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Barnieh FM, Morais GR, Loadman PM, Falconer RA, El-Khamisy SF. Hypoxia-Responsive Prodrug of ATR Inhibitor, AZD6738, Selectively Eradicates Treatment-Resistant Cancer Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403831. [PMID: 38976561 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Targeted therapy remains the future of anti-cancer drug development, owing to the lack of specificity of current treatments which lead to damage in healthy normal tissues. ATR inhibitors have in recent times demonstrated promising clinical potential, and are currently being evaluated in the clinic. However, despite the considerable optimism for clinical success of these inhibitors, reports of associated normal tissues toxicities remain a concern and can compromise their utility. Here, ICT10336 is reported, a newly developed hypoxia-responsive prodrug of ATR inhibitor, AZD6738, which is hypoxia-activated and specifically releases AZD6738 only in hypoxic conditions, in vitro. This hypoxia-selective release of AZD6738 inhibited ATR activation (T1989 and S428 phosphorylation) and subsequently abrogated HIF1a-mediated adaptation of hypoxic cancers cells, thus selectively inducing cell death in 2D and 3D cancer models. Importantly, in normal tissues, ICT10336 is demonstrated to be metabolically stable and less toxic to normal cells than its active parent agent, AZD6738. In addition, ICT10336 exhibited a superior and efficient multicellular penetration ability in 3D tumor models, and selectively eradicated cells at the hypoxic core compared to AZD6738. In summary, the preclinical data demonstrate a new strategy of tumor-targeted delivery of ATR inhibitors with significant potential of enhancing the therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Barnieh
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Goreti Ribeiro Morais
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Falconer
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, the Healthy Lifespan Institute and the Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Das M, Pandey V, Jajoria K, Bhatia D, Gupta I, Shekhar H. Glycosylated Porphyrin Derivatives for Sonodynamic Therapy: ROS Generation and Cytotoxicity Studies in Breast Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:1196-1205. [PMID: 38222585 PMCID: PMC10785087 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising alternative to photodynamic therapy for achieving site-specific cytotoxic therapy. Porphyrin derivative molecules have been reported extensively in photodynamic therapy. We have previously shown that the glycosylation of porphyrin-based sonosensitizers can enhance their cellular uptake. However, the sonodynamic potential of these water-soluble glycosylated porphyrins has not been investigated. In this study, we characterized the sonodynamic response of two water-soluble glycosylated porphyrin derivatives. Ultrasound (US) exposure was performed (1 MHz frequency, intensities of 0.05-1.1 W/cm2) for 0-3 min in continuous mode. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was quantified via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry. MTT assay was used to quantify cytotoxicity caused by sonodynamic effects from these derivatives in the human mammary carcinoma (SUM-159) cell line in vitro. ROS generation from the porphyrin derivatives was demonstrated at a concentration of 15 μM. No significant cytotoxic effects were observed with the sonosensitizer alone or US exposure alone over the tested range of intensities and duration. The free base porphyrin derivative caused 60-70% cell death, whereas the zinc-porphyrin derivative with Zn metal conjugation caused nearly 50% cytotoxicity when exposed at 0.6 W/cm2 intensity for 3 min. These studies demonstrate the potential of anticancer SDT with soluble glycosylated porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Das
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Pandey
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kuldeep Jajoria
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Himanshu Shekhar
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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Warli SM, Velaro AJ, Firsty NN, Tala ZZ. Addition of Olaparib to the New Hormonal Agent Regimen for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Oncol 2023; 14:518-528. [PMID: 38022404 PMCID: PMC10681786 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of olaparib, a poly (adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor to treat metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), created a measurable clinical question on whether the agent positively influences the treatment outcomes and acceptable safety factors. The objective was to elaborate on the efficacy and safety of olaparib-added regimens in treating mCRPC patients as compared to the established guideline. Methods The literature search was performed on several scientific databases, e.g., PubMed, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect, by applying the Boolean Term method. Statistical and risk of bias (RoB) analyses were calculated through RevMan 5.4.1. to investigate our outcomes, i.e., progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with the reported adverse effects (AEs). These outcomes were presented in hazard ratio (HR) and risk ratio (RR). Results Three trials consisting of 1,325 individuals with comparable baseline characteristics were investigated. The meta-analysis showed that introducing olaparib into the regimens significantly improved the PFS (HR 0.59 (0.48 - 0.73); P < 0.05), which disclosed even better outcomes among mutated homologous recombinant repair (HRR) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene (HR 0.43 (0.30 - 0.62); P < 0.05) in 95% confidence interval (CI). Furthermore, similar outcomes were observed in OS analysis (HR 0.81 (0.67 - 0.99); P < 0.05), despite olaparib group disclosed higher AEs rate with insignificant difference in mortality rate. Conclusion The efficacy and safety of olaparib-added regimens in mCRPC patients need to be explored more extensively in trials because they are beneficial, particularly among HRR-mutated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syah Mirsya Warli
- Department of Urology, Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara-Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Adrian Joshua Velaro
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Naufal Nandita Firsty
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Sun W, Li J. Efficacy and safety of veliparib in the treatment of advanced/metastatic breast cancer: a meta-analysis of phase II and III randomized controlled trials. J Chemother 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37975589 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2023.2281760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of veliparib in the treatment of advanced/metastatic breast cancer. Databases were searched for relevant studies till June 2023. Six RCTs involving 1912 patients were included. The pooled analysis provided evidence that veliparib-containing regimens could significantly improve the PFS (HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61-0.83; p < 0.0001), OS (HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99; p = 0.03), and ORR (RR: 1.52; 95% CI:1.06-2.18; p = 0.02) than those of controls for treating advanced/metastatic breast cancer. Breast cancer patients with BRCA-mutation tended to have a better PFS than the BRCA-wildtype group, and patients with TNBC tended to associated with a longer PFS than the non-TNBC group. Veliparib could significantly increase the risk of anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, diarrhea, stomatitis, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy. Anemia and neutropenia should be well concerned. The veliparib-containing regimen was efficacious in treating advanced/metastatic breast cancer with a controllable safety factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipment of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
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Friedlander M, Mileshkin L, Lombard J, Frentzas S, Gao B, Wilson M, Meniawy T, Baron-Hay S, Briscoe K, McCarthy N, Fountzilas C, Cervantes A, Ge R, Wu J, Spira A. Pamiparib in combination with tislelizumab in patients with advanced solid tumours: results from the dose-expansion stage of a multicentre, open-label, phase I trial. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:797-810. [PMID: 37474720 PMCID: PMC10449784 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumour activity, safety, and tolerability of pamiparib plus tislelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced solid tumours. METHODS In this study, patients were enrolled into eight arms by tumour type. All received pamiparib 40 mg orally twice daily plus tislelizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR), assessed by the investigator per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours v1.1. Secondary endpoints included duration of response (DoR), safety, and tolerability. RESULTS Overall, 180 patients were enrolled. In the overall population, the ORR was 20.0% (range: 0-47.4 across study arms), with median DoR of 17.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.2, not estimable [NE]). The highest ORR was observed in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) arm (patients with BRCA1/2 mutations and/or homologous recombination deficiency) (ORR: 47.4%; median DoR: 17.1 months [95% CI: 3.0, NE]). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) of ≥Grade 3 occurred in 61.7% of patients. Serious TEAEs occurred in 50.0% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Pamiparib plus tislelizumab showed a variable level of antitumour activity in patients with advanced solid tumours, with the highest ORR in TNBC and was associated with a manageable safety profile. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT02660034.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Friedlander
- University of New South Wales Clinical School and Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
| | - Linda Mileshkin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Janine Lombard
- Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophia Frentzas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health and Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bo Gao
- Medical Oncology Department, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Wilson
- Department of Cancer and Blood, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tarek Meniawy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Linear Clinical Research and University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sally Baron-Hay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- GenesisCare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen Briscoe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mid North Coast Cancer Institute, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Icon Cancer Centre Wesley, Auchenflower, QLD, Australia
| | - Christos Fountzilas
- Department of Medicine/Division of GI Medicine and Early Phase Clinical Trial Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andres Cervantes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruimin Ge
- Department of Clinical Development, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - John Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, BeiGene USA, Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Spira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Virginia Cancer Specialists Research Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
- NEXT Oncology-Virginia, Fairfax, VA, USA
- US Oncology Research, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Al-Kafaji G, Jassim G, AlHajeri A, Alawadhi AMT, Fida M, Sahin I, Alali F, Fadel E. Investigation of germline variants in Bahraini women with breast cancer using next-generation sequencing based-multigene panel. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291015. [PMID: 37656691 PMCID: PMC10473515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes are the most common cause of hereditary breast cancer. However, a significant number of cases are not linked to these two genes and additional high-, moderate- and low-penetrance genes have been identified in breast cancer. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) allowed simultaneous sequencing of multiple cancer-susceptibility genes and prompted research in this field. So far, cancer-predisposition genes other than BRCA1/2 have not been studied in the population of Bahrain. We performed a targeted NGS using a multi-panel covering 180 genes associated with cancer predisposition to investigate the spectrum and frequency of germline variants in 54 women with a positive personal and/or family history of breast cancer. Sequencing analysis revealed germline variants in 29 (53.7%) patients. Five pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in four DNA repair pathway-related genes were identified in five unrelated patients (9.3%). Two BRCA1 variants, namely the missense variant c.287A>G (p.Asp96Gly) and the truncating variant c.1066C>T (p.Gln356Ter), were detected in two patients (3.7%). Three variants in non-BRCA1/2 genes were detected in three patients (1.85% each) with a strong family history of breast cancer. These included a monoallelic missense variant c.1187G>A (p.Gly396Asp) in MUTYH gene, and two truncating variants namely c.3343C>T (p.Arg1115Ter) in MLH3 gene and c.1826G>A (p.Trp609Ter) in PMS1 gene. Other variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were also detected, and some of them were found together with the deleterious variants. In this first application of NGS-based multigene testing in Bahraini women with breast cancer, we show that multigene testing can yield additional genomic information on low-penetrance genes, although the clinical significance of these genes has not been fully appreciated yet. Our findings also provide valuable epidemiological information for future studies and highlight the importance of genetic testing, and an NGS-based multigene analysis may be applied supplementary to traditional genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Al-Kafaji
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Inherited Disorders, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ghufran Jassim
- Department of Family Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Amani AlHajeri
- Department of Genetics, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | | | - Mariam Fida
- Bahrain Oncology Center, King Hamad University Hospital, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ibrahim Sahin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Inherited Disorders, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Faisal Alali
- North western Hospital, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elias Fadel
- Bahrain Oncology Center, King Hamad University Hospital, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Devoy C, Flores Bueso Y, Tangney M. Understanding and harnessing triple-negative breast cancer-related microbiota in oncology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020121. [PMID: 36505861 PMCID: PMC9730816 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial inhabitants of the body have the potential to play a role in various stages of cancer initiation, progression, and treatment. These bacteria may be distal to the primary tumour, such as gut microbiota, or local to the tissue, before or after tumour growth. Breast cancer is well studied in this context. Amongst breast cancer types, Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is more aggressive, has fewer treatment options than receptor-positive breast cancers, has an overall worse prognosis and higher rates of reoccurrence. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the bacterial influence on TNBC progression and treatment is of high value. In this regard, the Gut Microbiota (GM) can be involved in various stages of tumour progression. It may suppress or promote carcinogenesis through the release of carcinogenic metabolites, sustenance of proinflammatory environments and/or the promotion of epigenetic changes in our genome. It can also mediate metastasis and reoccurrence through interactions with the immune system and has been recently shown to influence chemo-, radio-, and immune-therapies. Furthermore, bacteria have also been found to reside in normal and malignant breast tissue. Several studies have now described the breast and breast tumour microbiome, with the tumour microbiota of TNBC having the least taxonomic diversity among all breast cancer types. Here, specific conditions of the tumour microenvironment (TME) - low O2, leaky vasculature and immune suppression - are supportive of tumour selective bacterial growth. This innate bacterial ability could enable their use as delivery agents for various therapeutics or as diagnostics. This review aims to examine the current knowledge on bacterial relevance to TNBC and potential uses while examining some of the remaining unanswered questions regarding mechanisms underpinning observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Devoy
- Cancer Research@UCC, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,SynBio Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yensi Flores Bueso
- Cancer Research@UCC, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,SynBio Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark Tangney
- Cancer Research@UCC, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,SynBio Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Mark Tangney,
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Evaluation of the Available Variant Calling Tools for Oxford Nanopore Sequencing in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091583. [PMID: 36140751 PMCID: PMC9498802 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of biomarker testing, in the field of personalized medicine, is to guide treatments to achieve the best possible results for each patient. The accurate and reliable identification of everyone’s genome variants is essential for the success of clinical genomics, employing third-generation sequencing. Different variant calling techniques have been used and recommended by both Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Nanopore communities. A thorough examination of the variant callers might give critical guidance for third-generation sequencing-based clinical genomics. In this study, two reference genome sample datasets (NA12878) and (NA24385) and the set of high-confidence variant calls provided by the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) were used to allow the evaluation of the performance of six variant calling tools, including Human-SNP-wf, Clair3, Clair, NanoCaller, Longshot, and Medaka, as an integral step in the in-house variant detection workflow. Out of the six variant callers understudy, Clair3 and Human-SNP-wf that has Clair3 incorporated into it achieved the highest performance rates in comparison to the other variant callers. Evaluation of the results for the tool was expressed in terms of Precision, Recall, and F1-score using Hap.py tools for the comparison. In conclusion, our findings give important insights for identifying accurate variants from third-generation sequencing of personal genomes using different variant detection tools available for long-read sequencing.
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Yang G, Lu T, Weisenberger DJ, Liang G. The Multi-Omic Landscape of Primary Breast Tumors and Their Metastases: Expanding the Efficacy of Actionable Therapeutic Targets. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091555. [PMID: 36140723 PMCID: PMC9498783 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) mortality is almost exclusively due to metastasis, which is the least understood aspect of cancer biology and represents a significant clinical challenge. Although we have witnessed tremendous advancements in the treatment for metastatic breast cancer (mBC), treatment resistance inevitably occurs in most patients. Recently, efforts in characterizing mBC revealed distinctive genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic (multi-omic) landscapes to that of the primary tumor. Understanding of the molecular underpinnings of mBC is key to understanding resistance to therapy and the development of novel treatment options. This review summarizes the differential molecular landscapes of BC and mBC, provides insights into the genomic heterogeneity of mBC and highlights the therapeutically relevant, multi-omic features that may serve as novel therapeutic targets for mBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211121, China
- China Grand Enterprises, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211121, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211121, China
| | - Daniel J. Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lavoro A, Scalisi A, Candido S, Zanghì GN, Rizzo R, Gattuso G, Caruso G, Libra M, Falzone L. Identification of the most common BRCA alterations through analysis of germline mutation databases: Is droplet digital PCR an additional strategy for the assessment of such alterations in breast and ovarian cancer families? Int J Oncol 2022; 60:58. [PMID: 35383859 PMCID: PMC8997337 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and ovarian cancer represent two of the most common tumor types in females worldwide. Over the years, several non‑modifiable and modifiable risk factors have been associated with the onset and progression of these tumors, including age, reproductive factors, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors, as well as family history and genetic factors. Of note, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two tumor suppressor genes with a key role in DNA repair processes, whose mutations may induce genomic instability and increase the risk of cancer development. Specifically, females with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer harboring BRCA1/2 germline mutations have a 60‑70% increased risk of developing breast cancer and a 15‑40% increased risk for ovarian cancer. Different databases have collected the most frequent germline mutations affecting BRCA1/2. Through the analysis of such databases, it is possible to identify frequent hotspot mutations that may be analyzed with next‑generation sequencing (NGS) and novel innovative strategies. In this context, NGS remains the gold standard method for the assessment of BRCA1/2 mutations, while novel techniques, including droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), may improve the sensitivity to identify such mutations in the hereditary forms of breast and ovarian cancer. On these bases, the present study aimed to provide an update of the current knowledge on the frequency of BRCA1/2 mutations and cancer susceptibility, focusing on the diagnostic potential of the most recent methods, such as ddPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lavoro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aurora Scalisi
- Italian League Against Cancer, Section of Catania, I‑95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Guido Nicola Zanghì
- Department of General Surgery and Medical‑Surgical Specialties, Policlinico‑Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione 'G. Pascale', I‑80131 Naples, Italy
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