Chronic BDE-47 Exposure Aggravates Malignant Phenotypes and Chemoresistance by Activating ERK Through ERα and GPR30 in Endometrial Carcinoma

Dynamic interplay of nuclear receptors in tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance: Shifting gears in malignant transformations and applications in cancer therapeutics

Recent advances have brought forth the complex interplay between tumor cell plasticity and its consequential impact on drug resistance and tumor recurrence, both of which are critical determinants of neoplastic progression and therapeutic efficacy. Various forms of tumor cell plasticity, instrumental in facilitating neoplastic cells to develop drug resistance, include epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) alternatively termed epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) attributes, and transdifferentiation into diverse cell lineages. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that play an essential role in regulating a multitude of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. NRs have been implicated to play a critical role in modulating gene expression associated with tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how NRs regulate these key aspects of cancer biology. We discuss the diverse mechanisms through which NRs influence tumor cell plasticity, including EMT, stemness, and metastasis. Further, we explore the intricate relationship between NRs and drug resistance, highlighting the impact of NR signaling on chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies. We also discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies targeting NRs to overcome tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review also provides valuable insights into the current clinical trials that involve agonists or antagonists of NRs modulating various aspects of tumor cell plasticity, thereby delineating the potential of NRs as therapeutic targets for improved cancer treatment outcomes.

Exposure to select PFAS and PFAS mixtures alters response to platinum-based chemotherapy in endometrial cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND

Exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been associated with significant alterations in female reproductive health. These include changes in menstrual cyclicity, timing of menarche and menopause, and fertility outcomes, as well as increased risk of endometriosis, all of which may contribute to an increased risk of endometrial cancer. The effect of PFAS on endometrial cancer cells, specifically altered treatment response and biology, however, remains poorly studied. Like other gynecologic malignancies, a key contributor to lethality in endometrial cancer is resistance to chemotherapeutics, specifically to platinum-based agents that are used as the standard of care for patients with advanced-stage and/or recurrent disease.

OBJECTIVES

To explore the effect of environmental exposures, specifically PFAS, on platinum-based chemotherapy response and mitochondrial function in endometrial cancer.

METHODS

HEC-1 and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells were exposed to sub-cytotoxic nanomolar and micromolar concentrations of PFAS/PFAS mixtures and were treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Survival fraction was measured 48-h post-chemotherapy treatment. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated in both cell lines following exposure to PFAS ± chemotherapy treatment.

RESULTS

HEC-1 and Ishikawa cells displayed differing outcomes after PFAS exposure and chemotherapy treatment. Cells exposed to PFAS appeared to be less sensitive to carboplatin, with instances of increased survival fraction, indicative of platinum resistance, observed in HEC-1 cells. In Ishikawa cells treated with cisplatin, PFAS mixture exposure significantly decreased survival fraction. In both cell lines, increases in mitochondrial membrane potential were observed post-PFAS exposure ± chemotherapy treatment.

DISCUSSION

Exposure of endometrial cancer cell lines to PFAS/PFAS mixtures had varying effects on response to platinum-based chemotherapies. Increased survival fraction post-PFAS + carboplatin treatment suggests platinum resistance, while decreased survival fraction post-PFAS mixture + cisplatin exposure suggests enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Regardless of chemotherapy sensitivity status, mitochondrial membrane potential findings suggest that PFAS exposure may affect endometrial cancer cell mitochondrial functioning and should be explored further.

Roles of estrogen receptor α in endometrial carcinoma (Review)

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a group of endometrial epithelial malignancies, most of which are adenocarcinomas and occur in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. It is one of the most common carcinomas of the female reproductive system. It has been shown that the occurrence and development of EC is closely associated with the interaction between estrogen (estradiol, E2) and estrogen receptors (ERs), particularly ERα. As a key nuclear transcription factor, ERα is a carcinogenic factor in EC. Its interactions with upstream and downstream effectors and co-regulators have important implications for the proliferation, metastasis, invasion and inhibition of apoptosis of EC. In the present review, the structure of ERα and the regulation of ERα in multiple dimensions are described. In addition, the classical E2/ERα signaling pathway and the crosstalk between ERα and other EC regulators are elucidated, as well as the therapeutic targeting of ERα, which may provide a new direction for clinical applications of ERα in the future.

The combined signatures of G protein-coupled receptor family and immune landscape provide a prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in endometrial carcinoma

G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) are one of the largest surface receptor superfamilies, and many of them play essential roles in biological processes, including immune responses. In this study, we aim to construct a GPR- and tumor immune environment (TME-i)-associated risk signature to predict the prognosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC). The GPR score was generated by applying univariate Cox regression and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression in succession. This involved identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Cancer Genome Atlas-Uterine Corpus Endometrioid Carcinoma (TCGA-UCEC) cohort. Simultaneously, the CIBERSORT algorithm was applied to identify the protective immune cells for TME score construction. Subsequently, we combined the GPR and TME scores to establish a GPR-TME classifier for conducting clinical prognosis assessments. Various functional annotation algorithms were used to conduct biological process analysis distinguished by GPR-TME subgroups. Furthermore, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to depict the tumor somatic mutations landscapes. Finally, we compared the immune-related molecules between GPR-TME subgroups and resorted to the Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) for immunotherapy response prediction. The mRNA and protein expression of GPR-related gene P2RY14 were, respectively, validated by RT-PCR in clinical samples and HPA database. To conclude, our GPR-TME classifier may aid in predicting the EC patients' prognosis and immunotherapy responses.

The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the induction of cancer: a systematic review of insight into their mechanisms

Environmental pollution caused by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has increased the challenge for the scientific communities. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), classified as POPs, are widely applied in various materials as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Because of the nature of these chemical compounds including toxicity, stability, and capability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify, PBDEs have posed a great challenge and risk to human health and wildlife. Therefore, the side effects of exposure to PBDEs as ubiquitous pollutants in the environment on cancer progression were investigated using a systematic review (SR) survey. To achieve this goal, forty studies were considered after defining the search terms and inclusion criteria, and/or exclusion criteria; the eligible records were collected from the international bibliographic databases. Based on the findings of the reviewed records, environmental exposure to the BFRs including PBDEs has a positive association with different mechanisms that induce cancer progression. However, the findings of the reviewed studies were not totally consistent with the mode of action and side effects are yet to be fully elucidated. Several articles have reported that BFRs can be carcinogenic and induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition via different mechanisms. The main mode of action involved in the environmental exposure to BFRs and the risk of cancer progression is endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress (OS). Generally, the imbalance of antioxidant mechanisms, reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs), during damage in cells, and stress caused OS, which increases tumorigenesis via multiple mechanisms, such as DNA damage, inflammation, and angiogenesis.

BDE-47, -99, -209 and Their Ternary Mixture Disrupt Glucose and Lipid Metabolism of Hepg2 Cells at Dietary Relevant Concentrations: Mechanistic Insight through Integrated Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic chemicals implied as flame retardants. Humans are mainly exposed to BDE-47, -99, and -209 congeners by diet. PBDEs are metabolic disruptors with the liver as the main target organ. To investigate their mode of action at a human-relevant concentration, we exposed HepG2 cells to these congeners and their mixture at 1 nM, analyzing their transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. KEGG pathways and GSEA Hallmarks enrichment analyses evidenced that BDE-47 disrupted the glucose metabolism and hypoxia pathway; all the congeners and the MIX affected lipid metabolism and signaling Hallmarks regulating metabolism as mTORC1 and PI3K/AKT/MTOR. These results were confirmed by glucose secretion depletion and increased lipid accumulation, especially in BDE-47 and -209 treated cells. These congeners also affected the EGFR/MAPK signaling; further, BDE-47 enriched the estrogen pathway. Interestingly, BDE-209 and the MIX increased ERα gene expression, whereas all the congeners and the MIX induced ERβ and PPARα. We also found that PBDEs modulated several lncRNAs and that HNRNAP1 represented a central hub in all the four interaction networks. Overall, the PBDEs investigated affected glucose and lipid metabolism with different underlying modes of action, as highlighted by the integrated omics analysis, at a dietary relevant concentration. These results may support the mechanism-based risk assessment of these compounds in relation to liver metabolism disruption.

Does G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 Contribute to Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Male Mice?

Nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting side-effect of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (Cp). Recent evidence points to renal protective actions of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). In addition, it has been shown that GPER1 signaling elicits protective actions against acute ischemic injuries that involve multiple organ systems; however, the involvement of GPER1 signaling in Cp-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unclear. This study tested whether genetic deletion of GPER1 exacerbates Cp-induced AKI in male mice. We subjected male mice, homozygous (homo) and heterozygous (het) knockout for the GPER1 gene, and wild-type (WT) littermates to Cp or saline injections and assessed markers for renal injury on the third day after injections. We also determined serum levels of proinflammatory markers in saline and Cp-treated mice. Given the protective role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in Cp-mediated apoptosis, we also investigated genotypic differences in renal HO-1 abundance, cell death, and proliferation by Western blotting, the TUNEL assay, and Ki67 immunostaining, respectively. Cp increased serum creatinine, urea, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels, the renal abundance of kidney injury molecule-1, and NGAL in all groups. Cp-induced AKI resulted in comparable histological evidence of injury in all genotypes. WT and homo mice showed greater renal HO-1 abundance in response to Cp. Renal HO-1 abundance was lower in Cp-treated homo, compared to Cp-treated WT mice. Of note, GPER1 deletion elicited a remarkable increase in renal apoptosis; however, no genotypic differences in cell proliferation were observed. Cp augmented kidney Ki67-positive counts, regardless of the genotype. Overall, our data do not support a role for GPER1 in mediating Cp-induced renal injury. GPER1 deletion promotes renal apoptosis and diminishes HO-1 induction in response to Cp, suggesting that GPER1 may play cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic actions in AKI. GPER1-induced regulation of HO-1 and apoptosis may offer novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AKI.

Endocrine Disruptors and Endometrial Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Implications, a Systematic Review

It has been widely demonstrated that endocrine disruptors play a central role in various physiopathological processes of human health. In the literature, various carcinogenic processes have been associated with endocrine disruptors. A review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between endocrine disruptors and the endometrial cancer has been poorly developed. A systematic review was performed using PubMed^®/MEDLINE. A total of 25 in vivo and in vitro works were selected. Numerous endocrine disruptors were analyzed. The most relevant results showed how Bisphenol A (BPA) interacts with the carcinogenesis process on several levels. It has been demonstrated how BPA can interact with hormonal receptors and with different transcription proliferative and antiproliferative factors. Furthermore, the effect of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on Aryl hydrocarbon receptors was investigated, and the role of flame retardants in promoting proliferation and metastasis was confirmed. The results obtained demonstrate how the mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors are manifold in the pathophysiology of endometrial cancer, acting on different levels of the cancerogenesis process.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47 and BDE-99 modulate murine melanoma cell phenotype in vitro

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Even with the advances of pharmaceutical industry and treatments, the mortality rate for various types of cancer remains high. In particular, phenotypic alterations of tumor cells concerning drug efflux, migratory and invasive capabilities may represent a hurdle for cancer treatment and contribute to poor prognosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) used as flame retardants on phenotypic features of melanoma cells that are important for cancer. Murine melanoma B16-F1 (less metastatic) and B16-F10 (more metastatic) cells were exposed to 0.01-1.0 nM of BDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether), BDE-99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether), and the mixture of both (at 0.01 nM) for 24 h (acute exposure) and 15 days (chronic exposure). The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) did not affect cell viability but led to increased drug efflux transporter activity, cell migration, and colony formation, as well as overexpression of Abcc2 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2), Mmp-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2), Mmp-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), and Tp53 (tumor protein p53) genes and downregulation of Timp-3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3) gene in B16-F10 cells. These effects are consistent with increased aggressiveness and malignancy of tumors due to exposure to the flame retardants and raise some concerns on the effects such chemicals may have on melanoma treatment and cancer prognosis.

Thermal treatment of decabrominated diphenyl ether in its highly contaminated soil in Taiwan

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were commonly used flame retardants in the world, while some of PBDEs have been listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the most commercially used PBDEs. A farm near the factory located in Northern Taiwan was highly contaminated with BDE-209. Since PBDEs in the contaminated soils can be uptake by crops shown in our previous studies and could be potentially consumed by humans, it is very important to establish a feasible treatment method for PBDE remediation in this contaminated farm. Thermal treatment of PBDEs in soil was studied. The initial concentration of BDE-209 in contaminated soil was 1.472 mg/kg. A series of thermal experiments under different operating conditions including various temperature (105, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 °C), holding time (10, 20 and 30 min), heating rate (5, 10, 20 and 40 °C/min), and soil amount (10, 100, 1000 and 2000 g) were investigated. The optimal heating conditions for thermal treatment of contaminated soil were heating at 450 °C for 30 min with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. Under this condition, the removal of BDE-209 in the different weights of contaminated soil was tested. The soils in the contaminated farm were tested to further evaluate the feasibility of remediating the on-site PBDE contaminated soil through thermal treatment, suggesting that the holding time was extended to 2 h for the field-scale contaminated soil. The results showed that BDE-209 had been removed to below the detection limit in on-site soil. This investigation is the first study using thermal treatment to remediate soils really contaminated with PBDEs.

Estrogen Regulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis by ERK-p65 Pathway to Promote Endometrial Angiogenesis

Estrogen (17β-oestradiol, E2) plays an essential role in endometrial receptivity and has been shown to stimulate angiogenesis via E2-ERα (estrogen receptor)-mediated upregulation of VEGF transcription. In this study, we have tried to decipher the mechanism of E2-promoting angiogenesis. We pre-incubated human endometrial microvascular endothelial cells (HEMECs) with E2 and performed western blotting, qRT-PCR, and cellular immunofluorescence experiments. We observed that E2 treatment of HEMECs increased ERα expression and reduced the expression of GRP78, which led to reduction of Caspase 3 expression by the CHOP pathway. In addition, E2 not only activated ERK signaling pathway but also inhibited p65 phosphorylation along with its translocation from nucleus to the cytoplasm, and subsequently inhibiting GRP78 expression, which led to inhibition of cell apoptosis. Together, these findings highlight the novel mechanism underlying E2-mediated improvement in endometrial angiogenesis through the ERK-p65 signaling pathway.

Exposure pathways, levels and toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in humans: A review

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in different types of materials, which have been listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention in 2009 and 2017. Due to their ubiquities in the environment and toxicities, PBDEs have posed great threat to both human health and ecosystems. The aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the exposure pathways, levels and trends and associated health risks of PBDEs in human body in a global scale. We systematically reviewed and described the scientific data of PBDE researches worldwide from 2010 to March 2020, focusing on the following three areas: (1) sources and human external exposure pathways of PBDEs; (2) PBDE levels and trends in humans; (3) human data of PBDEs toxicity. Dietary intake and dust ingestion are dominant human exposure pathways. PBDEs were widely detected in human samples, especially in human serum and human milk. Data showed that PBDEs are generally declining in human samples worldwide as a result of their phasing out. Due to the common use of PBDEs, their levels in humans from the USA were generally higher than that in other countries. High concentrations of PBDEs have been detected in humans from PBDE production regions and e-waste recycling sites. BDE-47, -153 and -99 were proved to be the primary congeners in humans. Human toxicity data demonstrated that PBDEs have extensively endocrine disruption effects, developmental effects, and carcinogenic effects among different populations.