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Cornet M, Brulle-Soumare L, Bisio V, Deas O, Mussini C, Guettier C, Fabre M, Pigazzi M, Judde JG, Tordjmann T, Branchereau S, Cairo S. Modelling the impact of liver regeneration on hepatoblastoma patient-derived-xenograft tumor growth. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03020-x. [PMID: 38263451 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twenty percent of children with hepatoblastoma (HB) have lung metastasis at diagnosis. Treatment protocols recommend surgical removal of chemotherapy-refractory lung nodules, however no chronological order is established. As hepatectomy is followed by release of growth factors, it has been proposed that partial hepatectomy (PH) could boost local or distant residual tumor growth. METHODS To evaluate the impact of PH on distant tumor growth, PH was performed in mice subcutaneously implanted with a HB patient-derived xenograft (PDX). The influence of PH on tumor growth at primary site was assessed by performing PH concomitantly to HB PDXs orthotopic implantation. RESULTS Subcutaneously implanted HB PDX failed to show any influence of hepatectomy on tumor growth. Instead, intrahepatic tumor growth of one of the 4 HB PDXs implanted orthotopically was clearly enhanced. Cells derived from the hepatectomy-sensitive HB PDX exposed to hepatic growth factor (HGF) showed increased proliferation rate compared to cells derived from a hepatectomy-insensitive model, suggesting that the HGF/MET pathway could be one of the effectors of the crosstalk between liver regeneration and HB growth. CONCLUSION These results suggest that hepatectomy can contribute to HB growth in some patients, further studies will be necessary to identify biomarkers predictive of patient risk of PH-induced HB recurrence. IMPACT Key message: Cytokines and growth factors secreted following partial hepatectomy can contribute to intrahepatic tumor growth in some hepatoblastoma models. What does it add to the existing literature: It is the first article about the impact of liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy on hepatoblastoma local or distant tumoral growth in nude mice. What is the impact: It is important to identify the secreted factors that enhance tumor growth and to define biomarkers predictive of patient risk of partial hepatectomy-induced hepatoblastoma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Cornet
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paris-Saclay University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
- XenTech, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
| | | | - Valeria Bisio
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Inserm U1160, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Onco-Hematology Clinic and Lab, Women's and Children's Health department, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Charlotte Mussini
- Department of Pathology, Paris-Saclay University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- Department of Pathology, Paris-Saclay University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Monique Fabre
- Department of Pathology, Paris Cité University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Martina Pigazzi
- Onco-Hematology Clinic and Lab, Women's and Children's Health department, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Padova, Italy
| | | | - Thierry Tordjmann
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Branchereau
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Paris-Saclay University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Stefano Cairo
- XenTech, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Padova, Italy.
- Champions Oncology, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
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Müller A, Weyerhäuser P, Berte N, Jonin F, Lyubarskyy B, Sprang B, Kantelhardt SR, Salinas G, Opitz L, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Giese A, Kim EL. Concurrent Activation of Both Survival-Promoting and Death-Inducing Signaling by Chloroquine in Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Implications for Potential Risks and Benefits of Using Chloroquine as Radiosensitizer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091290. [PMID: 37174691 PMCID: PMC10177603 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomotropic agent chloroquine was shown to sensitize non-stem glioblastoma cells to radiation in vitro with p53-dependent apoptosis implicated as one of the underlying mechanisms. The in vivo outcomes of chloroquine or its effects on glioblastoma stem cells have not been previously addressed. This study undertakes a combinatorial approach encompassing in vitro, in vivo and in silico investigations to address the relationship between chloroquine-mediated radiosensitization and p53 status in glioblastoma stem cells. Our findings reveal that chloroquine elicits antagonistic impacts on signaling pathways involved in the regulation of cell fate via both transcription-dependent and transcription-independent mechanisms. Evidence is provided that transcriptional impacts of chloroquine are primarily determined by p53 with chloroquine-mediated activation of pro-survival mevalonate and p21-DREAM pathways being the dominant response in the background of wild type p53. Non-transcriptional effects of chloroquine are conserved and converge on key cell fate regulators ATM, HIPK2 and AKT in glioblastoma stem cells irrespective of their p53 status. Our findings indicate that pro-survival responses elicited by chloroquine predominate in the context of wild type p53 and are diminished in cells with transcriptionally impaired p53. We conclude that p53 is an important determinant of the balance between pro-survival and pro-death impacts of chloroquine and propose that p53 functional status should be taken into consideration when evaluating the efficacy of glioblastoma radiosensitization by chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Weyerhäuser
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nancy Berte
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fitriasari Jonin
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bogdan Lyubarskyy
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Sprang
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Rainer Kantelhardt
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Centre, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alf Giese
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ella L Kim
- Experimental Neurooncology Group, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Li Q, Demir S, Del Río-Álvarez Á, Maxwell R, Wagner A, Carrillo-Reixach J, Armengol C, Vokuhl C, Häberle B, von Schweinitz D, Schmid I, Cairo S, Kappler R. Targeting the Unwindosome by Mebendazole Is a Vulnerability of Chemoresistant Hepatoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174196. [PMID: 36077733 PMCID: PMC9454988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to conventional chemotherapy remains a huge challenge in the clinical management of hepatoblastoma, the most common liver tumor in childhood. By integrating the gene expression data of hepatoblastoma patients into the perturbation prediction tool Connectivity Map, we identified the clinical widely used anthelmintic mebendazole as a drug to circumvent chemoresistance in permanent and patient-derived xenograft cell lines that are resistant to cisplatin, the therapeutic backbone of hepatoblastoma treatment. Viability assays clearly indicated a potent reduction of tumor cell growth upon mebendazole treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of mebendazole and cisplatin revealed a strong synergistic effect, which was comparable to the one seen with cisplatin and doxorubicin, the current treatment for high-risk hepatoblastoma patients. Moreover, mebendazole treatment resulted in reduced colony and tumor spheroid formation capabilities, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis of hepatoblastoma cells. Mechanistically, mebendazole causes blockage of microtubule formation and transcriptional downregulation of genes encoding the unwindosome, which are highly expressed in chemoresistant tumors. Most importantly, mebendazole significantly reduced tumor growth in a subcutaneous xenograft transplantation mouse model without side effects. In conclusion, our results strongly support the clinical use of mebendazole in the treatment of chemoresistant hepatoblastoma and highlight the potential theranostic value of unwindosome-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Salih Demir
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Álvaro Del Río-Álvarez
- Childhood Liver Oncology Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol IGTP, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Rebecca Maxwell
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wagner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Carrillo-Reixach
- Childhood Liver Oncology Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol IGTP, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Armengol
- Childhood Liver Oncology Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol IGTP, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Vokuhl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Häberle
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich von Schweinitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Schmid
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roland Kappler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4400-57810
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Helenius IT, Madala HR, Yeh JRJ. An Asp to Strike Out Cancer? Therapeutic Possibilities Arising from Aspartate's Emerging Roles in Cell Proliferation and Survival. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1666. [PMID: 34827664 PMCID: PMC8615858 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the metabolic constraints of a tumor may lead to more effective anticancer treatments. Evidence has emerged in recent years shedding light on a crucial aspartate dependency of many tumor types. As a precursor for nucleotide synthesis, aspartate is indispensable for cell proliferation. Moreover, the malate-aspartate shuttle plays a key role in redox balance, and a deficit in aspartate can lead to oxidative stress. It is now recognized that aspartate biosynthesis is largely governed by mitochondrial metabolism, including respiration and glutaminolysis in cancer cells. Therefore, under conditions that suppress mitochondrial metabolism, including mutations, hypoxia, or chemical inhibitors, aspartate can become a limiting factor for tumor growth and cancer cell survival. Notably, aspartate availability has been associated with sensitivity or resistance to various therapeutics that are presently in the clinic or in clinical trials, arguing for a critical need for more effective aspartate-targeting approaches. In this review, we present current knowledge of the metabolic roles of aspartate in cancer cells and describe how cancer cells maintain aspartate levels under different metabolic states. We also highlight several promising aspartate level-modulating agents that are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanumantha Rao Madala
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Jing-Ruey Joanna Yeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Duarte D, Vale N. Combining repurposed drugs to treat colorectal cancer. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:165-184. [PMID: 34592446 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The drug development process, especially of antineoplastic agents, has become increasingly costly and ineffective. Drug repurposing and drug combination are alternatives to de novo drug development, being low cost, rapid, and easy to apply. These strategies allow higher efficacy, decreased toxicity, and overcoming of drug resistance. The combination of antineoplastic agents is already being applied in cancer therapy, but the combination of repurposed drugs is still under-explored in pre- and clinical development. In this review, we provide a set of pharmacological concepts focusing on drug repurposing for treating colorectal cancer (CRC) and that are relevant for the application of new drug combinations against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Duarte
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Eloranta K, Nousiainen R, Cairo S, Pakarinen MP, Wilson DB, Pihlajoki M, Heikinheimo M. Neuropilin-2 Is Associated With Increased Hepatoblastoma Cell Viability and Motility. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:660482. [PMID: 34239847 PMCID: PMC8257959 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.660482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropilins NRP1 and NRP2 are multifunctional glycoproteins that have been implicated in several cancer-related processes including cell survival, migration, and invasion in various tumor types. Here, we examine the role of neuropilins in hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common pediatric liver malignancy. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry, RNA analysis and western blotting, we observed high level expression of NRP1 and NRP2 in 19 of 20 HB specimens and in a majority of human HB cell lines (HUH6 and five cell lines established from patient-derived xenografts) studied but not in normal hepatocytes. Silencing of NRP2 expression in HUH6 and HB-282 HB cells resulted in decreased cell viability, impaired cytoskeleton remodeling, and reduced cell motility, suggesting that NRP2 contributes to the malignant phenotype. We propose that neuropilins warrant further investigation as biomarkers of HB and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Eloranta
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruth Nousiainen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefano Cairo
- XenTech, Evry, France.,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padova, Italy
| | - Mikko P Pakarinen
- Pediatric Surgery, and Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David B Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
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7
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Johnston ME, Timchenko N. Molecular signatures of aggressive pediatric liver cancer. ARCHIVES OF STEM CELL AND THERAPY 2021; 2:1-4. [PMID: 34447970 PMCID: PMC8386353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver masses account for 5 to 6% of pediatric cancer, which includes hepatoblastoma (HBL) along with rare cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The most dangerous form of pediatric liver cancer is aggressive HBL, which can be characterized by chemo-resistance and multiple nodules or metastases at diagnosis, all correlating with worse clinical prognosis. Despite intensive studies and a significant improvement in overall outcomes, very little is known about the key molecular pathways which determine the aggressiveness of pediatric liver cancer. Although genetic mutations have been reported in aggressive HBL, they represent a low level (1.9% per case) and are found mainly in two genes CTNNB1 and NRF2. Over the past 5 years, our liver biology and tumor group at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center has investigated molecular signatures of aggressive HBL by examination of fresh tissue specimens, which were studied immediately after surgery to preserve the integrity of key biochemical pathways. Summarization of these high quality HBL samples discovered several critical pathways that are specific for aggressive pediatric liver cancer. These pathways include three characteristics: Conversion of tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) by posttranslational modifications into oncogenesActivation of specific chromosomal regions, i.e., Aggressive Liver Cancer Domains (ALCDs) within many oncogenes, resulting in increased expression of oncogenesPotential epigenetic mechanisms that open chromatin structure of oncogenes via ALCDs. This commentary summarizes our key findings and discusses development of potential ALCD-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Johnston
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, USA,University of Cincinnati, Ohio, Cincinnati, 33333 Burnet Ave, 45229, USA
| | - Nikolai Timchenko
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, USA,University of Cincinnati, Ohio, Cincinnati, 33333 Burnet Ave, 45229, USA,Author for correspondence:
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Saltsman JA, Hammond WJ, Narayan NJC, Requena D, Gehart H, Lalazar G, LaQuaglia MP, Clevers H, Simon S. A Human Organoid Model of Aggressive Hepatoblastoma for Disease Modeling and Drug Testing. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2668. [PMID: 32962010 PMCID: PMC7563272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is the most common childhood liver cancer. Although survival has improved significantly over the past few decades, there remains a group of children with aggressive disease who do not respond to current treatment regimens. There is a critical need for novel models to study aggressive hepatoblastoma as research to find new treatments is hampered by the small number of laboratory models of the disease. Organoids have emerged as robust models for many diseases, including cancer. We have generated and characterized a novel organoid model of aggressive hepatoblastoma directly from freshly resected patient tumors as a proof of concept for this approach. Hepatoblastoma tumor organoids recapitulate the key elements of patient tumors, including tumor architecture, mutational profile, gene expression patterns, and features of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that are hallmarks of hepatoblastoma pathophysiology. Tumor organoids were successfully used alongside non-tumor liver organoids from the same patient to perform a drug screen using twelve candidate compounds. One drug, JQ1, demonstrated increased destruction of liver organoids from hepatoblastoma tumor tissue relative to organoids from the adjacent non-tumor liver. Our findings suggest that hepatoblastoma organoids could be used for a variety of applications and have the potential to improve treatment options for the subset of hepatoblastoma patients who do not respond to existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Saltsman
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (J.A.S.); (W.J.H.); (N.J.C.N.); (D.R.); (G.L.)
- Pediatric Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - William J. Hammond
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (J.A.S.); (W.J.H.); (N.J.C.N.); (D.R.); (G.L.)
- Pediatric Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Nicole J. C. Narayan
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (J.A.S.); (W.J.H.); (N.J.C.N.); (D.R.); (G.L.)
- Pediatric Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - David Requena
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (J.A.S.); (W.J.H.); (N.J.C.N.); (D.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (J.A.S.); (W.J.H.); (N.J.C.N.); (D.R.); (G.L.)
| | - Michael P. LaQuaglia
- Pediatric Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.G.); (H.C.)
- The Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanford Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (J.A.S.); (W.J.H.); (N.J.C.N.); (D.R.); (G.L.)
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