand this aggression, here we profile the genomes and methylomes of localized PCa from 14 carriers of deleterious germline BRCA2 mutations (BRCA2-mutant PCa). We show that BRCA2-mutant PCa harbour increased genomic instability and a mutational profile that more closely resembles metastastic than localized disease. BRCA2-mutant PCa shows genomic and epigenomic dysregulation of the MED12L/MED12 axis, which is frequently dysregulated in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). This dysregulation is enriched in BRCA2-mutant PCa harbouring intraductal carcinoma (IDC). Microdissection and sequencing of IDC and juxtaposed adjacent non-IDC invasive carcinoma in 10 patients demonstrates a common ancestor to both histopathologies. Overall we show that localized castration-sensitive BRCA2-mutant tumours are uniquely aggressive, due to de novo aberration in genes usually associated with metastatic disease, justifying aggressive initial treatment.
Men that carrier BRCA2 germline mutations are at risk of developing prostate cancer. Here, the authors analyse the genomes of prostate cancer from these individuals and demonstrate increased genomic instability in comparison to sporadic prostate cancer.
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48
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Mayo JC, Hevia D, Quiros-Gonzalez I, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Gonzalez-Menendez P, Cepas V, Gonzalez-Pola I, Sainz RM. IGFBP3 and MAPK/ERK signaling mediates melatonin-induced antitumor activity in prostate cancer. J Pineal Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 27736013 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), a leading cause of cancer among males, lacks successful strategies especially in advanced, hormone-refractory stages. Some clinical studies have shown an increase in neuroendocrine-like cells parallel to the tumor progression but their exact role is a matter of debate. The prostate is a well-known target for melatonin, which reduces PCa cells proliferation and induces neuroendocrine differentiation. To evaluate the mechanisms underlying the indole effects on neuroendocrine differentiation and its impact on PCa progression, we used a cell culture model (LNCaP) and a murine model (TRAMP). Persistent ERK1/2 activation was found in both, melatonin and androgen-deprived cells. Melatonin blocked nuclear translocation of androgen receptor (AR), thus confirming anti-androgenic actions of the indole. However, using a comparative genome microarray to check the differentially expressed genes in control, melatonin, or androgen-deprived cells, some differences were found, suggesting a more complex role of the indole. By comparing control cells with those treated with melatonin or depleted of androgen, a cluster of 26 differentially expressed genes (±2.5-fold) was found. Kallikreins (KLK)2 and KLK3 (PSA) were dramatically downregulated by both treatments whereas IGFBP3 and IGF1R were up- and downregulated, respectively, in both experimental groups, thus showing a role for IGF in both scenarios. Finally, melatonin prolonged the survival of TRAMP mice by 33% when given at the beginning or at advances stages of the tumor. Serum IGFBP3 was significantly elevated by the indole in early stages of the tumor, confirming in vivo the role of the IGF signaling in the oncostatic action of the indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Mayo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Redox Biology Unit, The University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Hevia
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Aida Rodriguez-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), C1, Marie Arsenian Henriksson group, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Menendez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Redox Biology Unit, The University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vanesa Cepas
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Redox Biology Unit, The University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Gonzalez-Pola
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Redox Biology Unit, The University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sainz
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Redox Biology Unit, The University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Habibian DJ, Dao AE, Kumar S, Schiff J, Kosinski KE, Katz AE. Gross Findings of Widespread Visceral Metastasis of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma With Neuroendocrine Features: A Case Report. Urol Case Rep 2016; 8:49-51. [PMID: 27489779 PMCID: PMC4963249 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prostate cancer is common in the western world and is associated with favorable overall survival, neuroendocrine prostate cancer is difficult to detect and is known to aggressively metastasize throughout the body. This subset of disease thus has a poor prognosis, and early detection and treatment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer may increase overall survival. We present a case of a now deceased 63 year old male with extensive epicardial, respiratory, hepato-bilary, adrenal, genitourinary, and osseous tissue metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Habibian
- Department of Urology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Alexander E. Dao
- Department of Urology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Shauna Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schiff
- Department of Urology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | | | - Aaron E. Katz
- Department of Urology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
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50
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Salido M, Vilches J. Intracellular Elemental Patterns of Apoptosis Resistance in Transdifferentiated Androgen-Dependent Prostatic Carcinoma Cells. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:865-877. [PMID: 27487730 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of neuroendocrine (NE) characteristics by prostate cancer (PC) cells relates to tumor progression and hormone resistance. PC cells may survive and function in androgen-deprived environments, where they could establish paracrine signaling networks, providing stimuli for the propagation of local carcinoma cells. We previously demonstrated, using electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), in LNCaP, PC-3, and Du 145 cell lines that apoptosis is associated with intracellular elemental changes, and that the NE secretory products, bombesin and calcitonin, inhibit etoposide-induced apoptosis, as well as some of these elemental changes. In this study, LNCaP cells were induced in vitro to transdifferentiate under androgen deprivation, to mimic the role of NE cells in the apoptotic activity of transdifferentiated androgen-dependent PC cells. Changes in intracellular ion content associated with apoptosis, assessed by EPXMA, demonstrate that the transdifferentiated LNCaP cells are resistant to etoposide-induced apoptosis and also to the etoposide-induced elemental changes. The aggressive malignant potential of PC with neuroendocrine differentiation, associated with hormonal independence, is partly because of the ability that most NE tumor cells have to escape apoptosis, which can enhance the malignant properties of tumor cells and may have therapeutic implications as tumor cells are usually resistant to cytotoxic drugs as etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Salido
- Department of Histology,Servicio Central de Investigacion Biomedica y en Ciencias de la Salud (SC-IBM),School of Medicine,University of Cadiz,c/Dr. Marañon,3. 11002 Cádiz,Spain
| | - Jose Vilches
- Department of Histology,Servicio Central de Investigacion Biomedica y en Ciencias de la Salud (SC-IBM),School of Medicine,University of Cadiz,c/Dr. Marañon,3. 11002 Cádiz,Spain
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