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Cao PHA, Dominic A, Lujan FE, Senthilkumar S, Bhattacharya PK, Frigo DE, Subramani E. Unlocking ferroptosis in prostate cancer - the road to novel therapies and imaging markers. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-024-00869-9. [PMID: 38627553 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a distinct form of regulated cell death that is predominantly driven by the build-up of intracellular iron and lipid peroxides. Ferroptosis suppression is widely accepted to contribute to the pathogenesis of several tumours including prostate cancer. Results from some studies reported that prostate cancer cells can be highly susceptible to ferroptosis inducers, providing potential for an interesting new avenue of therapeutic intervention for advanced prostate cancer. In this Perspective, we describe novel molecular underpinnings and metabolic drivers of ferroptosis, analyse the functions and mechanisms of ferroptosis in tumours, and highlight prostate cancer-specific susceptibilities to ferroptosis by connecting ferroptosis pathways to the distinctive metabolic reprogramming of prostate cancer cells. Leveraging these novel mechanistic insights could provide innovative therapeutic opportunities in which ferroptosis induction augments the efficacy of currently available prostate cancer treatment regimens, pending the elimination of major bottlenecks for the clinical translation of these treatment combinations, such as the development of clinical-grade inhibitors of the anti-ferroptotic enzymes as well as non-invasive biomarkers of ferroptosis. These biomarkers could be exploited for diagnostic imaging and treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Hong Anh Cao
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abishai Dominic
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabiola Ester Lujan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjanaa Senthilkumar
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signalling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Elavarasan Subramani
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Lv Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Yi B, Chu T, Feng Z, Liu J, Wan X, Wang Y. Platycodin D represses β-catenin to suppress metastasis of cetuximab-treated KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2023:10.1007/s10585-023-10218-6. [PMID: 37326719 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, is extensively used for clinical therapy in KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, some patients still cannot get benefit from the therapy, because metastasis and resistance occur frequently after cetuximab treatment. New adjunctive therapy is urgently needed to suppress metastasis of cetuximab-treated CRC cells. In this study, we used two KRAS wild-type CRC cells, HT29 and CaCo2, to investigate whether platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Chinese medicinal herb Platycodon grandifloras, is able to suppress the metastasis of cetuximab-treated CRC. Label-free quantitative proteomics analyses showed that platycodin D but not cetuximab significantly inhibited expression of β-catenin in both CRC cells, and suggested that platycodin D counteracted the inhibition effect of cetuximab on cell adherence and functioned in repressing cell migration and invasion. Western blot results showed that single platycodin D treatment or combined platycodin D and cetuximab enhanced inhibition effects on expressions of key genes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including β-catenin, c-Myc, Cyclin D1 and MMP-7, compared to single cetuximab treatment. Scratch wound-healing and transwell assays showed that platycodin D combined with cetuximab suppressed migration and invasion of CRC cells, respectively. Pulmonary metastasis model of HT29 and CaCo2 in nu/nu nude mice consistently showed that combined treatment using platycodin D and cetuximab inhibited metastasis significantly in vivo. Our findings provide a potential strategy to inhibit CRC metastasis during cetuximab therapy by addition of platycodin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Lv
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhong Wang
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ben Yi
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhao Chu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuehua Wan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yijia Wang
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Xie L, Zhao YX, Zheng Y, Li XF. The pharmacology and mechanisms of platycodin D, an active triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorus. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1148853. [PMID: 37089949 PMCID: PMC10117678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1148853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese doctors widely prescribed Platycodon grandiflorus A. DC. (PG) to treat lung carbuncles in ancient China. Modern clinical experiences have demonstrated that PG plays a crucial role in treating chronic pharyngitis, plum pneumonia, pneumoconiosis, acute and chronic laryngitis, and so forth. Additionally, PG is a food with a long history in China, Japan, and Korea. Furthermore, Platycodin D (PLD), an oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin, is one of the active substances in PG. PLD has been revealed to have anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidation, anti-obesity, anticoagulant, spermicidal, anti-tumor etc., activities. And the mechanism of the effects draws lots of attention, with various signaling pathways involved in these processes. Additionally, research on PLD’s pharmacokinetics and extraction processes is under study. The bioavailability of PLD could be improved by being prescribed with Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. or by creating a new dosage form. PLD has been recently considered to have the potential to be a solubilizer or an immunologic adjuvant. Meanwhile, PLD was discovered to have hemolytic activity correlated. PLD has broad application prospects and reveals practical pharmacological activities in pre-clinical research. The authors believe that these activities of PLD contribute to the efficacy of PG. What is apparent is that the clinical translation of PLD still has a long way to go. With the help of modern technology, the scope of clinical applications of PLD is probable to be expanded from traditional applications to new fields.
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Liu Y, Tian S, Yi B, Feng Z, Chu T, Liu J, Zhang C, Zhang S, Wang Y. Platycodin D sensitizes KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells to cetuximab by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1046143. [PMID: 36387129 PMCID: PMC9646952 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1046143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor that blocks downstream signaling pathways of receptor tyrosine kinases, including Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and inducing cancer cell apoptosis. Owing to KRAS mutations, the effectiveness of cetuximab is usually limited by intrinsic drug resistance. Continuous activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is another reason for cetuximab resistance. Platycodin-D, a bioactive compound isolated from the Chinese herb Platycodon grandiflorum, regulates Akt in different trends based on tissue types. To investigate whether platycodin-D can sensitize KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells to cetuximab by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, HCT116 and LoVo cells were treated with cetuximab and platycodin-D. LY294002 and SC79 were used to regulate Akt to further evaluate whether platycodin-D sensitizes cells to cetuximab by inhibiting Akt. Our results confirmed that platycodin-D increased the cytotoxic effects of cetuximab, including inhibition of growth, migration, and invasion, via downregulation of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation in HCT116 and LoVo cells both in vitro and in vivo. Given these data, platycodin-D may sensitize KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells to cetuximab via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Liu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shifeng Tian
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ben Yi
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianhao Chu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunze Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncologic Molecular Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Laboratory of Oncologic Molecular Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
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Li Q, Yang T, Zhao S, Zheng Q, Li Y, Zhang Z, Sun X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xie J. Distribution, biotransformation, pharmacological effects, metabolic mechanism and safety evaluation of Platycodin D:A comprehensive review. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:21-29. [PMID: 35114917 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220202090137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng), the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum, is a traditional herb used as both medicine and food. Its clinical application for the treatment of cough, phlegm, sore throat, pulmonary and respiratory diseases has been thousands of years in China. Platycodin D is the main active ingredient in Platycodonis Radix, which belongs to the family of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins because it contains an oleanolane type aglycone linked with double sugar chains. Modern pharmacology has demonstrated that Platycodin D displays various biological activities, such as analgesics, expectoration and cough suppression, promoting weight loss, anti-tumor and immune regulation, suggesting that Platycodin D has the potential to be a drug candidate and an interesting target as a natural product for clinical research. In this review, the distribution and biotransformation, pharmacological effects, metabolic mechanism and safety evaluation of Platycodin D are summarized to lay the foundation for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Tan Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Zheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People\'s Hospital, Weifang, 261041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Xie
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
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Liu Z, Pan R, Li W, Li Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Cell Cycle-Related Genes in Patients With Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:796795. [PMID: 35087757 PMCID: PMC8787043 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.796795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify critical cell cycle-related genes (CCRGs) in prostate cancer (PRAD) and to evaluate the clinical prognostic value of the gene panel selected. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) of dysregulated genes between PRAD and normal tissues demonstrated that the cell cycle-related pathways played vital roles in PRAD. Patients were classified into four clusters, which were associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS). Moreover, 200 prognostic-related genes were selected using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis and univariable Cox regression. The prognostic CCRG risk score was constructed using random forest survival and multivariate regression Cox methods, and their efficiency was validated in Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and GSE70770. We identified nine survival-related genes: CCNL2, CDCA5, KAT2A, CHTF18, SPC24, EME2, CDK5RAP3, CDC20, and PTTG1. Based on the median risk score, the patients were divided into two groups. Then the functional enrichment analyses, mutational profiles, immune components, estimated half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), and candidate drugs were screened of these two groups. In addition, the characteristics of nine hub CCRGs were explored in Oncomine, cBioPortal, and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) datasets. Finally, the expression profiles of these hub CCRGs were validated in RWPE-1 and three PRAD cell lines (PC-3, C4-2, and DU-145). In conclusion, our study systematically explored the role of CCRGs in PRAD and constructed a risk model that can predict the clinical prognosis and immunotherapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Liu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongfang Pan
- Department of Nutrition, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanjiang Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Cieslikowski WA, Haber T, Krajnak S, Anic K, Hasenburg A, Mager R, Thüroff JW, Brenner W. Co-administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with rottlerin in metastatic prostate cancer cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:1585-1596. [PMID: 34924906 PMCID: PMC8678056 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
After prostatectomy due to prostate carcinoma, patients often develop metastases. Although prostate cancer is susceptible to hormonal manipulation, many patients become castration-resistant. Therefore, new therapies are the focus of investigations. We analyzed the effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), sorafenib and sunitinib, in combination with rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor, on metastatic mechanisms in prostate carcinoma cells. LNCaP and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells were treated with sorafenib or sunitinib alone at various concentrations (1-20 µM) or in combination with rottlerin (10 µM) for 24 h. Then, cell toxicity (MTT test) and cell proliferation (BrdU incorporation assay) were quantified. The study demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of sorafenib and sunitinib on PC-3 and LNCaP cell activity and proliferation. Both agents showed significantly stronger cytotoxic effects in LNCaP cells. At the highest concentrations, sorafenib and sunitinib inhibited the viability of LNCaP cells up to 2 % and 31 %, respectively, and the viability of PC-3 cell line up to 20 % and 43 %, respectively. The proliferation of both cell lines was significantly stronger inhibited by sorafenib than by sunitinib. In LNCaP cells, sorafenib and sunitinib at the highest concentrations inhibited cell proliferation up to 46 % and 49 %, respectively, and the proliferation of PC-3 line up to 40 % and 47 %, respectively. Rottlerin reduced the viability and proliferation of PC3 cells to 81 % and 42 %, whereas the viability and proliferation of LNCaP cells were reduced to 25 % and 57 %, respectively. Sorafenib and sunitinib at low concentrations partly neutralized the inhibitory effect of rottlerin on cell viability and proliferation. On the other hand, in PC-3 cells, rottlerin reduced the inhibitory effects of sorafenib and sunitinib at the highest concentrations on cell viability from 20 % to 30 % and from 43 % to 61 %, respectively. An additive effect on cell activity was observed after treating LNCaP cells with both sunitinib at high concentrations and rottlerin. This combination increased the cytotoxic effect from 31 % to 13 % at the highest sunitinib concentration. Our results showed that monotherapy with sorafenib was the most efficient in both PCa cell lines. A marginally additive effect of rottlerin was only observed in LNCaP cells treated with sunitinib at a high concentration. Sorafenib and sunitinib reduced cell migration in PC-3 cells to 10 % and 32 % of untreated cells, respectively. Co-treatment with sorafenib/sunitinib and rottlerin did not result in a significantly stronger anti-migratory effect than the treatment with each TKI alone. Given the strong cytotoxic effect of TKIs, especially sorafenib, on LNCaP cells, the results of the migration assay in this line were severely biased and not considered in the analysis. Unlike in other malignancies, combination therapy with TKI and rottlerin seems not beneficial in prostate cancer. More promising seems to be monotherapy with rottlerin, but further studies are needed to confirm this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech A. Cieslikowski
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany,Department of Urology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Wojciech A. Cieslikowski, Department of Urology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland, E-mail:
| | - Tobias Haber
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Slavomir Krajnak
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women's Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Anic
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women's Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Annette Hasenburg
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women's Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - René Mager
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim W. Thüroff
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany,Clinic for Obstetrics and Women's Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Yoon JS, Lee HJ, Sim DY, Im E, Park JE, Park WY, Koo JI, Shim BS, Kim SH. Moracin D induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via activation of PPAR gamma/PKC delta and inhibition of PKC alpha. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6944-6953. [PMID: 34709688 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, apoptotic mechanism of Moracin D was explored in prostate cancer cells in association with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ)-related signaling involved in lipid metabolism. Moracin D augmented cytotoxicity and sub G1 population in PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells, while DU145 cells were more susceptible to Moracin D than PC3 cells. Moracin D attenuated the expression of caspase-3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) in DU145 cells. Consistently, Moracin D significantly augmented the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in DU145 cells. Interestingly, Moracin D activated PPAR-γ and phospho-protein kinase C delta (p-PKC-δ) and inhibited phospho-protein kinase C alpha (p-PKC-α) in DU145 cells. Furthermore, STRING bioinformatic analysis reveals that PPAR-γ interacts with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that binds to PKC-α/PKC-δ or protein kinase B (AKT) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Indeed, Moracin D decreased phosphorylation of NF-κB, ERK, and AKT in DU145 cells. Conversely, PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662 reduced the apoptotic ability of Moracin D to activate caspase 3 and PARP in DU145 cells. Taken together, these findings provide a novel insight that activation of PPAR-γ/p-PKC-δ and inhibition of p-PKC-α are critically involved in Moracin D-induced apoptosis in DU145 prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seok Yoon
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Yong Sim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Yi Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Il Koo
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Sang Shim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Programmed cell death, redox imbalance, and cancer therapeutics. Apoptosis 2021; 26:385-414. [PMID: 34236569 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are disordered by nature and thus featured by higher internal redox level than healthy cells. Redox imbalance could trigger programmed cell death if exceeded a certain threshold, rendering therapeutic strategies relying on redox control a possible cancer management solution. Yet, various programmed cell death events have been consecutively discovered, complicating our understandings on their associations with redox imbalance and clinical implications especially therapeutic design. Thus, it is imperative to understand differences and similarities among programmed cell death events regarding their associations with redox imbalance for improved control over these events in malignant cells as well as appropriate design on therapeutic approaches relying on redox control. This review addresses these issues and concludes by bringing affront cold atmospheric plasma as an emerging redox controller with translational potential in clinics.
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