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Sun L, Gonzalez G, Pandey PK, Wang S, Kim K, Limoli C, Chen Y, Xiang L. Towards quantitative in vivo dosimetry using x-ray acoustic computed tomography. Med Phys 2023; 50:6894-6907. [PMID: 37203253 PMCID: PMC10656364 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation dosimetry is essential for radiation therapy (RT) to ensure that radiation dose is accurately delivered to the tumor. Despite its wide use in clinical intervention, the delivered radiation dose can only be planned and verified via simulation. This makes precision radiotherapy challenging while in-line verification of the delivered dose is still absent in the clinic. X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) has recently been proposed as an imaging tool for in vivo dosimetry. PURPOSE Most of the XACT studies focus on localizing the radiation beam. However, it has not been studied for its potential for quantitative dosimetry. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using XACT for quantitative in vivo dose reconstruction during radiotherapy. METHODS Varian Eclipse system was used to generate simulated uniform and wedged 3D radiation field with a size of 4 cm× $ \times \ $ 4 cm. In order to use XACT for quantitative dosimetry measurements, we have deconvoluted the effects of both the x-ray pulse shape and the finite frequency response of the ultrasound detector. We developed a model-based image reconstruction algorithm to quantify radiation dose in vivo using XACT imaging, and universal back-projection (UBP) reconstruction is used as comparison. The reconstructed dose was calibrated before comparing it to the percent depth dose (PDD) profile. Structural similarity index matrix (SSIM) and root mean squared error (RMSE) are used for numeric evaluation. Experimental signals were acquired from 4 cm× $ \times \ $ 4 cm radiation field created by Linear Accelerator (LINAC) at depths of 6, 8, and 10 cm beneath the water surface. The acquired signals were processed before reconstruction to achieve accurate results. RESULTS Applying model-based reconstruction algorithm with non-negative constraints successfully reconstructed accurate radiation dose in 3D simulation study. The reconstructed dose matches well with the PDD profile after calibration in experiments. The SSIMs between the model-based reconstructions and initial doses are over 85%, and the RMSEs of model-based reconstructions are eight times lower than the UBP reconstructions. We have also shown that XACT images can be displayed as pseudo-color maps of acoustic intensity, which correspond to different radiation doses in the clinic. CONCLUSION Our results show that the XACT imaging by model-based reconstruction algorithm is considerably more accurate than the dose reconstructed by UBP algorithm. With proper calibration, XACT is potentially applicable to the clinic for quantitative in vivo dosimetry across a wide range of radiation modalities. In addition, XACT's capability of real-time, volumetric dose imaging seems well-suited for the emerging field of ultrahigh dose rate "FLASH" radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshan Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Charles Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Peng H, Zhang J, Xu N, Zhou Y, Tan H, Ren T. Fan beam CT-guided online adaptive external radiotherapy of uterine cervical cancer: a dosimetric evaluation. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:588. [PMID: 37365516 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To discuss the dosimetric advantages and reliability of the accurate delivery of online adaptive radiotherapy(online ART) for uterine cervical cancer(UCC). METHODS AND MATERIALS Six UCC patients were enrolled in this study. 95% of the planning target volume (PTV) reached 100% of the prescription dose (50.4 Gy/28fractions/6weeks) was required. The patients were scanned with uRT-Linac 506c KV-FBCT then the target volume (TV) and organs at risk (OARs) were delineated by doctors. The dosimeters designed and obtained a routine plan (Plan0). KV-FBCT was used for image guidance before subsequent fractional treatment. The online ART was processed after registration, which acquired a virtual nonadaptive radiotherapy plan (VPlan) and an adaptive plan (APlan). VPlan was the direct calculation of Plan0 on the fractional image, while APlan required adaptive optimization and calculation. In vivo dose monitoring and three-dimensional dose reconstruction were required during the implementation of APlan. RESULTS The inter-fractional volumes of the bladder and rectum changed greatly among the treatments. These changes influenced the primary gross tumor volume (GTVp) and the position deviation of GTVp and PTV and positively affected the prescription dose coverage of TV. GTVp decreased gradually along with dose accumulation. The Dmax, D98, D95, D50, and D2 of APlan were superior to those of VPlan in target dose distribution. APlan had good conformal index, homogeneity index and target coverage. The rectum V40 and Dmax, bladder V40, the small bowel V40 and Dmax of APlan were better than that of VPlan. The APlan's fractional mean γ passing rate was significantly higher than the international standard and the mean γ passing rate of all cases after the three-dimensional reconstruction was higher than 97.0%. CONCLUSION Online ART in external radiotherapy of UCC significantly improved the dose distribution and can become an ideal technology to achieve individualized precise radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Peng
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
- Key Clinical Specialty of Sichuan Province (Oncology Department), The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
- Key Clinical Specialty of Sichuan Province (Oncology Department), The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Ningyue Xu
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Yangang Zhou
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Huigang Tan
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China.
- Key Clinical Specialty of Sichuan Province (Oncology Department), The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China.
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China.
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van Reenen CJ, Trauernicht CJ, Bojechko C. The application of gradient dose segmented analysis of in-vivo EPID images for patients undergoing VMAT in a resource-constrained environment. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023:e13985. [PMID: 37051765 PMCID: PMC10402667 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gamma analysis metric is a commonly used metric for VMAT plan evaluation. The major drawback of this is the lack of correlation between gamma passing rates and DVH values. The novel GDSAmean metric was developed by Steers et al. to quantify changes in the PTV mean dose (Dmean ) for VMAT patients. The aim of this work is to apply the GDSA retrospectively on head-and-neck cancer patients treated on the newly acquired Varian Halcyon, to assess changes in GDSAmean , and to evaluate the cause of day-to-day changes in the time-plot series. In-vivo EPID transmission images of head-and-neck cancer patients treated between August 2019 and July 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. The GDSAmean was determined for all patients treated. The changes in patient anatomy and rotational errors were quantified using the daily CBCT images and added to a time-plot with the daily change in GDSAmean . Over 97% of the delivered treatment fractions had a GDSAmean < 3%. Thirteen of the patients received at least one treatment fraction where the GDSAmean > 3%. Most of these deviations occurred for the later fractions of radiotherapy treatment. Additionally, 92% of these patients were treated for malignancies involving the larynx and oropharynx. Notable deviations in the effective separation diameters were observed for 62% of the patients where the change in GDSAmean > 3%. For the other five cases with GDSAmean < 3%, the mean pitch, roll, and yaw rotational errors were 0.90°, 0.45°, and 0.43°, respectively. A GDSAmean > 3% was more likely due to a change in separation, whereas a GDSAmean < 3% was likely caused by rotational errors. Pitch errors were shown to be the most dominant. The GDSAmean is easily implementable and can aid in scheduling new CT scans for patients before significant deviations in dose delivery occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffel Jacobus van Reenen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Medical Physics Division, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Christoph Jan Trauernicht
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Medical Physics Division, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Casey Bojechko
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
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Chen L, Zhang Z, Yu L, Peng J, Feng B, Zhao J, Liu Y, Xia F, Zhang Z, Hu W, Wang J. A clinically relevant online patient QA solution with daily CT scans and EPID-based in vivo dosimetry: a feasibility study on rectal cancer. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac9950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. Adaptive radiation therapy (ART) could protect organs at risk (OARs) while maintain high dose coverage to targets. However, there is still a lack of efficient online patient quality assurance (QA) methods, which is an obstacle to large-scale adoption of ART. We aim to develop a clinically relevant online patient QA solution for ART using daily CT scans and EPID-based in vivo dosimetry. Approach. Ten patients with rectal cancer at our center were included. Patients’ daily CT scans and portal images were collected to generate reconstructed 3D dose distributions. Contours of targets and OARs were recontoured on these daily CT scans by a clinician or an auto-segmentation algorithm, then dose-volume indices were calculated, and the percent deviation of these indices to their original plans were determined. This deviation was regarded as the metric for clinically relevant patient QA. The tolerance level was obtained using a 95% confidence interval of the QA metric distribution. These deviations could be further divided into anatomically relevant or delivery relevant indicators for error source analysis. Finally, our QA solution was validated on an additional six clinical patients. Main results. In rectal cancer, the 95% confidence intervals of the QA metric for PTV ΔD
95 (%) were [−3.11%, 2.35%], and for PTV ΔD
2 (%) were [−0.78%, 3.23%]. In validation, 68% for PTV ΔD
95 (%), and 79% for PTV ΔD
2 (%) of the 28 fractions are within tolerances of the QA metrics. one patient’s dosimetric impact of anatomical variations during treatment were observed through the source of error analysis. Significance. The online patient QA solution using daily CT scans and EPID-based in vivo dosimetry is clinically feasible. Source of error analysis has the potential for distinguishing sources of error and guiding ART for future treatments.
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Fiagan YA, Bossuyt E, Machiels M, Nevens D, Billiet C, Poortmans P, Gevaert T, Verellen D. Comparing treatment uncertainty for ultra- vs. standard-hypofractionated breast radiation therapy based on in-vivo dosimetry. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2022; 22:85-90. [PMID: 35602547 PMCID: PMC9117915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Postoperative ultrahypofractionated radiation therapy (UHFRT) in 5 fractions (fx) for breast cancer patients is as effective and safe as conventionally hypofractionated RT (HFRT) in 15 fx, liberating time for higher-level daily online Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) corrections. In this retrospective study, treatment uncertainties occurring in patients treated with 5fx (5fx-group) were evaluated using electronic portal imaging device (EPID)-based in-vivo dosimetry (EIVD) and compared with the results from patients treated with conventionally HFRT (15fx-group) to validate the new technique and to evaluate if the shorter treatment schedule could have a positive effect on the treatment uncertainties. Materials and methods EPID-based integrated transit dose images were acquired for each treatment fraction in the 5fx-group (203 patients) and on the first 3 days of treatment and weekly thereafter in the 15fx-group (203 patients). A total of 1015 EIVD measurements in the 5fx-group and 1144 in the 15fx-group were acquired. Of the latter group, 755 had been treated with online IGRT correction (i.e., Online-IGRT 15fx-group). Results In the 15fx-group 12.0% of fractions failed (FFs) compared to 3.8% in the 5fx-group and 6.9% in the online-IGRT 15fx-group. Causes for FFs in the 15fx-group compared with the 5fx-group were patient positioning (7.4% vs. 2.2%), technical issues (3.1% vs. 1.2%) and breast swelling (1.4% vs. 0.5%). In the online-IGRT 15fx-group, 2.5% were attributed to patient positioning, 3.8% to technical issues and 0.5% to breast swelling. Conclusions EIVD demonstrated that UHFRT for breast cancer results in less FFs compared to standard HFRT. A large proportion of this decrease could be explained by using daily online IGRT.
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