1
|
Lavoro A, Scalisi A, Candido S, Zanghì GN, Rizzo R, Gattuso G, Caruso G, Libra M, Falzone L. Identification of the most common BRCA alterations through analysis of germline mutation databases: Is droplet digital PCR an additional strategy for the assessment of such alterations in breast and ovarian cancer families? Int J Oncol 2022; 60:58. [PMID: 35383859 PMCID: PMC8997337 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and ovarian cancer represent two of the most common tumor types in females worldwide. Over the years, several non‑modifiable and modifiable risk factors have been associated with the onset and progression of these tumors, including age, reproductive factors, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors, as well as family history and genetic factors. Of note, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two tumor suppressor genes with a key role in DNA repair processes, whose mutations may induce genomic instability and increase the risk of cancer development. Specifically, females with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer harboring BRCA1/2 germline mutations have a 60‑70% increased risk of developing breast cancer and a 15‑40% increased risk for ovarian cancer. Different databases have collected the most frequent germline mutations affecting BRCA1/2. Through the analysis of such databases, it is possible to identify frequent hotspot mutations that may be analyzed with next‑generation sequencing (NGS) and novel innovative strategies. In this context, NGS remains the gold standard method for the assessment of BRCA1/2 mutations, while novel techniques, including droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), may improve the sensitivity to identify such mutations in the hereditary forms of breast and ovarian cancer. On these bases, the present study aimed to provide an update of the current knowledge on the frequency of BRCA1/2 mutations and cancer susceptibility, focusing on the diagnostic potential of the most recent methods, such as ddPCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lavoro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aurora Scalisi
- Italian League Against Cancer, Section of Catania, I‑95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Guido Nicola Zanghì
- Department of General Surgery and Medical‑Surgical Specialties, Policlinico‑Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione 'G. Pascale', I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Minucci A, Mazzuccato G, Marchetti C, Pietragalla A, Scambia G, Fagotti A, Urbani A. [Detecting Large Germline Rearrangements of BRCA1 by Next Generation Tumor Sequencing]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2020; 54:688-698. [PMID: 32840490 DOI: 10.31857/s0026898420040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A majority of BRCA1/2 (BRCA) pathogenic variants (PVs) are single nucleotide substitutions or small insertions/deletions. Copy number variations (CNVs), also known as large genomic rearrangements (LGRs), have been identified in BRCA genes. LGRs detection is a mandatory analysis in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families, if no predisposing PVs are found by sequencing. Next generation sequencing (NGS) may be used to detect structural variation, since quantitative analysis of sequencing reads, when coupled with appropriate bioinformatics tools, is capable of estimating and predicting germline LGRs (gLGRs). However, applying this approach to tumor tissue is challenging, and the pipelines for determination of CNV are yet to be optimized. The aim of this study was to validate the Next Generation Tumor Sequencing (NGTS) technology to detect various gLGRs of BRCA1 locus in surgical tumor tissue samples. In this study, seven different BRCA1 gLGRs, previously found in high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) patients, were detected in tumor samples collected from the patients at a time of HGSOC surgery. This study demonstrated that NGS can accurately detect BRCA1 gLGRs in primary tumors, suggesting that gLGR evaluation in BRCA1 locus should be performed in cases when the screening for BRCA alterations starts from tumor instead of blood. NGS sequencing of tumor samples may become the preferred method to detect both somatic and germline gLGRs in BRCA-encoding loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Minucci
- Molecular Diagnostic and Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168 Italy.,
| | - G Mazzuccato
- Molecular Diagnostic and Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168 Italy
| | - C Marchetti
- Division of Oncological Gynecology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168 Italy.,Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, 00168 Italy
| | - A Pietragalla
- Division of Oncological Gynecology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168 Italy
| | - G Scambia
- Division of Oncological Gynecology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168 Italy.,Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, 00168 Italy
| | - A Fagotti
- Division of Oncological Gynecology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168 Italy.,Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, 00168 Italy
| | - A Urbani
- Molecular Diagnostic and Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, 00168 Italy.,Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, 00168 Italy.,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su L, Zhang J, Meng H, Ouyang T, Li J, Wang T, Fan Z, Fan T, Lin B, Xie Y. Prevalence of BRCA1/2 large genomic rearrangements in Chinese women with sporadic triple-negative or familial breast cancer. Clin Genet 2018; 94:165-169. [PMID: 29582426 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of BRCA1/2 large genomic rearrangements (LGRs) and their underlying mechanisms have not been fully evaluated in Chinese women with breast cancer. In this study, we determined the prevalence of BRCA1/2 LGRs in 834 patients with familial breast cancer (FBC) and 660 patients with sporadic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) who were negative for BRCA1/2 small-range mutations using the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification method. We found that 20 index patients (2.4%) in the FBC group carried a BRCA1 or BRCA2 LGR, and the frequencies of BRCA1 and BRCA2 LGRs were 1.6% and 0.8%, respectively. Seven index patients (1.1%) carried a BRCA1 LGR in 660 sporadic TNBC patients, whereas no BRCA2 LGRs were found in these patients. Among the BRCA1/2 LGRs, 48.1% (13/27) were novel, and the breakpoints of the majority of the LGRs were identified. ΨBRCA1-mediated homologous recombination (HR) and Alu-mediated HR/non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) accounted for 40% and 30% of the BRCA1 LGRs, respectively. Alu-mediated HR accounted for 71.4% of the BRCA2 LGRs, and the remaining one-third was generated through Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE)-mediated NHEJ. Our findings suggest that both FBC patients and sporadic TNBC patients should be tested for BRCA1/2 LGRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Su
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - H Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - T Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - T Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Z Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - T Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - B Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Y Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Breast Centre, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nunziato M, Starnone F, Lombardo B, Pensabene M, Condello C, Verdesca F, Carlomagno C, De Placido S, Pastore L, Salvatore F, D'Argenio V. Fast Detection of a BRCA2 Large Genomic Duplication by Next Generation Sequencing as a Single Procedure: A Case Report. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112487. [PMID: 29165356 PMCID: PMC5713453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the reliability of a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based method as a strategy to detect all possible BRCA mutations, including large genomic rearrangements. Genomic DNA was obtained from a peripheral blood sample provided by a patient from Southern Italy with early onset breast cancer and a family history of diverse cancers. BRCA molecular analysis was performed by NGS, and sequence data were analyzed using two software packages. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array was used as confirmatory method. A novel large duplication, involving exons 4-26, of BRCA2 was directly detected in the patient by NGS workflow including quantitative analysis of copy number variants. The duplication observed was also found by CGH array, thus confirming its extent. Large genomic rearrangements can affect the BRCA1/2 genes, and thus contribute to germline predisposition to familial breast and ovarian cancers. The frequency of these mutations could be underestimated because of technical limitations of several routinely used molecular analysis, while their evaluation should be included also in these molecular testing. The NGS-based strategy described herein is an effective procedure to screen for all kinds of BRCA mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Nunziato
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University of Naples Parthenope, via Medina 40, 80133 Naples, Italy.
| | - Flavio Starnone
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Matilde Pensabene
- Oncology Division, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Caterina Condello
- Oncology Division, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Verdesca
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Carlomagno
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- IRCCS-Fondazione SDN, via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sedghi M, Esfandiari E, Fazel-Najafabadi E, Salehi M, Salavaty A, Fattahpour S, Dehghani L, Nouri N, Mokarian F. Genomic rearrangement screening of the BRCA1 from seventy Iranian high-risk breast cancer families. J Res Med Sci 2016; 21:95. [PMID: 28163741 PMCID: PMC5244654 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.193167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: The second leading cause of cancer deaths in women is breast cancer. Germline mutations in susceptibility breast cancer gene BRCA1 increase the lifetime risk of breast cancer. Eighty-one large genomic rearrangements (LGRs) have been reported up to date in BRCA1 gene, and evaluation of these rearrangements helps with precise risk assessment in high-risk individuals. In this study, we have investigated LGRs in BRCA1 among Iranian high-risk breast cancer families. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients with breast cancer who were identified negative for point mutations or small deletions/insertions of BRCA1 gene were selected. Deletions and duplications of BRCA1 gene were evaluated using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Results: Two deletions, deletion of exons 1A/1B-2 and exon 24, were detected in two patients with breast cancer. The former alteration was found in a woman with a strong family history of breast cancer while the latter one was detected in a woman with early onset of breast cancer. Conclusion: Although our data confirm that LGRs in BRCA1 comprise a relatively small proportion of mutations in hereditary breast cancer in the Iranian population, MLPA analysis might be considered for screening of LGRs in high-risk individuals. It is worth to note that our results are consistent with previous studies in various Asian and European countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sedghi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Esfandiari
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Esmat Fazel-Najafabadi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Salehi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Salavaty
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Fattahpour
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Dehghani
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nayerossadat Nouri
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mokarian
- Department of Oncology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Apostolou P, Pertesi M, Aleporou-Marinou V, Dimitrakakis C, Papadimitriou C, Razis E, Christodoulou C, Fountzilas G, Yannoukakos D, Konstantopoulou I, Fostira F. Haplotype analysis reveals that the recurrent BRCA1 deletion of exons 23 and 24 is a Greek founder mutation. Clin Genet 2016; 91:482-487. [PMID: 27357818 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recurrent large genomic rearrangement (LGR) encompassing exons 23 and 24 of the BRCA1 gene has been identified in breast-ovarian cancer families of Greek origin. Its breakpoints have been determined as c.5406 + 664_*8273del11052 (RefSeq: NM_007294.3) and a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been set up for rapid screening. In a series of 2,092 high-risk families completely screened for BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations, we have found the deletion in 35 families (1.68%), representing 7.83% of the mutations identified in both genes and 10.3% of the total BRCA1 mutations. In order to characterize this deletion as a founder mutation, haplotype analysis was conducted in 60 carriers from 35 families, using three BRCA1 intragenic microsatellite markers and four markers surrounding the BRCA1 locus. Our results demonstrate a common shared core disease-associated haplotype of 2.89Mb. Our calculations estimate that the deletion has originated from a common ancestor 1450 years ago, which most probably inhabited the Asia Minor area. The particular (LGR) is the third mutation of such type that is proven to have a Greek founder effect in the Greek population, illustrating the necessity for LGRs testing in individuals of Greek descent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Apostolou
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRaSTES, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.,Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Pertesi
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRaSTES, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.,Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - V Aleporou-Marinou
- Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C Dimitrakakis
- Breast Unit of the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - C Papadimitriou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Razis
- Third Medical Oncology Department, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - C Christodoulou
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Metropolitan Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - G Fountzilas
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRaSTES, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - I Konstantopoulou
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRaSTES, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - F Fostira
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRaSTES, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuzniacka A, Wierzba J, Ratajska M, Lipska BS, Koczkowska M, Malinowska M, Limon J. Spectrum of NIPBL gene mutations in Polish patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:27-33. [PMID: 23254390 PMCID: PMC3548104 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multi-system genetic disorder characterised by growth and developmental delay, distinctive facial dysmorphism, limb malformations and multiple organ defects. The disease is caused by mutations in genes responsible for the formation and regulation of cohesin complex. About half of the cases result from mutations in the NIPBL gene coding delangin, a protein regulating the initialisation of cohesion. To date, approximately 250 point mutations have been identified in more than 300 CdLS patients worldwide. In the present study, conducted on a group of 64 unrelated Polish CdLS patients, 25 various NIPBL sequence variants, including 22 novel point mutations, were detected. Additionally, large genomic deletions on chromosome 5p13 encompassing the NIPBL gene locus were detected in two patients with the most severe CdLS phenotype. Taken together, 42 % of patients were found to have a deleterious alteration affecting the NIPBL gene, by and large private ones (89 %). The review of the types of mutations found so far in Polish patients, their frequency and correlation with the severity of the observed phenotype shows that Polish CdLS cases do not significantly differ from other populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kuzniacka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of General Nursery, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata S. Lipska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Koczkowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Malinowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Limon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|