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Miglietta F, Carraro V, Amato O, Griguolo G, Bottosso M, Munari G, Zarrilli G, Lo Mele M, Barbieri C, Dei Tos AP, Guarneri V, Dieci MV, Fassan M. PI3K/PTEN/mTOR pathway dynamic tracking and prognostic value in HR+/HER2- BC patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a cohort study. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:690-696. [PMID: 37344170 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-208856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hormone receptor-positive (HR)+/HER2- breast cancer (BC) is highly heterogeneous, with PI3K/PTEN/mTOR pathway alterations emerging as possible players within this complexity. We longitudinally tracked PI3K/PTEN/mTOR pathway dynamics from baseline biopsy to residual disease (RD)-and to metastases in case of relapse-in HR+/HER2- BC patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). METHODS HR+/HER2- BC patients with RD after NACT were identified. We assessed PIK3CA mutational, Pten-loss and phosphorylation levels of mTOR and its substrates (p70S6K and 4EBP1) on baseline biopsies and matched RD samples; in case of disease relapse, we also assessed PIK3CA mutational status on metastatic samples. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was adopted as endpoint. RESULTS 92 patient were included. The conversion rate of PIK3CA mutational status was 12.8%; 1 patient acquired PIK3CA mutation at relapse; the rate of Pten conversion was 33.3%; mTOR phosphorylation levels significantly increased from baseline biopsy to RD, while its substrates significantly decreased. Baseline phosphorylated-mTOR significantly predicted poorer RFS in patients with PIK3CA wild-type status; baseline phosphorylated-70S6K was positively associated with RFS. CONCLUSIONS We observed that PI3K/PTEN/mTOR pathway is highly dynamic under NACT exposure and the assessment of PIK3CA mutations may capture only a small fraction of such complexity. In this context, mTOR activation trough alternative pathways with respect to PIK3CA signalling may have a crucial role in shaping the molecular landscape of HR+/HER2- BC with RD after NACT. It is imperative to further elucidate the role of PIK3CA and mTOR-dependent pathways in shaping chemoresistance and endocrine resistance in high-risk HR+/HER2- early/locally advanced BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Miglietta
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Ottavia Amato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaia Griguolo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Bottosso
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Zarrilli
- Department of Medicine - DIMED - Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marcello Lo Mele
- Surgical Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Barbieri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Medicine - DIMED - Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto - IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Veneto Institute of Oncology, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine - DIMED - Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Hanroongsri J, Amornphimoltham P, Younis RH, Chaisuparat R. Expression of PD-L1 and p-RPS6 in epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1337582. [PMID: 38370876 PMCID: PMC10869481 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1337582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is often preceded by oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). The role of ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in the progression of OED to OSCC remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression of phosphorylated RPS6 (p-RPS6) and PD-L1 in OSCC and OED and to examine its relationship with clinicopathological features. Methods Fifty-two OSCC and 48 OED cases were recruited for immunohistochemical analysis of p-RPS6 and PD-L1 expression. The expression of markers was correlated with clinicopathological features of OSCC and OED. Results We found p-RPS6 expression in all cases of OSCC and OED, whereas PD-L1 was expressed in 42/48 (87%) OED and in 28/52 (53%) OSCC. The patients with mild OED presented higher expression level of PD-L1 and p-RPS6 significantly, when compared to moderate-differentiated OSCC patients (p < 0.05). Moreover, we found a significant positive correlation between PD-L1 and p-RPS6 expression in OED and OSCC patients (p < 0.01). The PD-L1 expression was significantly related to more than 2 cm tumor size in OSCC patients (p = 0.007). Discussion Our findings suggest the upregulation of PD-L1 may be related with activation of the mTOR pathway in the early events of tumor progression and the pathogenesis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruwat Hanroongsri
- Division of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | | | - Rania H. Younis
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Risa Chaisuparat
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Heath and Healthy Longevity, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Miyanishi K, Nururrozi A, Igase M, Tanabe M, Sakurai M, Sakai Y, Shimonohara N, Murakami M, Mizuno T. Activation of the Akt signalling pathway as a prognostic indicator in canine soft tissue sarcoma. J Comp Pathol 2023; 206:44-52. [PMID: 37839309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is relatively common in dogs and is the generic term for tumours that originate from mesenchymal cells. While histopathological grade and immunolabelling with Ki-67 have been used for estimating prognosis, additional indicators are needed for predicting prognosis. Aberrant cell signalling pathways may contribute to disease activity and, therefore, prognostic markers. However, their role in canine STS remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt) and phosphorylated S6 (phospho-S6) as potential prognostic indicators. Immunohistochemical labelling was conducted on clinical samples of canine STS (n = 67). We found that phospho-Akt expression was positively correlated with histopathological grade (P = 0.001) and Ki-67 index (P <0.01). There was no apparent relationship between the type of STS and the expression of phospho-Akt. The number of cases that expressed phospho-S6, which is the downstream molecule of the Akt signalling pathway, was higher in immunopositive phospho-Akt cases than in immunonegative phospho-Akt cases (P <0.0001). Furthermore, phospho-Akt expression was significantly higher in recurrent and metastatic cases. We also confirmed that phosphorylation of Akt occurred in conjunction with S6 phosphorylation in three canine STS cell lines. These results suggest that immunolabelling for phospho-Akt, phospho-S6 and Ki-67 could potentially be used as a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in canine STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Miyanishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Alfarisa Nururrozi
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masaya Igase
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Mika Tanabe
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masashi Sakurai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Mami Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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Yang X, Lei G, Wang J, Wen Z, Ma Z, Zhao Y, Ren H, Xie H. Integrative immunogenomic analysis reveals transcriptional and immune-related differences in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with different disease-free survival. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1752-1765. [PMID: 35530269 PMCID: PMC9077058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of the neoantigen spectrum and immune infiltration in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is lacking. This study aimed to examine the molecular features correlating with better prognoses in HCC patients. 27 paired tumor and normal tissues from 27 HCC patients were collected and performed with whole-exome sequencing. The most frequently mutated gene in 27 HCC patients was TP53 (16/27, 59.26%). Based on the whole median disease-free survival (DFS), all patients were divided into 'long-term' (n = 14, median DFS = 318 weeks) and 'short-term' (n = 13, median DFS = 11 weeks) groups. RNA-seq was performed to compare differentially expressed genes, immune infiltration, and neoantigens. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the immune infiltration. There were no significant differences in tumor mutation burden, immune score, cytolytic activity score, or neoantigen load between two groups. Compared with the long-term group, significantly increased B lineage (P = 0.0463), myeloid dendritic cells (P = 0.0152), and fibroblast (P = 0.0244) infiltration levels were observed in the short-term group, in which genes involved in ribosome, proteasome, and ECM-receptor interaction pathways were also overexpressed. Additionally, 16 patients with tumor thrombus were explored to identify specific biomarkers for prognosis. We found that patients with tumor thrombus carrying TP53/ARID2 neoantigens had significantly longer DFS. In conclusion, higher B lineage, myeloid dendritic cells, and fibroblast infiltration levels might cause poor prognosis in the short-term group, which also showed higher expression of genes involved in ribosome, proteasome, and ECM-receptor interaction pathways. In patients with tumor thrombus, specific TP53/ARID2 neoantigens may be used as biomarkers toward personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Yang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin 300060, China
| | - Guanglin Lei
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
| | - Junxiao Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin UniversityChangchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenyu Wen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin UniversityChangchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenhu Ma
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
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Barrios-Bernal P, Hernandez-Pedro N, Orozco-Morales M, Viedma-Rodríguez R, Lucio-Lozada J, Avila-Moreno F, Cardona AF, Rosell R, Arrieta O. Metformin Enhances TKI-Afatinib Cytotoxic Effect, Causing Downregulation of Glycolysis, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, and EGFR-Signaling Pathway Activation in Lung Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030381. [PMID: 35337178 PMCID: PMC8955777 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of metformin and TKIs for non-small cell lung cancer has been proposed as a strategy to overcome resistance of neoplastic cells induced by several molecular mechanisms. This study sought to investigate the effects of a second generation TKI afatinib, metformin, or their combination on three adenocarcinoma lung cancer cell lines with different EGFRmutation status. A549, H1975, and HCC827 cell lines were treated with afatinib, metformin, and their combination for 72 h. Afterwards, several parameters were assessed including cytotoxicity, interactions, apoptosis, and EGFR protein levels at the cell membrane and several glycolytic, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and EMT expression markers. All cell lines showed additive to synergic interactions for the induction of cytotoxicity caused by the tested combination, as well as an improved pro-apoptotic effect. This effect was accompanied by downregulation of glycolytic, EMT markers, a significant decrease in glucose uptake, extracellular lactate, and a tendency towards increased OXPHOS subunits expression. Interestingly, we observed a better response to the combined therapy in lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1975, which normally have low affinity for TKI treatment. Findings from this study suggest a sensitization to afatinib therapy by metformin in TKI-resistant lung cancer cells, as well as a reduction in cellular glycolytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barrios-Bernal
- Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Thoracic Oncology Unit Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, S.S.A., San Fernando 22 Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (P.B.-B.); (N.H.-P.); (M.O.-M.); (J.L.-L.)
| | - Norma Hernandez-Pedro
- Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Thoracic Oncology Unit Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, S.S.A., San Fernando 22 Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (P.B.-B.); (N.H.-P.); (M.O.-M.); (J.L.-L.)
| | - Mario Orozco-Morales
- Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Thoracic Oncology Unit Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, S.S.A., San Fernando 22 Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (P.B.-B.); (N.H.-P.); (M.O.-M.); (J.L.-L.)
| | - Rubí Viedma-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico City 54090, Mexico;
| | - José Lucio-Lozada
- Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Thoracic Oncology Unit Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, S.S.A., San Fernando 22 Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (P.B.-B.); (N.H.-P.); (M.O.-M.); (J.L.-L.)
| | - Federico Avila-Moreno
- Lung Diseases and Cancer Epigenomics Laboratory, Biomedicine Research Unit (UBIMED), Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico City 54090, Mexico;
| | - Andrés F. Cardona
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research—FICMAC/Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 11001, Colombia;
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute and Hospital Campus Can Ruti, 8908 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Thoracic Oncology Unit Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, S.S.A., San Fernando 22 Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (P.B.-B.); (N.H.-P.); (M.O.-M.); (J.L.-L.)
- Correspondence:
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Mafi S, Mansoori B, Taeb S, Sadeghi H, Abbasi R, Cho WC, Rostamzadeh D. mTOR-Mediated Regulation of Immune Responses in Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:774103. [PMID: 35250965 PMCID: PMC8894239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.774103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream mediator in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways, which plays a pivotal role in regulating numerous cellular functions including cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism by integrating a variety of extracellular and intracellular signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is frequently reported in many types of human tumors, and targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has been considered an attractive potential therapeutic target in cancer. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling transduction pathway is important not only in the development and progression of cancers but also for its critical regulatory role in the tumor microenvironment. Immunologically, mTOR is emerging as a key regulator of immune responses. The mTOR signaling pathway plays an essential regulatory role in the differentiation and function of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Considering the central role of mTOR in metabolic and translational reprogramming, it can affect tumor-associated immune cells to undergo phenotypic and functional reprogramming in TME. The mTOR-mediated inflammatory response can also promote the recruitment of immune cells to TME, resulting in exerting the anti-tumor functions or promoting cancer cell growth, progression, and metastasis. Thus, deregulated mTOR signaling in cancer can modulate the TME, thereby affecting the tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the crucial role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in controlling and shaping the immune responses in TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mafi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Abbasi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Davoud Rostamzadeh, ; ; William C. Cho, ;
| | - Davoud Rostamzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- *Correspondence: Davoud Rostamzadeh, ; ; William C. Cho, ;
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p70 S6 kinase as a therapeutic target in cancers: More than just an mTOR effector. Cancer Lett 2022; 535:215593. [PMID: 35176419 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) is best-known for its regulatory roles in protein synthesis and cell growth by phosphorylating its primary substrate, ribosomal protein S6, upon mitogen stimulation. The enhanced expression/activation of p70S6K has been correlated with poor prognosis in some cancer types, suggesting that it may serve as a biomarker for disease monitoring. p70S6K is a critical downstream effector of the oncogenic PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and its activation is tightly regulated by an ordered cascade of Ser/Thr phosphorylation events. Nonetheless, it should be noted that other upstream mechanisms regulating p70S6K at both the post-translational and post-transcriptional levels also exist. Activated p70S6K could promote various aspects of cancer progression such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness and drug resistance. Importantly, novel evidence showing that p70S6K may also regulate different cellular components in the tumor microenvironment will be discussed. Therapeutic targeting of p70S6K alone or in combination with traditional chemotherapies or other microenvironmental-based drugs such as immunotherapy may represent promising approaches against cancers with aberrant p70S6K signaling. Currently, the only clinically available p70S6K inhibitors are rapamycin analogs (rapalogs) which target mTOR. However, there are emerging p70S6K-selective drugs which are going through active preclinical or clinical trial phases. Moreover, various screening strategies have been used for the discovery of novel p70S6K inhibitors, hence bringing new insights for p70S6K-targeted therapy.
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Umar MI, Hassan W, Murtaza G, Buabeid M, Arafa E, Irfan HM, Asmawi MZ, Huang X. The Adipokine Component in the Molecular Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival, Proliferation and Metastasis. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609828. [PMID: 34588926 PMCID: PMC8473628 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hormonal imbalance may disrupt the rigorously monitored cellular microenvironment by hampering the natural homeostatic mechanisms. The most common example of such hormonal glitch could be seen in obesity where the uprise in adipokine levels is in virtue of the expanding bulk of adipose tissue. Such aberrant endocrine signaling disrupts the regulation of cellular fate, rendering the cells to live in a tumor supportive microenvironment. Previously, it was believed that the adipokines support cancer proliferation and metastasis with no direct involvement in neoplastic transformations and tumorigenesis. However, the recent studies have reported discrete mechanisms that establish the direct involvement of adipokine signaling in tumorigenesis. Moreover, the individual adipokine profile of the patients has never been considered in the prognosis and staging of the disease. Hence, the present manuscript has focused on the reported extensive mechanisms that culminate the basis of poor prognosis and diminished survival rate in obese cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waseem Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Manal Buabeid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elshaimaa Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Xianju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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Romero SA, Pavan ICB, Morelli AP, Mancini MCS, da Silva LGS, Fagundes I, Silva CHR, Ponte LGS, Rostagno MA, Bezerra RMN, Simabuco FM. Anticancer effects of root and beet leaf extracts (Beta vulgaris L.) in cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Phytother Res 2021; 35:6191-6203. [PMID: 34494317 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) has bioactive compounds that can inhibit the progression of different types of cancer. To analyze the antiproliferative effects of beet leaf and root extracts, we performed MTT, clonogenic survival, cell cycle analysis, Annexin/PI labeling, and western blotting. Here, we report that 10 and 100 μg/ml of root and leaf extracts decreased cell viability and potentiated rapamycin and cisplatin effects while decreased the number of large colonies, especially at 10 μg/ml (293.6 of control vs. 200.0 of leaf extract, p = .0059; 138.6 of root extract, p = .0002). After 48 hr, 100 μg/ml of both extracts led to increased sub-G1 and G0/G1 populations. In accordance, 100 μg/ml of root extract induced early apoptosis (mean = 0.64 control vs. 1.56 root; p = .048) and decreased cell size (p < .0001). Both extracts decreased phosphorylation and expression of mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, especially by inhibiting ribosomal protein S6 (S6) phosphorylation, increasing cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polysomerase 1 (PARP1) and Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BIM), and decreasing cyclin D1 expression, which regulates cell cycle progression. Here, we demonstrate that beetroot and leaf extracts could be an efficient strategy against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefhani Andrioli Romero
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan
- Laboratory of Signal Mechanisms, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Morelli
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Mariana Camargo Silva Mancini
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Salvino da Silva
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Isabella Fagundes
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Cayo Henrique Rocha Silva
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Luis Gustavo Saboia Ponte
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Ariel Rostagno
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Maria Neves Bezerra
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
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Majeed ST, Batool A, Majeed R, Bhat NN, Zargar MA, Andrabi KI. mTORC1 induces eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E interaction with TOS-S6 kinase 1 and its activation. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:839-854. [PMID: 33938392 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1901038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E was recently shown to be a substrate of mTORC1, suggesting it may be a mediator of mTORC1 signaling. Here, we present evidence that eIF4E phosphorylated at S209 interacts with TOS motif of S6 Kinase1 (S6K1). We also show that this interaction is sufficient to overcome rapamycin sensitivity and mTORC1 dependence of S6K1. Furthermore, we show that eIF4E-TOS interaction relieves S6K1 from auto-inhibition due to carboxy terminal domain (CTD) and primes it for hydrophobic motif (HM) phosphorylation and activation in mTORC1 independent manner. We conclude that the role of mTORC1 is restricted to engaging eIF4E with S6K1-TOS motif to influence its state of HM phosphorylation and inducing its activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Tahir Majeed
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Asiya Batool
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
| | - Rabiya Majeed
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Nadiem Nazir Bhat
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Patra T, Bose SK, Kwon YC, Meyer K, Ray R. Inhibition of p70 isoforms of S6K1 induces anoikis to prevent transformed human hepatocyte growth. Life Sci 2021; 265:118764. [PMID: 33189822 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The mTOR/S6K1 signaling axis, known for cell growth regulation, is hyper-activated in multiple cancers. In this study, we have examined the mechanisms for ribosomal protein p70-S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) associated transformed human hepatocyte (THH) growth regulation. MAIN METHODS THH were treated with p70-S6K1 inhibitor and analyzed for cell viability, cell cycle distribution, specific marker protein expression by western blot, and tumor inhibition in a xenograft mouse model. We validated our results by knockdown of p70-S6K1 using specific siRNA. KEY FINDINGS p70-S6K1 inhibitor treatment caused impairment of in vitro hepatocyte growth, and arrested cell cycle progression at the G1 phase. Further, p70-S6K1 inhibitor treatment exhibited a decrease in FAK and Erk activation, followed by altered integrin-β1 expression, caspase 8, and PARP cleavage appeared to be anoikis like growth inhibition. p70-S6K1 inhibitor also depolymerized actin microfilaments and diminished active Rac1/Cdc42 complex formation for loss of cellular attachment. Similar results were obtained with other transformed human hepatocyte cell lines. p70-S6K1 inhibition also resulted in a reduced phospho-EGFR, Slug and Twist; implicating an inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) state. A xenograft tumor model, generated from implanted THH in nude mice, following intraperitoneal injection of S6K1 inhibitor prevented further tumor growth. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggested that p70-S6K1 inhibition alters orchestration of cell cycle progression, induces cell detachment, and sensitizes hepatocyte growth impairment. Targeting p70 isoform of S6K1 by inhibitor may prove to be a promising approach together with other therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Patra
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, MO, USA.
| | - Sandip K Bose
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, MO, USA; Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - Young-Chan Kwon
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - Keith Meyer
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, MO, USA; Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, MO, USA.
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12
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Deepak KGK, Vempati R, Nagaraju GP, Dasari VR, S N, Rao DN, Malla RR. Tumor microenvironment: Challenges and opportunities in targeting metastasis of triple negative breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104683. [PMID: 32050092 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is most aggressive subtype of breast cancers with high probability of metastasis as well as lack of specific targets and targeted therapeutics. TNBC is characterized with unique tumor microenvironment (TME), which differs from other subtypes. TME is associated with induction of proliferation, angiogenesis, inhibition of apoptosis and immune system suppression, and drug resistance. Exosomes are promising nanovesicles, which orchestrate the TME by communicating with different cells within TME. The components of TME including transformed ECM, soluble factors, immune suppressive cells, epigenetic modifications and re-programmed fibroblasts together hamper antitumor response and helps progression and metastasis of TNBCs. Therefore, TME could be a therapeutic target of TNBC. The current review presents latest updates on the role of exosomes in modulation of TME, approaches for targeting TME and combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and target chemotherapeutics. Finally, we also discussed various phytochemicals that alter genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of TME along with current challenges and future implications. Thus, as TME is associated with the hallmarks of TNBC, the understanding of the impact of different components can improve the clinical benefits of TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G K Deepak
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, 530045, India
| | - Rahul Vempati
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, 530045, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Venkata Ramesh Dasari
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Clinic, 100 N. Academy Ave, Danville, PA, 17822, USA
| | - Nagini S
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, India
| | - D N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, 530045, India.
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