Activation of the Akt signalling pathway as a prognostic indicator in canine soft tissue sarcoma

Canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is relatively common in dogs and is the generic term for tumours that originate from mesenchymal cells. While histopathological grade and immunolabelling with Ki-67 have been used for estimating prognosis, additional indicators are needed for predicting prognosis. Aberrant cell signalling pathways may contribute to disease activity and, therefore, prognostic markers. However, their role in canine STS remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt) and phosphorylated S6 (phospho-S6) as potential prognostic indicators. Immunohistochemical labelling was conducted on clinical samples of canine STS (n = 67). We found that phospho-Akt expression was positively correlated with histopathological grade (P = 0.001) and Ki-67 index (P <0.01). There was no apparent relationship between the type of STS and the expression of phospho-Akt. The number of cases that expressed phospho-S6, which is the downstream molecule of the Akt signalling pathway, was higher in immunopositive phospho-Akt cases than in immunonegative phospho-Akt cases (P <0.0001). Furthermore, phospho-Akt expression was significantly higher in recurrent and metastatic cases. We also confirmed that phosphorylation of Akt occurred in conjunction with S6 phosphorylation in three canine STS cell lines. These results suggest that immunolabelling for phospho-Akt, phospho-S6 and Ki-67 could potentially be used as a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in canine STS.

Studi Retrospektif Profil Hemogram Kasus Peritonitis Menular Tipe Efusif pada Kucing

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) merupakan penyakit pada kucing dengan tingkat mortalitas tinggi, sehingga membutuhkan diagnosa yang cepat untuk kepentingan prognosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi profil hemogram kucing yang terinfeksi FIP tipe efusif. Dua puluh ekor kucing yang telah terdiagnosa FIP di Klinik Hewan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Gadjah Mada digunakan dalam penelitian. Diagnosa FIP ditegakkan berdasarkan pemeriksaan klinis, ultrasonografi, rontgen, uji rivalta, dan uji rapid test. Profil hemogram yang dianalisis meliputi gambaran hematologi rutin dan kimia darah. Profil hemogram pada kucing terinfeksi FIP tipe effusif, diketahui mengalami penurunan hematokrit, hiperproteinemia, dan leukositosis dengan rerata masing-masing 22,9±7,4%; 9,0±2,2 g/dL; 22425±4116 sel/mm3. Gambaran eritrosit, hemoglobin dan fibrinogen masih dalam kisaran normal. Sebanyak 90% kucing terinfeksi FIP efusif mengalami neutrofilia dan 75% kucing mengalami limfopenia dengan rerata masing-masing 20066±3337 sel/mm3 dan 1861±1818sel/mm3. Profil hemogram kimia darah diketahui 60% kucing mengalami kenaikan SGPT dan SGOT dengan rerata 138,4±72,3 IU/L dan 101±60,5 IU/L. Sebanyak 90% kucing mengalami hiperglobulinemia dengan rerata 6,7±0,8 g/dL dan semua kucing memiliki rasio albumin:globulin yang rendah dengan rerata 0,3±0,1. Kucing terdiagnosa FIP efusif memiliki gambaran hemogram leukositosis, neutrofilia, limfopenia, hiperglobulinemia, dan penurunan rasio albumin-globulin.

Diagnosis Feline Panleukopenia Berdasar Total Leukosit dan Uji Feline Parvovirus-Antigen pada Kucing-Kucing Diare

Feline panleukopenia (FPL) adalah salah satu penyakit kucing mematikan yang menyebabkan diare dan leukopenia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan diagnosis FPL berdasar total leukosit dan deteksi antigen feline parvovirus (FPV-Ag) pada kucing diare. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel darah dan swab feses dari 21 kucing yang menunjukkan gejala diare. Total leukosit dihitung dari sampel darah dan adanya antigen FPV dideteksi dari swab feses menggunakan FPV-Ag-kit. Kesesuaian diagnosis FPL berdasar leukopenia dan reaksi positif uji FPV-Ag dibandingkan dengan menggunakan uji kesesuaian Cohen’s Kappa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 14 dari 21 ekor kucing (66,7%) mempunyai total leukosit dibawah normal dan 7 dari 21 ekor kucing (33,3%) mempunyai total leukosit normal. Uji FPV-Ag didapatkan hasil 11 dari 21 ekor kucing (52%) positif dan 10 dari 21 ekor kucing (48%) negatif. Diagnosis FPL berdasar leukopenia dan uji FPV-Ag mempunyai kesesuaian yang baik dengan nilai kesesuaian 0,71. Berdasar penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa diagnosis FPL berdasar total leukosit dan FPV-Ag mempunyai kesesuaian yang baik, sehingga kedua uji dapat dipakai sebagai dasar diagnosis FPL.

Investigation of chlamydophilosis from naturally infected cats

Background

Chlamydophila felis, formerly known as Chlamydia psittaci var. felis, is frequently associated with ocular, respiratory, and occasionally reproduction tract infections. Even though the infection is sometimes asymptomatic, it potentially results in a latent immunosuppressive infection.

Objective

This study aimed to identify occurrences of feline chlamydophilosis, rarely reported in cats in Indonesia.

Methods

The observation was conducted in three cats with clinical signs of Cp. felis infection, particularly relapsing conjunctivitis. The cats' histories were recorded based on owners' information. Conjunctival swabs were sampled for cytology examination and molecular assay detection. A phylogenetic tree was generated using MEGA-X software to reveal group clustering. A post-mortem examination was performed on the cat that died during an examination.

Results

Cp. felis was detected in both cytological examination and polymerase chain reaction assay. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the Cp. felis isolated in this study clustered with several other isolates from the other countries. Cp. felis can be isolated from cats with different clinical manifestations and levels of severity. The chronic fatal infection demonstrated interstitial broncho-pneumonia under histopathological examination.

Conclusions

Molecular assay of Cp. felis is always recommended to obtain a definitive diagnosis of feline chlamydophilosis since the disease can have various clinical manifestations. Even though it may be subclinical and is often not fatal, an infected cat may be a carrier that could spread the pathogen in the surrounding environment. Serious disease management is suggested to avoid high costs associated with regularly relapsing disease.

Case Report: Diagnosis and Treatment of Enteritis Caused by Bacterial in a Dog

Diagnosis of the cause of enteritis in dogs greatly influences the success of its treatment. This case report describes the management of a male dog, 5 months old, 4.8 kg body weight which reported diarrhea, fever and no appetite. The physical examination showed the dog had diarrhea, lethargy, anemic mucous membranes, body temperature of 39.6 °C and an increase in intestinal peristalsis. The results of blood tests showed normochromic microcytic anemia, decreased hemoglobin and PCV, lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia. The results of the stool examination identified Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila and coliform. The dog is diagnosed with bacterial enteritis with a good prognosis. Treatment is given for 5 days with intramuscular injection of amoxicillin at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW bid, diphenhydramine HCl at a dose of 2 mg/kgBW bid, multivitamin syrup 0.1 ml/kgBW bid orally, and intramuscular injection of iron dextran at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW only on the fifth day. It was concluded that the dog had enteritis due to bacterial infection, and it recovered after 5 days of treatment.

A review: the prevalence of dermatophytosis on cats in Indonesia and Turkey

Dermatophytosis (ringworm) is an important feline skin disease primarily caused by the dermatophyte genera Microsporum and Trichophyton which may be affected by climate. Studying the prevalence of dermatophytosis on cats in Indonesia and Turkey was the main purpose of this article review. The articles reviewed were two articles from Turkey published consecutively on year 2011 and 2016, and an article from Indonesia published on year 2017. The findings showed that the prevalence of dermatophytosis in Indonesia was 17/30 (56.7%) while Turkey was 52/428 (12.1%). The age of the infected animals was the only predictor that had a major effect on the incidence of dermatophytosis on cats, as shown by the excellent positive cases of cats under one year of age relative to other age groups. In conclusion, the prevalence of dermatophytosis on cats in Turkey was slightly lower compared to the prevalence of feline dermatophytosis in subtropical country (Indonesia) and the variations may be attributed to the variation in humidity and temperature faced in both countries.

Clinical and pathological features of aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in broilers

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous pathogen causing aspergillosis in poultry. This research aimed to evaluate the clinical and pathological features of aspergillosis infection in broilers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. fumigatus infection was induced experimentally by intra-air sac inoculation of a 1.7×108 spore suspension into broilers. Infected and non-infected birds were closely observed for the development of clinical signs of infection twice daily. Pathological samples were collected 5, 14, and 30 days post-infection (dpi) and examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining.

RESULTS

A total of 160 birds were included in this study. Clinical signs emerged at 3 dpi and became consistent at 5 dpi. A considerable decrease in severity and number of birds showing infection symptoms followed. The clinical signs of aspergillosis included anorexia (n=40; 50%), lethargy (n=32; 40%), dyspnea (n=38; 48%), and gasping (n=29; 36%). Macroscopic changes in the air sacs at 3 dpi included the development of minor lesions showing cloudiness, slight membrane thickening, and local exudates. Histopathological examination of the air sacs collected at 3 dpi indicated local inflammation surrounded by hyphae and spores. At 5 dpi, infected birds developed nodules, necrosis, and parenchymal consolidation of the lungs. Pulmonary changes, such as bronchopneumonia, spores, septate hyphae, and mild granulomatous inflammation, were also observed. At 14 dpi, multiple caseous nodules and plaques were found in the air sacs; plaque and necrosis in large areas of the lungs and severe multifocal granulomatous inflammation were noted.

CONCLUSION

The clinical symptoms of aspergillosis emerged at 3 dpi and gradually decreased beginning at 7 dpi. Similar pathological changes were observed in the air sacs and lungs. The results of this work provide additional information on the pathogenesis of aspergillosis.

Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia

Background and Aim:

This paper reports a retrospective study performed in 185 cats diagnosed with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The analyzed population involved feline patients at the Veterinary Clinic of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. This research aimed to evaluate the clinical indications and causes of FLUTD in the Yogyakarta cat population.

Materials and Methods:

The medical data of all feline patients were obtained to conduct this study. FLUTD diagnoses were based on physical examinations, urinalyses, ultrasound examinations, and bacterial cultures. Only cats with a complete examination were used in the study. The clinical signs were evaluated and accompanied by the results of laboratory tests in cats that showed symptoms of FLUTD. The medical history of all feline patients was analyzed thoroughly. Most of the feline’s urine samples were collected by catheterization.

Results:

The most commonly diagnosed of FLUTD in the Yogyakarta cat population were: feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (56%), urinary tract infection (UTI; 25%), urolithiasis (13%), urethral plugs (UP) (4.9%), and neoplasia (0.4%), respectively. The prevalence of UTI is higher than that reported in Europe or the US. Older cats more often show symptoms of UTI and neoplasia, whereas young cats more often show symptoms of FIC and UP. The prevalence of male cats experiencing FLUTD in Yogyakarta is much higher than female cats.

Conclusion:

The incidence rate of FLUTD cases in Yogyakarta is related to age and sex. The results of this study are similar to those of the previous research studies conducted in other countries.

Combination of Systemic and Topical Treatment for Feline Dermatophytosis: A Case Report

Dermatophytoses or ringworm are the most common fungal infections in dogs and cats. This zoonotic disease is called dermatophytosis. A 2 years old male Persian cat referred to the Veterinary Clinic Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada with multi-focal circular non-pruritic skin lesions and hair loss mainly on the head and ears. A complete series of dermatologic tests such as Wood’s light examination, direct microscopic examination, and fungal culture were performed. The cat was treated with itraconazole dosage orally for a period of 20 days and ketoconazole topical for 35 days, respectively. Thirty five days after treatments the cat showed reduction of lesions.

Urea Molasses Multinutrien Blok Sebagai Pakan Tambahan pada Ternak Ruminansia (UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT TO CATTLE)

The poor quality crop residues constitute the bulk of dry matter consumed by the ruminants. Like in most developing countries, including in Indonesia, feed shortage is the main constraint to their productivity. During the hot and dry seasons, the available feed resources are not enough in energy and digestion proteins, which are insufficient to maintenance requirements and reducing productivity throughout the year. The use of conventional feedstuffs such as rice brand, pollard, soybean cake, and groundnut cake to enhance production has become inappropriate. These supplements are in short supply owing to increasing demand from agricultural and industrial users. Their exorbitant prices and erratic supply made them too expensive for small-scale farmers to incorporate them into ruminant feeding. Urea Molasses Multinutrient Block (UMMB) is a convenient and inexpensive method of providing a range of nutrients to ruminants. Giving UMMB can improve low-quality feed digestion so in general can improve the performance of livestock such as milk production, weight, BCS and reproductive status. This article aims to evaluation the benefits of a UMMB for feed ruminants.

Effect of shell as natural testosterone boosters in Sprague Dawley rats

Aim:

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shell supplementation on the regulation of male reproduction in rats

Materials and Methods:

The zinc (Zn) level of shell from blood clam (Anadara granosa), green mussel (Perna viridis), and conch shell (Telescopium telescopium) was analyzed. The highest Zn content shell was fed to male Sprague Dawley rats for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days at the dose of either 0.09 mg/200 g BW or 0.18 mg/200 g BW. To determine the testosterone levels, blood was collected through the infraorbitalis sinus just before the rat was sacrificed. Testicular and brain were also collected for Cyp19 aromatase receptor analysis.

Results:

The Zn level in the shell of blood clam, green mussel, and conch shell 61.55 mg/kg, 2.78 mg/kg, and 3.93 mg/kg, respectively. The testosterone level of T1 group receiving 0.18 mg/200 g BW for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 1.42±0.59, 2.15±1.58, 2.98±2.53, and 8.11±2.03 ng/mL, respectively. The testosterone level of T2 group receiving 0.09 mg/200 g BW for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 2.50±0.32, 1.25±0.60, 3.87±3.27, and 3.54±0.23 ng/mL, respectively. The T3 group receiving Na-CMC showed the level of testosterone at days 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 0.77±0.22, 1.99±1.65, 4.12±0.07, and 2.19±1.30 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the T4 group receiving Zn showed testosterone levels at days 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 0.51±0.58, 2.24±3.16, 4.58±1.97, and 2.89±0.20 ng/mL, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the T1 group compared to the other groups. However, the absence of expression of Cyp19 aromatase both in Leydig cells and the brain indicated no conversion of testosterone to estradiol. To add, this finding showed the potential use of the shell to boost the testosterone level in male rats.

Conclusion:

Shell acted as an aromatase blocker to boost the testosterone level in male rats. This also indicates its promising application in birds to manipulate the quality of song and feather.

Terapi Ammonium Khlorida-Asam Askorbat untuk Menurunkan Tingkat Keasaman Urin dan Kristalisasi Struvit pada Kucing Urolithiasis (THERAPY AMMONIUM CHLORIDE-ASCORBIC ACID FOR LOWERING URINE ACIDITY AND STRUVITE CRYSTALLIZATION IN FELINE UROLITHIASIS)

Struvite/Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) is common causes of feline urolithiasis. Prevent the formation of MAP crystallization can be treated by adjusting the pH urine in acid conditions. Urine with an acid pH will decrease struvite activity product (SAP) by preventing the phosphate deprotonation process which is the main constituent of struvite components. This study aims to determine the potential of a combination of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and ascorbic acid to decrease SAP by retain the urine pH under normal conditions. Twelve male cats, 2-5 years old and body weight 3.0 ± 0.8 kg were diagnosed struvite urolithiasis used for this study. Cats have a9clinical history of hematuria, dysuria, polyuria, and stranguria. Diagnosis of urolithiasis performed by clinical examination, USG, x-rays, and urinalysis. Cats that found struvite urolith, treated with 200 mg/kg NH4Cl and 100 mg/kg ascorbic acid orally twice a day. The research objects were observed included urine pH and crystaluria density. The data were analyzed using analisis of varian. The result of this study showed NH4Cl and ascorbic acid treatment can decrease the urine pH at 8 cats (89%) with an average pH 6.3 ± 0.3. Microscopic examination of the urine showed the struvite crystallization more infrequently than before therapy. The study concluded that the combination of NH4Cl and asam askorbat can lower the urine pH and reduce struvite crystal density in the urine.

Review : Kejadian mastitis dan kaitannya dengan vitamin dan Trace Mineral Cu, Zn, Se

<p>Mastitis means inflammation of the udder and is a common disease among dairy cows worldwide. It is subdivided into clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis, both influence milk quality and quantity, and mastitis is therefore of major economic concern for the farmer. The incidence rate of mastitis varies between herds and depends on the exposure to pathogens, environmental and management factors and the immune status of the cow. Mastitis is associated with release of free radicals, increased total oxidant capacity and decreased total antioxidants capacity in milk. Vitamin C, E, , α tocopherol, A, β-karoten and trace mineral (Cu, Zn, and Se) feeding, as an antioxidant, in dairy cows have shown appreciable protective effects by reducing the incidence of mastitis.The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of Vitamins C, E, α tocopherol, A, β-carotene, Cu, Zn, and Se in the incidence of mastitis.</p>

KAJIAN FILOGENETIK ULAR SANCA BATIK (Malayopython reticulatus) LOKALITAS JAWA BERDASAR SEKUEN GEN SITOKROM B

Ular sanca batik (Malayopython reticulatus) lokalitas Jawa memiliki fenotip yang berbeda antara lokalitas Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui filogenetik ular sanca batik (Malayopython reticulatus) lokalitas Jawa berdasar sekuen gen sitokrom B. Sebanyak 15 ekor ular sanca batik dewasa sehat, jenis kelamin jantan dan betina (5 dari Jawa Barat, 5 dari Jawa Tengah dan 5 dari Jawa Timur) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sampel darah sebanyak 1 mL dikoleksi dari masing-masing ular dan ditampung dalam tabung eppendorf ber-EDTA, kemudian dikirim ke Laboratorium Biokimia FKH UGM untuk dilakukan isolasi total Deoxyrybo Nucleic Acid (DNA), desain primer, amplifikasi DNA dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dan Elektroforesis Gel Agarose. Sequencing DNA dilakukan di PT Genetika Science Jakarta. Data hasil sekuensing gen sitokrom B dianalisis untuk penentuan filogenetik dengan metode Neighbor joining (MEGA v. 5.0). Hasil sekuensing gen sitokrom B, Malayopython reticulatus lokalitas Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur memiliki keseragaman panjang nukleotida 819 bp. Hasil filogram menggunakan metode Neighbor joining menunjukkan Malayopython reticulatus lokalitas Jawa Tengah dapat dibedakan dari lokalitas Jawa Barat, sedang lokalitas Jawa Timur ada yang mirip lokalitas Jawa Tengah dan ada yang mirip lokalitas Jawa Barat. Malayopython reticulatus lokalitas Jawa Barat dan beberapa lokalitas Jawa Timur filogenetiknya lebih dekat dengan Malayopython reticulatus Gene Bank dibanding lokalitas Jawa Tengah. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Malayopython reticulatus lokalitas Jawa memiliki panjang nukleotida 819 bp.  Malayopython reticulatus lokalitas Jawa Barat dan sebagian lokalitas Jawa Timur filogenetiknya lebih dekat dengan Malayopython reticulatus Gene Bank. Ada perbedaan filogenetik Malayopython reticulatus lokalitas Jawa Tengah dengan lokalitas Jawa Barat dan Jawa Timur. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak dan variasi asal-usul lokalitas.  

Review: Peran pakan pada kejadian kembung rumen

<p>Bloat is a form of indigestion characterized by excessive gas accumulation in the rumen. Bloat occurs when the eructation mechanism is disturbed and the rate of gas production exceeds the animal's ability to expelled it. Bloat can occur very quickly due to excessive volume of gas produced in the rumen. Bloat can be classified into a primary bloat (frothy / wet bloat) mixed with rumen and secondary bloat / free bloat (free gas / dry bloat) contents in a separate free gas. There is no single method of preventing bloat events that can be applied in every different situation, however, there are methods of management in prevention and treatment that can help minimize risks. In Indonesia, although the incidence of bloat is quite high, but no data is well documented. This paper aims to review the bloat and problems in terms of understanding the clinical symptoms and the results of laboratory examination, prevention and treatment so that it is expected to be implemented by peers and field officers to reduce the risk of loss of farmers due to possible livestock death.</p>

Isolasi dan identifikasi Staphylococcus Epidermidis pada susu sapi PFH penderita mastitis subklinis di Wukirsari, Cangkringan, Sleman, DIY

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, can be occured clinically or subclinically. One of the causes of mastitis is <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>. This study was aimed to isolate and identify <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> in subclinical mastitis PFH dairy cows in Wukirsari, Cangkringan, Sleman, DIY. Sixteen milk samples were tested with a Californian Mastitis Test (CMT), followed by inoculation in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), planted on a blood agar plate plate (PAD) and Mac Conkey Agar (MCA) for 24 hours at 37⁰C. The growing colonies were then grown on sugar sugar and nutrient agar (NA) media. Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test and DNase test as bacteria confirmation.CMT test results showed 15 (93.75%) out of 16 positive milk samples suffered from subclinical mastitis. Results of isolation showed 1 (6.66%)of 16 positive samples infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis.The results of this study indicate that incidence of subclinical mastitis in the study area showed a high rate and is likely to be caused by inadequate management practices and milking procedures. The high incidence of subclinical mastitis is probably caused by other bacteria because only 6.66% is caused by <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>.