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Zabeti Touchaei A, Norollahi SE, Najafizadeh A, Babaei K, Bakhshalipour E, Vahidi S, Samadani AA. Therapeutic combinations of exosomes alongside cancer stem cells (CSCs) and of CSC-derived exosomes (CSCEXs) in cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:334. [PMID: 39369258 PMCID: PMC11453077 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes which are membrane vesicles released by cells have gained significant interest in the field of cancer therapy as a novel means of intercellular communication. Their role in immune activation and their pathophysiological functions in cancer therapy have been recognized. Exosomes carry diverse bioactive components including proteins, mRNA, microRNAs, and bioactive lipids. These molecules have therapeutic potential in promoting tissue regeneration, supporting stem cell activity, preventing cell death, modulating immune responses, and promoting the growth of new blood vessels. However, the precise roles of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of various cancers are still not fully understood. Consequently, cancer stem cells (CSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into various cell types. Understanding the mechanisms that sustain their persistence is crucial for developing effective therapies. Exosomes have recently gained interest as vehicles for intercellular communication between CSCs and non-CSCs, influencing cancer progression and the microenvironment. Research is ongoing on the utilization of exosomes derived from cancer stem cells (CSC-Exosome) for cancer treatment. The composition of extracellular vesicles is influenced by the specific type and condition of the cells from which they are secreted. Circulating exosomes contain stable RNA molecules such as mRNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this review, we will explore the significance of exosomes and their diverse cellular combinations in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyedeh Elham Norollahi
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Najafizadeh
- School of Paramedicine Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Langarud, Iran
| | - Kosar Babaei
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Elahe Bakhshalipour
- School of Paramedicine Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Langarud, Iran
| | - Sogand Vahidi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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2
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Ubanako P, Mirza S, Ruff P, Penny C. Exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA molecules in cancer therapy: triumphs and challenges. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1447953. [PMID: 39355533 PMCID: PMC11442288 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1447953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel and innovative therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment and management remains a major global challenge. Exosomes are endogenous nanoscale extracellular vesicles that have garnered increasing attention as innovative vehicles for advanced drug delivery and targeted therapy. The attractive physicochemical and biological properties of exosomes, including increased permeability, biocompatibility, extended half-life in circulation, reduced toxicity and immunogenicity, and multiple functionalization strategies, have made them preferred drug delivery vehicles in cancer and other diseases. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are remarkably able to target any known gene: an attribute harnessed to knock down cancer-associated genes as a viable strategy in cancer management. Extensive research on exosome-mediated delivery of siRNAs for targeting diverse types of cancer has yielded promising results for anticancer therapy, with some formulations progressing through clinical trials. This review catalogs recent advances in exosome-mediated siRNA delivery in several types of cancer, including the manifold benefits and minimal drawbacks of such innovative delivery systems. Additionally, we have highlighted the potential of plant-derived exosomes as innovative drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, offering numerous advantages such as biocompatibility, scalability, and reduced toxicity compared to traditional methods. These exosomes, with their unique characteristics and potential for effective siRNA delivery, represent a significant advancement in nanomedicine and cancer therapeutics. Further exploration of their manufacturing processes and biological mechanisms could significantly advance natural medicine and enhance the efficacy of exosome-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philemon Ubanako
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sheefa Mirza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul Ruff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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3
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Wang J, Yin B, Lian J, Wang X. Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery System for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1029. [PMID: 39204374 PMCID: PMC11359799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the pursuit of drug delivery systems has led to the development of numerous synthetic options aimed at enhancing drug efficacy while minimizing side effects. However, the practical application of these systems is often hindered by challenges such as inefficiency, cytotoxicity, and immunogenicity. Extracellular vesicles, natural carriers for drugs, emerge as promising alternatives with distinct advantages over synthetic carriers. Notably, EVs exhibit biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and inherent tissue-targeting capabilities, thus opening new avenues for drug delivery strategies. This review provides an overview of EVs, including their biogenesis and absorption mechanisms. Additionally, we explore the current research efforts focusing on harnessing their potential as drug carriers, encompassing aspects such as purification techniques, drug loading, and bioengineering for targeted delivery. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and future prospects of EVs as therapeutic agents in clinical settings. This comprehensive analysis aims to shed light on the potential of EVs as versatile and effective tools for drug delivery, particularly in the realm of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; (J.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Bohang Yin
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
| | - Jiabing Lian
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; (J.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xia Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China
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4
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Carrera-Pacheco SE, Mueller A, Puente-Pineda JA, Zúñiga-Miranda J, Guamán LP. Designing cytochrome P450 enzymes for use in cancer gene therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1405466. [PMID: 38860140 PMCID: PMC11164052 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1405466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global socioeconomic burden, as millions of new cases and deaths occur annually. In 2020, almost 10 million cancer deaths were recorded worldwide. Advancements in cancer gene therapy have revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment. An approach with promising potential for cancer gene therapy is introducing genes to cancer cells that encode for chemotherapy prodrug metabolizing enzymes, such as Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which can contribute to the effective elimination of cancer cells. This can be achieved through gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). CYP enzymes can be genetically engineered to improve anticancer prodrug conversion to its active metabolites and to minimize chemotherapy side effects by reducing the prodrug dosage. Rational design, directed evolution, and phylogenetic methods are some approaches to developing tailored CYP enzymes for cancer therapy. Here, we provide a compilation of genetic modifications performed on CYP enzymes aiming to build highly efficient therapeutic genes capable of bio-activating different chemotherapeutic prodrugs. Additionally, this review summarizes promising preclinical and clinical trials highlighting engineered CYP enzymes' potential in GDEPT. Finally, the challenges, limitations, and future directions of using CYP enzymes for GDEPT in cancer gene therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya E. Carrera-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
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5
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Liu Y, Yu S, Chen Y, Hu Z, Fan L, Liang G. The clinical regimens and cell membrane camouflaged nanodrug delivery systems in hematologic malignancies treatment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1376955. [PMID: 38689664 PMCID: PMC11059051 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1376955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies (HMs), also referred to as hematological or blood cancers, pose significant threats to patients as they impact the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. Despite significant clinical strategies using chemotherapy, radiotherapy, stem cell transplantation, targeted molecular therapy, or immunotherapy, the five-year overall survival of patients with HMs is still low. Fortunately, recent studies demonstrate that the nanodrug delivery system holds the potential to address these challenges and foster effective anti-HMs with precise treatment. In particular, cell membrane camouflaged nanodrug offers enhanced drug targeting, reduced toxicity and side effects, and/or improved immune response to HMs. This review firstly introduces the merits and demerits of clinical strategies in HMs treatment, and then summarizes the types, advantages, and disadvantages of current nanocarriers helping drug delivery in HMs treatment. Furthermore, the types, functions, and mechanisms of cell membrane fragments that help nanodrugs specifically targeted to and accumulate in HM lesions are introduced in detail. Finally, suggestions are given about their clinical translation and future designs on the surface of nanodrugs with multiple functions to improve therapeutic efficiency for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Shanwu Yu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yixiang Chen
- Luoyang Vocational and Technical College, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Lingling Fan
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Gaofeng Liang
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
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6
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Li X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Wang L, Ye Y, Xue R, Shi Y, Su Q, Zhu Y, Wang L. Drug-Loaded Biomimetic Carriers for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Therapy: Advances and Perspective. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:723-742. [PMID: 38296812 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for the lymphoma patient population, despite its relatively poor therapeutic results, high toxicity, and low specificity. With the advancement of biotechnology, the significance of drug-loading biomimetic materials in the medical field has become increasingly evident, attracting extensive attention from the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry. Given that they can cater to the particular requirements of lymphoma patients, drug-loading biomimetic materials have recently become a potent and promising delivery approach for various applications. This review mainly reviews the recent advancements in the treatment of tumors with biological drug carrier-loaded drugs, outlines the mechanisms of lymphoma development and the diverse treatment modalities currently available, and discusses the merits and limitations of biological drug carriers. What is more, the practical application of biocarriers in tumors is explored by providing examples, and the possibility of loading such organisms with antilymphoma drugs for the treatment of lymphoma is conceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong China
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong China
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
| | - Yufu Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affliliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, Zhejiang China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, Zhejiang China
| | - Renyu Xue
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
| | - Yuanwei Shi
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong China
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
| | - Quanping Su
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
| | - Yanxi Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
- Key Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Linyi 276000, Shandong China
- Key Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu China
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7
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Pooresmaeil F, Andi S, Hasannejad-Asl B, Takamoli S, Bolhassani A. Engineered exosomes: a promising vehicle in cancer therapy. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:775-794. [PMID: 38116620 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past few decades, researchers have attempted to discover an effective treatment for cancer. Exosomes are natural nanovesicles released by various cells and play a role in communication between cells. While natural exosomes have high clinical potential, their inherent limitations have prompted researchers to design exosomes with improved therapeutic properties. To achieve this purpose, researchers have undertaken exosome engineering to modify the surface properties or internal composition of exosomes. After these modifications, engineered exosomes can be used as carriers for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, targeted drug delivery or development of cancer vaccines. The present study provides an overview of exosomes, including their biogenesis, biological functions, isolation techniques, engineering methods, and potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhondeh Pooresmaeil
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Andi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Behnam Hasannejad-Asl
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Takamoli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
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8
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Koh HB, Kim HJ, Kang SW, Yoo TH. Exosome-Based Drug Delivery: Translation from Bench to Clinic. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2042. [PMID: 37631256 PMCID: PMC10459753 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosome-based drug delivery is emerging as a promising field with the potential to revolutionize therapeutic interventions. Exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles released by various cell types, have attracted significant attention due to their unique properties and natural ability to transport bioactive molecules. These nano-sized vesicles, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm, can effectively transport a variety of cargoes, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Compared to traditional drug delivery systems, exosomes exhibit unique biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and reduced toxicity. In addition, exosomes can be designed and tailored to improve targeting efficiency, cargo loading capacity, and stability, paving the way for personalized medicine and precision therapy. However, despite the promising potential of exosome-based drug delivery, its clinical application remains challenging due to limitations in exosome isolation and purification, low loading efficiency of therapeutic cargoes, insufficient targeted delivery, and rapid elimination in circulation. This comprehensive review focuses on the transition of exosome-based drug delivery from the bench to clinic, highlighting key aspects, such as exosome structure and biogenesis, cargo loading methods, surface engineering techniques, and clinical applications. It also discusses challenges and prospects in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Byung Koh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, International Saint Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Seo-gu, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea;
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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9
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Gombos G, Németh N, Pös O, Styk J, Buglyó G, Szemes T, Danihel L, Nagy B, Balogh I, Soltész B. New Possible Ways to Use Exosomes in Diagnostics and Therapy via JAK/STAT Pathways. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1904. [PMID: 37514090 PMCID: PMC10386711 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have the potential to be the future of personalized diagnostics and therapy. They are nano-sized particles between 30 and 100 nm flowing in the extracellular milieu, where they mediate cell-cell communication and participate in immune system regulation. Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) secreted from different types of cancer cells are the key regulators of the tumor microenvironment. With their immune suppressive cargo, TDEs prevent the antitumor immune response, leading to reduced effectiveness of cancer treatment by promoting a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Involved signaling pathways take part in the regulation of tumor proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Signal transducers and activators of transcription factors (STATs) and Janus kinase (JAK) signaling pathways are crucial in malignancies and autoimmune diseases alike, and their potential to be manipulated is currently the focus of interest. In this review, we aim to discuss exosomes, TDEs, and the JAK/STAT pathways, along with mediators like interleukins, tripartite motif proteins, and interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gréta Gombos
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Németh
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ondrej Pös
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Styk
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gergely Buglyó
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tomas Szemes
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Geneton Ltd., 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 841 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Danihel
- 3rd Surgical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and Merciful Brothers University Hospital, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bálint Nagy
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - István Balogh
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Soltész
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Jo H, Shim K, Jeoung D. Exosomes: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications in Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051465. [PMID: 37242707 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles produced by all cells, and they are present in various body fluids. Exosomes play crucial roles in tumor initiation/progression, immune suppression, immune surveillance, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and the polarization of macrophages. In this work, we summarize the mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion. Since exosomes may be increased in the cancer cells and body fluids of cancer patients, exosomes and exosomal contents can be used as cancer diagnostic and prognostic markers. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These exosomal contents can be transferred into recipient cells. Therefore, this work details the roles of exosomes and exosomal contents in intercellular communications. Since exosomes mediate cellular interactions, exosomes can be targeted for developing anticancer therapy. This review summarizes current studies on the effects of exosomal inhibitors on cancer initiation and progression. Since exosomal contents can be transferred, exosomes can be modified to deliver molecular cargo such as anticancer drugs, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and micro RNAs (miRNAs). Thus, we also summarize recent advances in developing exosomes as drug delivery platforms. Exosomes display low toxicity, biodegradability, and efficient tissue targeting, which make them reliable delivery vehicles. We discuss the applications and challenges of exosomes as delivery vehicles in tumors, along with the clinical values of exosomes. In this review, we aim to highlight the biogenesis, functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic implications of exosomes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeonghee Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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11
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Xu Z, Xu Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Liang Q, Thakur A, Liu W, Yan Y. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in nanomedicine for human disease and therapeutic modalities. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:114. [PMID: 36978093 PMCID: PMC10049910 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past few years have witnessed a significant increase in research related to plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in biological and medical applications. Using biochemical technologies, multiple independent groups have demonstrated the important roles of PDEVs as potential mediators involved in cell-cell communication and the exchange of bio-information between species. Recently, several contents have been well identified in PDEVs, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other active substances. These cargoes carried by PDEVs could be transferred into recipient cells and remarkably influence their biological behaviors associated with human diseases, such as cancers and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the latest updates regarding PDEVs and focuses on its important role in nanomedicine applications, as well as the potential of PDEVs as drug delivery strategies to develop diagnostic and therapeutic agents for the clinical management of diseases, especially like cancers. CONCLUSION Considering its unique advantages, especially high stability, intrinsic bioactivity and easy absorption, further elaboration on molecular mechanisms and biological factors driving the function of PDEVs will provide new horizons for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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12
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Chen B, Mao T, Qin X, Zhang W, Watanabe N, Li J. Role of estrogen receptor signaling pathway-related genes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and identification of key targets via integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1029998. [PMID: 36531013 PMCID: PMC9749266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1029998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy. Epidemiologically, the incidence of DLBCL is higher in men, and the female sex is a favorable prognostic factor, which can be explained by estrogen. This study aimed to explore the potential targets of the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway and provide a meaningful way to treat DLBCL patients. Datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Representative gene sets estrogen receptor pathways, and growth regulatory pathways were identified based on Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used for function and pathway analysis. STRING and Cytoscape were used to construct the interaction network, and the MCODE plug-in performed the module analysis. GEPIA, TCGA, and LOGpc databases were used for expression and predictive analysis. The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database was used to analyze the protein expression levels, cBioPortal was used to explore genetic alterations, and ROC analysis and prognostic assessment were used to predict the diagnostic value of genes. Finally, BJAB cells were treated with ER inhibitor fulvestrant and specific shRNA, and the expression of hub genes was verified by RT-qPCR. We identified 81 overlapping DEGs and CDC6, CDC20, KIF20A, STIL, and TOP2A as novel biomarkers affecting the prognosis of DLBCL. In addition, the STAT and KRAS pathways are considered potential growth regulatory pathways. These results hold promise for new avenues for the treatment of DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianjiao Mao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuni Qin
- Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jiang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Internalisation of RGD-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles by Glioblastoma Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101483. [PMID: 36290387 PMCID: PMC9598886 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant type of central nervous system (CNS) tumour. Although several treatment options are available, patients generally succumb within 14 months after diagnosis. With the rapid progression of exosome bioengineering technologies, novel therapy opportunities are emerging for GBM treatment. The surface of GBM cells is characterised by the overexpression of transmembrane receptor integrins, which are essential for cell interactions with several proteins in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, integrin-binding drug delivery vehicles have been proposed as a potential strategy for glioblastoma therapy. Small extracellular vesicles possess several attractive characteristics for drug delivery: small size, biocompatibility, ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and capacity to be loaded with exogenous materials. Current bioengineering technologies further increase extracellular vesicle capabilities by loading them with anticancer drugs and incorporating targeting ligands. This study explored the capacity of Arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD, or Arginine–Glycine–Aspartate)-polypeptide-engineered extracellular vesicles to internalise and deliver loaded cargo in GBM cells. The results demonstrate that introducing the RGD ligand to extracellular vesicles could significantly increase their internalisation by GBM cells and hence improve drug delivery efficacy. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive CNS tumour with no efficient treatment, partly due to the retention of anticancer drugs by the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and their insufficient concentration in tumour cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attractive drug carriers because of their biocompatibility and ability to cross the BBB. Additional efficiency can be achieved by adding GBM-cell-specific ligands. GBM cells overexpress integrins; thus, one of the most straightforward targeting strategies is to modify EVs with integrin-recognising molecules. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of genetically engineered EVs with elevated membrane levels of the integrin-binding peptide RGD (RGD-EVs) against GBM cells in vitro. For RGD-EV production, stable RGD-HEK 293FT cells were generated by using a pcDNA4/TO-Lamp2b-iRGD-HA expression vector and performing antibiotic-based selection. RGD-EVs were isolated from RGD-HEK 293FT-cell-conditioned medium and characterised by size (Zetasizer), specific markers (ELISA) and RGD expression (Western Blot). Internalisation by human GBM cells HROG36 and U87 MG and BJ-5ta human fibroblasts was assessed by fluorescent EV RNA labelling. The effect of doxorubicin-loaded RGD-EVs on GBM cells was evaluated by the metabolic PrestoBlue viability assay; functional GAPDH gene knockdown by RGD-EV-encapsulated siRNA was determined by RT-qPCR. RGD-EVs had 40% higher accumulation in GBM cells (but not in fibroblasts) and induced significantly stronger toxicity by loaded doxorubicin and GAPDH silencing by loaded siRNA compared to unmodified EVs. Thus, RGD modification substantially increases the specific delivery capacity of HEK 293FT-derived EVs to GBM cells.
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