1
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Cappelli L, Khan M, Vemula S, Hum C, Liu H, Yu Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Sharif M, Shi W. Novel frameless LINAC radiosurgery solution for uveal melanoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1365197. [PMID: 38590652 PMCID: PMC10999567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1365197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radiation treatment has replaced enucleation as an organ-preservation treatment for patients with uveal melanoma (UM). We developed a novel non-invasive, frameless LINAC based solution for fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (fSRS) treatment. Methods We designed and constructed the a stereotactic ocular localization box that can be attached and indexed to a stereotactic LINAC tabletop. It contains adjustable LED lights as a gaze focus point and CCD camera for monitoring of the patient's eye position. The device also has 6 infrared spheres compatible with the ExacTRAC IGRT system. Treatment plans were developed using iPLAN Dose version 4.5, with conformal dynamic arcs and 6MV photon beam in flattening filter free mode, dosed to 50Gy in 5 fractions. During treatment, patients were instructed to stare at the light when a radiation beam is prepared and ready for delivery. Eye movement was tracked throughout treatment. Residual setup errors were recorded for evaluation. Results The stereotactic ocular localization box was 3D-printed with polylactic acid material and attached to the stereotactic LINAC tabletop. 10 patients were treated to evaluate the feasibility, tolerability and setup accuracy. Median treatment time for each arc is 17.3 ± 2.4 seconds (range: 13.8-23.4). After ExacTRAC setup, the residual setup errors are -0.1 ± 0.3 mm laterally, -0.1 ± 0.3 mm longitudinally, and 0 ± 0.2 mm vertically. The residue rotational errors are -0.1 ± 0.3 degree pitch, 0.1 ± 0.2 degree roll, and 0 ± 0.2 degree couch rotation. All patients received treatment successfully. Conclusion We successfully developed a novel non-invasive frameless mask-based LINAC solution for SRS for uveal melanoma, or other ocular tumors. It is well tolerated with high set up accuracy. Future directions for this localization box would include a multi-center trial to assess the efficacy and reproducibility in the fabrication and execution of such a solution for UM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Cappelli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mehak Khan
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sudheshna Vemula
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christina Hum
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Haisong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yingxuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yechi Zhang
- Department Mechanical Engineering, University of New York, City College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Muhammad Sharif
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenyin Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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2
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La Rocca M, Leonardi BF, Lo Greco MC, Marano G, Finocchiaro I, Iudica A, Milazzotto R, Liardo RLE, La Monaca VA, Salamone V, Basile A, Foti PV, Palmucci S, David E, Parisi S, Pontoriero A, Pergolizzi S, Spatola C. Radiotherapy of Orbital and Ocular Adnexa Lymphoma: Literature Review and University of Catania Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5782. [PMID: 38136328 PMCID: PMC10741683 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Orbital and ocular adnexa lymphomas are rare neoplasms confined to the orbital region. The prognosis is generally favorable, with a high proportion of localized disease, indolent clinical course, prolonged disease-free intervals, and low lymphoma-related mortality rate. We report our experience on eleven patients with confirmed histological diagnosis of lymphoma stage IE-IIE, treated between 2010 and 2021 with radiotherapy alone or in association with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Eight patients were treated with primary radiotherapy only, while three received previous systemic treatments. Six patients were treated with Proton beam therapy (PBT), and five with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The five-year local control rate was 98%; only one patient developed an out-of-field recurrence. We also conducted a comprehensive literature review using electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library). Articles were selected based on their pertinence to treatment of the ocular and adnexal lymphoma focusing on radiotherapy techniques (electron beam radiotherapy, photon beam radiotherapy, or proton beam radiotherapy), treatment total dose, fractionation schedule, early and late radio-induced toxicities, and patient's clinical outcome. Radiotherapy is an effective treatment option for orbital lymphoma, especially as standard treatment in the early stage of orbital lymphoma, with excellent local control rate and low rates of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina La Rocca
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Barbara Francesca Leonardi
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Maria Chiara Lo Greco
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Giorgia Marano
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Irene Finocchiaro
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Arianna Iudica
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Roberto Milazzotto
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.M.); (R.L.E.L.); (V.A.L.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Rocco Luca Emanuele Liardo
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.M.); (R.L.E.L.); (V.A.L.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Viviana Anna La Monaca
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.M.); (R.L.E.L.); (V.A.L.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Salamone
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.M.); (R.L.E.L.); (V.A.L.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (P.V.F.); (S.P.)
- Radiology I Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (P.V.F.); (S.P.)
- Radiology I Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (P.V.F.); (S.P.)
- Radiology I Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Emanuele David
- Radiology I Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Silvana Parisi
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Antonio Pontoriero
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefano Pergolizzi
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (B.F.L.); (M.C.L.G.); (G.M.); (I.F.); (A.I.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Corrado Spatola
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.M.); (R.L.E.L.); (V.A.L.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.B.); (P.V.F.); (S.P.)
- Radiology I Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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3
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Fattori S, Petringa G, Agosteo S, Bortot D, Conte V, Cuttone G, Di Fini A, Farokhi F, Mazzucconi D, Pandola L, Petrović I, Ristić-Fira A, Rosenfeld A, Weber U, Cirrone GAP. 4He dose- and track-averaged linear energy transfer: Monte Carlo algorithms and experimental verification. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac776f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. In the present hadrontherapy scenario, there is a growing interest in exploring the capabilities of different ion species other than protons and carbons. The possibility of using different ions paves the way for new radiotherapy approaches, such as the multi-ions treatment, where radiation could vary according to target volume, shape, depth and histologic characteristics of the tumor. For these reasons, in this paper, the study and understanding of biological-relevant quantities was extended for the case of 4He ion. Approach. Geant4 Monte Carlo based algorithms for dose- and track-averaged LET (Linear Energy Transfer) calculations, were validated for 4He ions and for the case of a mixed field characterised by the presence of secondary ions from both target and projectile fragmentation. The simulated dose and track averaged LETs were compared with the corresponding dose and frequency mean values of the lineal energy,
y
D
¯
and
y
¯
F
, derived from experimental microdosimetric spectra. Two microdosimetric experimental campaigns were carried out at the Italian eye proton therapy facility of the Laboratori Nazionali del Sud of Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN-LNS, Catania, I) using two different microdosimeters: the MicroPlus probe and the nano-TEPC (Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter). Main results. A good agreement of
L
¯
d
Total
and
L
¯
t
Total
with
y
¯
D
and
y
¯
T
experimentally measured with both microdosimetric detectors MicroPlus and nano-TEPC in two configurations: full energy and modulated 4He ion beam, was found. Significance. The results of this study certify the use of a very effective tool for the precise calculation of LET, given by a Monte Carlo approach which has the advantage of allowing detailed simulation and tracking of nuclear interactions, even in complex clinical scenarios.
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4
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Bláha P, Feoli C, Agosteo S, Calvaruso M, Cammarata FP, Catalano R, Ciocca M, Cirrone GAP, Conte V, Cuttone G, Facoetti A, Forte GI, Giuffrida L, Magro G, Margarone D, Minafra L, Petringa G, Pucci G, Ricciardi V, Rosa E, Russo G, Manti L. The Proton-Boron Reaction Increases the Radiobiological Effectiveness of Clinical Low- and High-Energy Proton Beams: Novel Experimental Evidence and Perspectives. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682647. [PMID: 34262867 PMCID: PMC8274279 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protontherapy is a rapidly expanding radiotherapy modality where accelerated proton beams are used to precisely deliver the dose to the tumor target but is generally considered ineffective against radioresistant tumors. Proton-Boron Capture Therapy (PBCT) is a novel approach aimed at enhancing proton biological effectiveness. PBCT exploits a nuclear fusion reaction between low-energy protons and 11B atoms, i.e. p+11B→ 3α (p-B), which is supposed to produce highly-DNA damaging α-particles exclusively across the tumor-conformed Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP), without harming healthy tissues in the beam entrance channel. To confirm previous work on PBCT, here we report new in-vitro data obtained at the 62-MeV ocular melanoma-dedicated proton beamline of the INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), Catania, Italy. For the first time, we also tested PBCT at the 250-MeV proton beamline used for deep-seated cancers at the Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO), Pavia, Italy. We used Sodium Mercaptododecaborate (BSH) as 11B carrier, DU145 prostate cancer cells to assess cell killing and non-cancer epithelial breast MCF-10A cells for quantifying chromosome aberrations (CAs) by FISH painting and DNA repair pathway protein expression by western blotting. Cells were exposed at various depths along the two clinical SOBPs. Compared to exposure in the absence of boron, proton irradiation in the presence of BSH significantly reduced DU145 clonogenic survival and increased both frequency and complexity of CAs in MCF-10A cells at the mid- and distal SOBP positions, but not at the beam entrance. BSH-mediated enhancement of DNA damage response was also found at mid-SOBP. These results corroborate PBCT as a strategy to render protontherapy amenable towards radiotherapy-resilient tumor. If coupled with emerging proton FLASH radiotherapy modalities, PBCT could thus widen the protontherapy therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bláha
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Feoli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Agosteo
- Energy Department, Politecnico di Milano, and INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Calvaruso
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy.,Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cammarata
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy.,Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), INFN, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Mario Ciocca
- Medical Physics Unit & Research Department, Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO) & INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Conte
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (LNL), INFN, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Angelica Facoetti
- Medical Physics Unit & Research Department, Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO) & INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giusi Irma Forte
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy.,Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Giuffrida
- Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)-Beamlines Center, Institute of Physics (FZU), Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Giuseppe Magro
- Medical Physics Unit & Research Department, Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO) & INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Margarone
- Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)-Beamlines Center, Institute of Physics (FZU), Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy.,Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - Giada Petringa
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), INFN, Catania, Italy.,Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)-Beamlines Center, Institute of Physics (FZU), Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gaia Pucci
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy.,Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STeBiCeF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Ricciardi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy.,Department of Mathematics & Physics, Università L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Enrico Rosa
- Radiation Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics "E. Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), Cefalù, Italy.,Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), INFN, Catania, Italy.,The Sicilian Center of Nuclear Physics and the Structure of Matter (CSFNSM), Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Manti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy.,Radiation Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics "E. Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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5
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Foti PV, Travali M, Farina R, Palmucci S, Spatola C, Liardo RLE, Milazzotto R, Raffaele L, Salamone V, Caltabiano R, Broggi G, Puzzo L, Russo A, Reibaldi M, Longo A, Vigneri P, Avitabile T, Ettorre GC, Basile A. Diagnostic methods and therapeutic options of uveal melanoma with emphasis on MR imaging-Part II: treatment indications and complications. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:67. [PMID: 34085131 PMCID: PMC8175681 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy of uveal melanoma aims to preserve the eye and its function and to avoid metastatic dissemination. The treatment choice is difficult and must keep into account several factors; the therapeutic strategy of uveal melanoma should therefore be personalized, sometimes requiring to combine different treatment techniques. Nowadays globe-sparing radiotherapy techniques are often preferred to enucleation. Plaque brachytherapy, the most commonly used eye-preserving therapy, is suitable for small- and medium-sized uveal melanomas. Proton beam radiotherapy is indicated for tumours with noticeable size, challenging shape and location, but is more expensive and less available than brachytherapy. Enucleation is currently restricted to advanced tumours, uveal melanomas with orbital or optic nerve involvement, blind and painful eyes because of treatment-related complications (neovascular glaucoma, chronic inflammatory processes). The effect of proton beam therapy on neoplastic tissue is related to direct cytotoxic action of the radiations, impairment of neoplastic vascular supply and immunologic response. Complications after radiotherapy are frequent and numerous and mainly related to tumour thickness, radiation dose and distance between the tumour and optic nerve. The purpose of this pictorial review is to provide the radiologists with awareness about diagnostic methods and therapeutic options of uveal melanoma. In the present second section, we discuss the therapeutic management of uveal melanoma, describing the main ocular-conserving radiotherapic techniques. We subsequently present an overview of the effects of radiations on neoplastic tissue. Lastly, we review ocular complications following radiotherapy that should be evaluated by radiologists during follow-up MRI examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Mario Travali
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Renato Farina
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Spatola
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rocco Luca Emanuele Liardo
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Milazzotto
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Raffaele
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salamone
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Lidia Puzzo
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Teresio Avitabile
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovani Carlo Ettorre
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia" - Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
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6
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Arce P, Bolst D, Bordage MC, Brown JMC, Cirrone P, Cortés-Giraldo MA, Cutajar D, Cuttone G, Desorgher L, Dondero P, Dotti A, Faddegon B, Fedon C, Guatelli S, Incerti S, Ivanchenko V, Konstantinov D, Kyriakou I, Latyshev G, Le A, Mancini-Terracciano C, Maire M, Mantero A, Novak M, Omachi C, Pandola L, Perales A, Perrot Y, Petringa G, Quesada JM, Ramos-Méndez J, Romano F, Rosenfeld AB, Sarmiento LG, Sakata D, Sasaki T, Sechopoulos I, Simpson EC, Toshito T, Wright DH. Report on G4-Med, a Geant4 benchmarking system for medical physics applications developed by the Geant4 Medical Simulation Benchmarking Group. Med Phys 2021; 48:19-56. [PMID: 32392626 PMCID: PMC8054528 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geant4 is a Monte Carlo code extensively used in medical physics for a wide range of applications, such as dosimetry, micro- and nanodosimetry, imaging, radiation protection, and nuclear medicine. Geant4 is continuously evolving, so it is crucial to have a system that benchmarks this Monte Carlo code for medical physics against reference data and to perform regression testing. AIMS To respond to these needs, we developed G4-Med, a benchmarking and regression testing system of Geant4 for medical physics. MATERIALS AND METHODS G4-Med currently includes 18 tests. They range from the benchmarking of fundamental physics quantities to the testing of Monte Carlo simulation setups typical of medical physics applications. Both electromagnetic and hadronic physics processes and models within the prebuilt Geant4 physics lists are tested. The tests included in G4-Med are executed on the CERN computing infrastructure via the use of the geant-val web application, developed at CERN for Geant4 testing. The physical observables can be compared to reference data for benchmarking and to results of previous Geant4 versions for regression testing purposes. RESULTS This paper describes the tests included in G4-Med and shows the results derived from the benchmarking of Geant4 10.5 against reference data. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that the Geant4 electromagnetic physics constructor G4EmStandardPhysics_option4 gives a good agreement with the reference data for all the tests. The QGSP_BIC_HP physics list provided an overall adequate description of the physics involved in hadron therapy, including proton and carbon ion therapy. New tests should be included in the next stage of the project to extend the benchmarking to other physical quantities and application scenarios of interest for medical physics. CONCLUSION The results presented and discussed in this paper will aid users in tailoring physics lists to their particular application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Bolst
- Centre For Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - M-C Bordage
- CRCT (INSERM and Paul Sabatier University), Toulouse, France
| | - J M C Brown
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - D Cutajar
- Centre For Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - L Desorgher
- Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - A Dotti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - B Faddegon
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Fedon
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Guatelli
- Centre For Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - S Incerti
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR5797, Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Gradignan, France
| | - V Ivanchenko
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D Konstantinov
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - IHEP, Protvino, Russian Federation
| | - I Kyriakou
- Medical Physics Laboratory, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - G Latyshev
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - IHEP, Protvino, Russian Federation
| | - A Le
- Centre For Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - C Omachi
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - A Perales
- Medical Physics Department of Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Y Perrot
- IRSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | | | - F Romano
- INFN Catania Section, Catania, Italy
- Medical Physics Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - A B Rosenfeld
- Centre For Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - D Sakata
- Centre For Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - I Sechopoulos
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Expert Center for Screening (LRCB), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E C Simpson
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - T Toshito
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - D H Wright
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA, USA
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7
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Conte V, Agosteo S, Bianchi A, Bolst D, Bortot D, Catalano R, Cirrone GAP, Colautti P, Cuttone G, Guatelli S, James B, Mazzucconi D, Rosenfeld AB, Selva A, Tran L, Petringa G. Microdosimetry of a therapeutic proton beam with a mini-TEPC and a MicroPlus-Bridge detector for RBE assessment. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:245018. [PMID: 33086208 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abc368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proton beams are widely used worldwide to treat localized tumours, the lower entrance dose and no exit dose, thus sparing surrounding normal tissues, being the main advantage of this treatment modality compared to conventional photon techniques. Clinical proton beam therapy treatment planning is based on the use of a general relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1 along the whole beam penetration depth, without taking into account the documented increase in RBE at the end of the depth dose profile, in the Bragg peak and beyond. However, an inaccurate estimation of the RBE can cause both underdose or overdose, in particular it can cause the unfavourable situation of underdosing the tumour and overdosing the normal tissue just beyond the tumour, which limits the treatment success and increases the risk of complications. In view of a more precise dose delivery that takes into account the variation of RBE, experimental microdosimetry offers valuable tools for the quality assurance of LET or RBE-based treatment planning systems. The purpose of this work is to compare the response of two different microdosimetry systems: the mini-TEPC and the MicroPlus-Bridge detector. Microdosimetric spectra were measured across the 62 MeV spread out Bragg peak of CATANA with the mini-TEPC and with the Bridge microdosimeter. The frequency and dose distributions of lineal energy were compared and the different contributions to the spectra were analysed, discussing the effects of different site sizes and chord length distributions. The shape of the lineal energy distributions measured with the two detectors are markedly different, due to the different water-equivalent sizes of the sensitive volumes: 0.85 μm for the TEPC and 17.3 μm for the silicon detector. When the Loncol's biological weighting function is applied to calculate the microdosimetric assessment of the RBE, both detectors lead to results that are consistent with biological survival data for glioma U87 cells. Both the mini-TEPC and the MicroPlus-Bridge detector can be used to assess the RBE variation of a 62 MeV modulated proton beam along its penetration depth. The microdosimetric assessment of the RBE based on the Loncol's weighting function is in good agreement with radiobiological results when the 10% biological uncertainty is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Conte
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, viale dell'Università 2 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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8
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Abstract
Iris melanomas represent 2–5% of uveal melanomas. Iris melanomas vary in their size, shape, degree of pigmentation and clinical behavior. The main local clinical complications of iris melanomas are tumor vascularization, ectropion uvea, pupillary distortion, pigment dispersion, sector cataract, chronic uveitis, hyphema and glaucoma with irreversible optic nerve damage. The most effective treatment for iris nevus and melanoma remains debatable; treatment modalities have been proposed depending on the local status as well as the age and general condition of the patient. A melanocytic iris nevus is usually observed until documented progression is identified. In this case, radiotherapy or surgical resection is generally performed. Cataract, glaucoma and limbal stem cell deficiency are usually secondary to radiotherapy, while incomplete tumor excisions, which could lead to recurrence, hemorrhage, vitreous loss, dislocated lens, iridocyclitis, macular edema, retinal detachment, glaucoma and cataract, are related to surgical resection. In some cases, a combination of radiotherapy and surgery is used. Conservative treatment is an efficient alternative to enucleation and allows good local tumor control.
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9
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Petringa G, Pandola L, Agosteo S, Catalano R, Colautti P, Conte V, Cuttone G, Fan K, Mei Z, Rosenfeld A, Selva A, Cirrone GAP. Monte Carlo implementation of new algorithms for the evaluation of averaged-dose and -track linear energy transfers in 62 MeV clinical proton beams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:235043. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abaeb9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Proton beam radiotherapy of locally advanced or recurrent conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma: experience of the CATANA Centre. JOURNAL OF RADIOTHERAPY IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1460396920000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAim:Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare tumour of the ocular region and microscopic radical surgical is difficult. There are no single guidelines for therapeutic management and the role of radiation therapy is not clearly defined although conventionally photon or electron beams are used. Proton beam radiotherapy (PBRT) is a new option for a conservative approach and allows good sparing of the organs at risk.Materials and methods:After surgical resection, we collected 15 cases treated at our institution with PBRT. The dose delivered was between 48 and 60 Gy relative biological effectiveness (RBE), with fractions of 12–15 Gy RBE.Results:After an average period of 48 months, the patients achieved excellent disease control (overall survival and disease-free survival: 86·6%), with minimal acute and late toxicity.Findings:In this work, we present our experience on the use of PBRT technique in SCC treatment. A larger sample of patients is needed to draw conclusions about the impact of this treatment on disease recurrence and overall survival.
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11
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Patera V, Prezado Y, Azaiez F, Battistoni G, Bettoni D, Brandenburg S, Bugay A, Cuttone G, Dauvergne D, de France G, Graeff C, Haberer T, Inaniwa T, Incerti S, Nasonova E, Navin A, Pullia M, Rossi S, Vandevoorde C, Durante M. Biomedical Research Programs at Present and Future High-Energy Particle Accelerators. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2020; 8:00380. [PMID: 33224942 PMCID: PMC7116397 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical applications at high-energy particle accelerators have always been an important section of the applied nuclear physics research. Several new facilities are now under constructions or undergoing major upgrades. While the main goal of these facilities is often basic research in nuclear physics, they acknowledge the importance of including biomedical research programs and of interacting with other medical accelerator facilities providing patient treatments. To harmonize the programs, avoid duplications, and foster collaboration and synergism, the International Biophysics Collaboration is providing a platform to several accelerator centers with interest in biomedical research. In this paper, we summarize the programs of various facilities in the running, upgrade, or construction phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Patera
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Denis Dauvergne
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR5821, LPSC, GDR MI2B, LabEx PRIMES, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Christian Graeff
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Sebastien Incerti
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR5797, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Gradignan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence: Marco Durante,
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12
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Catalano R, Petringa G, Cuttone G, Bonanno V, Chiappara D, Musumeci M, Puglia S, Stella G, Scifoni E, Tommasino F, Cirrone G. Transversal dose profile reconstruction for clinical proton beams: A detectors inter-comparison. Phys Med 2020; 70:133-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Guida F, Barbato A, Ciocca M, Schwarz M, Lorentini S, Mastella E, Cirrone GAP, Petringa G, Liotta M, Tarabelli De Fatis P, Masi M, Mettivier G, Russo P. Dose intercomparison at Italian hadrontherapy centers. Phys Med 2019; 68:83-87. [PMID: 31765885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform the first dosimetric intercomparison for proton beams in Italy using ionization chambers, according to the IAEA TRS-398 code of practice. METHODS Measurement sites included: National Center for Oncological Hadron Therapy (CNAO, Pavia), Center for Proton Therapy (CTP, Trento) and Center for Hadron Therapy and for advanced Nuclear Applications (CATANA, Catania). For comparison we also included a 6 MV photon beam produced at Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (ICSM, Pavia). For proton beams, both single pseudo-monoenergetic layers (in order to obtain a planned dose of 2 Gy at the reference depth of 2 cm in a water phantom) and Spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBP) have been delivered. Measurements were performed with a PTW Farmer 30010-1 and a PTW Advanced Markus type 34,045 ionization chamber. RESULTS Data obtained at CATANA, CNAO and CPT in terms of absorbed dose to water depth show good consistency within the experimental uncertainties, with a weighted mean of 1.99 ± 0.01 Gy and a standard error of 0.003 Gy, with reference to a nominal dose of 2 Gy as designed by the treatment planning system. CONCLUSIONS The results showed a standard deviation of less than 1% for single layer and SOBP beams, for all chambers and a percent deviation less than 1.5% for single layer measurements. The weighted means of the absorbed doses for clinical proton beams (118.19 MeV and 173.61 MeV) are consistent within less than 1%. These results agree within the 1.5% difference considered acceptable for national dose intercomparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guida
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy; INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Barbato
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy; INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - M Schwarz
- Centro di Protonterapia, APSS, Trento, Italy
| | - S Lorentini
- Centro di Protonterapia, APSS, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - G Petringa
- INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy; Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia, Catania, Italy
| | - M Liotta
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - M Masi
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy; INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - G Mettivier
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy; INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
| | - P Russo
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Napoli, Italy; INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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14
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Milluzzo G, Pipek J, Amico AG, Cirrone GAP, Cuttone G, Korn G, Larosa G, Leanza R, Margarone D, Petringa G, Russo A, Schillaci F, Scuderi V, Romano F. Transversal dose distribution optimization for laser-accelerated proton beam medical applications by means of Geant4. Phys Med 2018; 54:166-172. [PMID: 30076107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to quantitatively study the possibility of delivering dose distributions of clinical relevance with laser-driven proton beams. A Monte Carlo application has been developed with the Geant4 toolkit, simulating the ELIMED (MEDical and multidisciplinary application at ELI-Beamlines) transport and dosimetry beam line which is being currently installed at the ELI-Beamlines in Prague (CZ). The beam line will be used to perform irradiations for multidisciplinary studies, with the purpose of demonstrating the possible use of optically accelerated ion beams for therapeutic purposes. The ELIMED Geant4-based application, already validated against reference transport codes, accurately simulates each single element of the beam line, necessary to collect the accelerated beams and to select them in energy. Transversal dose distributions at the irradiation point have been studied and optimized to try to quantitatively answer the question if such kind of beam lines, and specifically the systems developed for ELIMED in Prague, will be actually able to transport ion beams not only for multidisciplinary applications, such as pitcher-catcher nuclear reactions (e.g. neutrons), PIXE analysis for cultural heritage and space radiation, but also for delivering dose patterns of clinical relevance in a future perspective of possible medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Milluzzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy; School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom; Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, Catania, Italy
| | - J Pipek
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - A G Amico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - G A P Cirrone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - G Cuttone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - G Korn
- Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i (FZU), ELI-Beamlines Project, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Larosa
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - R Leanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy; Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, Catania, Italy
| | - D Margarone
- Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i (FZU), ELI-Beamlines Project, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Petringa
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy; Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, Catania, Italy
| | - A Russo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - F Schillaci
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, Catania, Italy; Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i (FZU), ELI-Beamlines Project, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Scuderi
- Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i (FZU), ELI-Beamlines Project, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - F Romano
- National Physical Laboratory, CMES - Medical Radiation Science Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW UK; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania, Italy.
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