The lncRNA epigenetics: The significance of m6A and m5C lncRNA modifications in cancer

N‑methyladenosine reader YTHDF2‑mediated AC026691.1 degradation promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and M2 macrophage polarization

The present study aimed to explore the effects of key N6‑methyladenosine (m6A)‑related long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) on the malignant behavior and macrophage polarization of gastric cancer cells, and their preliminary mechanisms. Gastric cancer‑related lncRNA datasets were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and m6A‑related differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were analyzed. Subsequently, Cox regression and lasso regression analyses were used to screen the m6A‑related DElncRNAs associated with the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Additionally, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was employed to detect the expression levels of m6A‑related lncRNAs in normal gastric epithelial cells (GES‑1) and human gastric cancer cells (AGS and MKN‑45). In addition, the methylation levels of lncRNAs were measured using a methylated RNA immunoprecipitation qPCR assay kit, and the interaction between m6A‑related lncRNAs and m6A‑related proteins was observed by RNA pull‑down assay. Subsequently, m6A‑related lncRNAs and proteins were knocked down separately or simultaneously in gastric cancer cell lines. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that m6A‑related AC026691.1 was significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer and had a potential binding site for YT521‑B homology domain family member 2 (YTHDF2). The RNA pull‑down assay indicated that YTHDF2 not only had binding sites with AC026691.1 but could also markedly promote the degradation of m6A‑related AC026691.1. Furthermore, AC026691.1 was lowly expressed in gastric cancer cells, whereas YTHDF2 was highly expressed. Knockdown of YTHDF2 inhibited the proliferation, migration and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells, and reduced M2 macrophage polarization. By contrast, knocking down AC026691.1 showed the opposite trend. Knockdown of YTHDF2 and AC026691.1 further confirmed the stable impact of YTHDF2 on AC026691.1. In conclusion, the degradation of AC026691.1 modified by YTHDF2‑mediated m6A may promote gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and M2 macrophage polarization.

Modifications of RNA in cancer: a comprehensive review

RNA modifications play essential roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation and have emerged as significant contributors to cancer biology. Major chemical modifications of RNA include N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), pseudouridine (ψ), and N7-methylguanosine (m7G). Their dynamic regulation highlights their roles in gene expression modulation, RNA stability, and translation. Advanced high-throughput detection methods, ranging from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography to next-generation sequencing (NGS) and nanopore direct RNA sequencing, have enabled detailed studies of RNA modifications in cancer cells. Aberrant RNA modifications are associated with the dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, influencing cancer progression, therapy resistance, and immune evasion. Emerging research suggests the therapeutic potential of targeting RNA-modifying enzymes and their inhibitors in cancer treatment. This review compiles and analyzes the latest findings on RNA modifications, presenting an in-depth discussion of the diverse chemical alterations that occur in RNA and their profound implications in cancer biology. It integrates fundamental principles with cutting-edge research, offering a holistic perspective on how RNA modifications influence gene expression, tumor progression, and therapeutic resistance. It emphasizes the need for further studies to elucidate the complex roles of RNA modifications in cancer, as well as the potential for multimodality therapeutic strategies that exploit the dynamic and reversible nature of these epitranscriptomic marks. It also attempts to highlight the challenges, gaps, and limitations of RNA modifications in cancer that should be tackled before their functional implications. Understanding the interplay between RNA modifications, cancer pathways, and their inhibitors will be crucial for developing promising RNA-based therapeutic approaches to cancer and personalized medicine strategies.

A novel prognostic signature based on m5C‑related LncRNAs and its immunological characteristics in colon adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) has high mortality rates due to frequent resistance to treatment. 5-methylcytosine (m5C) is a crucial epigenetic modification of RNA, closely associated with tumorigenesis in various cancers. This study focuses on developing an m5C-related long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature to predict prognosis and explore potential therapeutic targets.

METHODS

Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we analyzed 18 m5C regulatory genes and their associated lncRNAs in COAD samples. Prognostic lncRNAs were identified through univariate Cox regression, and a risk model was constructed through LASSO regression analyses. Kaplan-Meier survival and receiver operating characteristic analyses were employed to validate the prognostic ability of the signature. Additionally, functional enrichment and immune infiltration analyses were conducted to investigate underlying biological pathways and immune characteristics of the risk groups. Tumor mutation burden and drug sensitivity analyses were also performed. Functional validation of NR2F2-AS1 was conducted through in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

We established a risk score signature comprising six lncRNAs associated with m5C regulators. Patients were classified into high- and low-risk groups based on the median risk score. This prognostic signature demonstrated significant accuracy and was independent of other clinical features. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed correlations between the risk signature and various immune cell subtypes. Drug sensitivity analysis indicated the potential therapeutic value of our prognostic signature. Functional experiments confirmed that NR2F2-AS1 acts as a risk factor in the proliferation of colon cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The m5C-related lncRNA signature serves as a reliable prognostic indicator for colon adenocarcinoma and provides new insights into the tumor immune microenvironment.

The multifaceted role of m5C RNA methylation in digestive system tumorigenesis

5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is a widespread RNA methylation modification, wherein a methyl group is enzymatically transferred to specific RNA sites by methyltransferases, such as the NSUN family and DNMT2. The m5C modification not only impacts RNA structure and stability but also governs post-transcriptional regulation by influencing RNA transport, translation, and protein interactions. Recently, the functional importance of m5C in complex diseases, including cancer, has gained substantial attention. Increasing evidence highlights the critical roles of m5C in digestive system malignancies, where it contributes to tumor progression by modulating oncogene expression and regulating processes such as tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and resistance to chemotherapy. Furthermore, m5C's involvement in non-coding RNAs reveals additional dimensions in elucidating their roles in cancer. This review summarizes recent advances in m5C RNA methylation research within digestive system tumors, focusing on its functional mechanisms, clinical significance, and potential applications. Specifically, it aims to explore m5C's role in tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, while proposing future directions to address current challenges and broaden its clinical utility.

Prognostic analysis and identification of M7G immune-related genes in lung squamous cell carcinoma

Background

In recent years, the clinical application of targeted therapies and immunotherapy has significantly improved survival outcomes for patients with lung adenocarcinomas(LUAD). However, due to fewer mutations, lung squamous cell carcinomas(LUSC) shows limited efficacy with targeted and immunotherapy, resulting in a notably lower 5-year survival rate compared to lung adenocarcinoma. The m7G modification plays an important role in tumorigenesis, progression, immune evasion, and therapeutic response. This study aims to develop a novel scoring system based on m7G modification and immune status to clinically predict the prognosis of patients with LUSC and to provide new therapeutic targets.

Methods

In this study, we utilized RNA-seq data from the TCGA-LUSC database as the training set and GSE50081 from the GEO database as the validation set. Immunotherapy data were obtained from the IMMPORT database, and m7G data from previous research. Using bioinformatics, we developed a prognostic model for LUSC based on m7G pathway-related immune gene characteristics. We analyzed the correlation between the prognostic model and clinical pathological features of LUSC, as well as the model's independent prognostic capability. Subsequently, patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups, and we examined the differences in enriched pathways, immune cell infiltration correlations, and drug sensitivity between the two groups.

Results

The m7G immune-related genes FGA, CSF3R, and ORM1 increase the survival risk in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma, whereas NTS exerts a protective effect. The prognostic risk model for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) based on m7G immune-related gene expression demonstrates that the overall survival of the high-risk group is significantly poorer than that of the low-risk group.

Conclusion

The risk model developed based on m7G immune-related genes can help predict the clinical prognosis of LUSC patients and guide treatment decisions.

Detection, molecular function and mechanisms of m5C in cancer

Interest in RNA posttranscriptional modifications, particularly 5-methylcytosine (m5C), has surged in recent years. Studies have shown that m5C plays a key role in cellular processes and is closely linked to tumourigenesis. This growing focus emphasises the importance of understanding the diverse impacts of m5C modifications in both normal cellular functions and cancer development. Moreover, strides in methodologies for discerning m5C have facilitated intricate transcriptome cartography of RNA methylation at the solitary nucleotide echelon. This technical progress has fueled a surge in m5C-centric investigations, facilitating further exploration of this RNA modification. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the oncogenic potential of m5C RNA modification, elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms driving its role in cancer development. It consolidates current knowledge regarding the biological consequences of m5C RNA modification in tumour cells. Understanding the role of methylation-related processes in tumourigenesis shows promise for advancing cancer diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. HIGHLIGHTS: m5C modifications are dynamically regulated by writers, readers, and erasers, influencing cancer progression, metastasis, and immune evasion. Distinct m5C regulatory networks exist across cancers, modulating oncogenic pathways and therapy responses. m5C signatures serve as biomarkers for cancer prognosis and treatment stratification, highlighting their role in precision oncology.

Identification and validation of an m5C-related lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis and immune response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

This study investigated whether m5C-related Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can predict clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patient prognosis. Co-expression and Cox regression analyses identified 9 prognostic lncRNAs, which were closely associated with tumor immune characteristics and immune escape. The model also predicted the sensitivity of drugs, including Entinostat, SB216763, and Sapitinib. In vitro experiments showed that GNG12-AS1 inhibited ccRCC cell proliferation and migration by reducing the activity of the ERK/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. Overall, these findings suggest that the 9 m5C-related lncRNAs can accurately predict ccRCC patient prognosis, providing potential applications for clinical and immunotherapy approaches. GNG12-AS1 emerges as a promising prognostic biomarker for predicting survival outcomes in ccRCC, potentially influencing cell migration through the activation of the ERK/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

SNORD80-guided 2'-O-methylation stabilizes the lncRNA GAS5 to regulate cellular stress responses

The introns of the gene encoding the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) GAS5 host up to 10 C/D box small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). However, whether there is a regulatory and functional relationship between these snoRNAs and GAS5 is unknown. Here, we show that the expression of SNORD80, but not the other snoRNAs, parallels GAS5 expression and is regulated alongside GAS5 in response to cellular stress. The 2'-O-methylation at the A496 site, located within a segment of GAS5 complementing the conserved RNA-binding region on SNORD80, promotes GAS5 stability and consequent upregulation. This methylation requires SNORD80, as it is diminished by knockdown of SNORD80 and increased by SNORD80 overexpression, similar to the effects of manipulating the expression of fibrillarin, the methyltransferase of the box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle (snoRNP). The upregulation of SNORD80 in response to cellular stress is due to an enhancement in its stability, which is associated with an increase in its interaction with fibrillarin. Collectively, these results identify a role for SNORD80 in guiding 2'-O-methylation to stabilize GAS5. This uncovers a feedforward regulatory loop at the GAS5 gene locus in response to cellular stress and sheds light on posttranscriptional mechanisms governing lncRNA expression.

Long non-coding RNAs: Emerging regulators of invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

The invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer (PC) are key factors contributing to disease progression and poor prognosis. This process is primarily driven by EMT, which has been the focus of recent studies highlighting the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as crucial regulators of EMT. However, the mechanisms by which lncRNAs influence invasive metastasis are multifaceted, extending beyond EMT regulation alone.

AIM OF REVIEW

This review primarily aims to characterize lncRNAs affecting invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. We summarize the regulatory roles of lncRNAs across multiple molecular pathways and highlight their translational potential, considering the implications for clinical applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

The review focuses on three principal scientific themes. First, we primarily summarize lncRNAs orchestrate various signaling pathways, such as TGF-β/Smad, Wnt/β-catenin, and Notch, to regulate molecular changes associated with EMT, thereby enhancing cellular motility and invasivenes. Second, we summarize the effects of lncRNAs on autophagy and ferroptosis and discuss the role of exosomal lncRNAs in the tumor microenvironment to regulate the behavior of neighboring cells and promote cancer cell invasion. Third, we emphasize the effects of RNA modifications (such as m6A and m5C methylation) on stabilizing lncRNAs and enhancing their capacity to mediate invasive metastasis in PC. Lastly, we discuss the translational potential of these findings, emphasizing the inherent challenges in using lncRNAs as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets, while proposing prospective research strategies.

LncRNA CCAT1 knockdown suppresses tongue squamous cell carcinoma progression by inhibiting the ubiquitination of PHLPP2

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is prevailing malignancy in the oral and maxillofacial region, characterized by its high frequency. LncRNA CCAT1 can promote tumorigenesis and progression in many cancers. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism by which CCAT1 influences growth and metastasis of TSCC. Levels of CCAT1, WTAP, TRIM46, PHLPP2, AKT, p-AKT, and Ki67 in TSCC tissues and cells were assessed utilizing qRT-PCR, Western blot and IHC. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated utilizing CCK8, colony formation, wound healing and transwell assays. Subcellular localization of CCAT1 was detected utilizing FISH assay. m6A level of CCAT1 was assessed using MeRIP. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and RNA pull down elucidated binding relationship between molecules. Nude mouse tumorigenesis experiments were used to verify the TSCC regulatory function of CCAT1 in vivo. Metastatic pulmonary nodules were observed utilizing hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. CCAT1 silencing repressed TSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Expression of CCAT1 was enhanced through N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of its RNA, facilitated by WTAP. Moreover, IGF2BP1 up-regulated CCAT1 expression by stabilizing its RNA transcript. CCAT1 bond to PHLPP2, inducing its ubiquitination and activating AKT signaling. CCAT1 mediated the ubiquitination and degradation of PHLPP2 by TRIM46, thereby promoting TSCC growth and metastasis. CCAT1/TRIM46/PHLPP2 axis regulated proliferation and invasion of TSCC cells, implying that CCAT1 would be a novel therapeutic target for TSCC patients.

MRTX1133 attenuates KRASG12D mutated-colorectal cancer progression through activating ferroptosis activity via METTL14/LINC02159/FOXC2 axis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Studies have shown that CRC patients with KRAS mutations, especially KRASG12D, have an increased risk of metastasis. Emerging evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial in the carcinogenesis and progression of various cancers, regulating multiple biological processes but the link between KRASG12D mutations and lncRNAs in CRC remains unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to identify a novel lncRNA involved in KRASG12D-mutated CRC and to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. The analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs in the GSE201412 dataset revealed that LINC02159 was significantly upregulated following treatment with the KRASG12D inhibitor MTRX1133 Data from the GTEx database indicated that LINC02159 is highly expressed in CRC tumour tissues and is associated with better patient outcomes. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that LINC02159 acts as a tumour suppressor in CRC progression. Specifically, LINC02159 knockdown negated the inhibitory effects of MRTX1133 on tumourigenesis and its promotive effect on ferroptosis in KRASG12D-mutated CRC cells. LINC02159 expression is regulated by METTL14, with METTL14 knockdown decreasing m6A methylation of LINC02159, leading to its increased expression in CRC cells. Additionally, LINC02159 stabilised FOXC2 expression through de-ubiquitination. Rescue experiments further clarified that the METTL14/LINC02159/FOXC2 signalling axis is crucial for the inhibitory effects of MRTX1133 in KRASG12D-mutated CRC. Our study provides novel insights into the therapeutic potential of MRTX1133 in treating KRASG12D-mutated CRC by identifying a METTL14/LINC02159/FOXC2 signalling axis that mediates drug response. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in cancer to develop effective targeted therapies.

The Quiet Giant: Identification, Effectors, Molecular Mechanism, Physiological and Pathological Function in mRNA 5-methylcytosine Modification

5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is a prevalent nucleotide alteration observed in transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and it is also widely distributed in the transcriptome, serving as one of the internal modifications of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes. Increasing evidence has substantiated the presence of m5C in mRNA. As research on m5C progresses, there is an initial comprehension of its molecular mechanisms and biological significance in mRNA. This work aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the most recent advancements in the identification and screening, distribution, molecular functions, and biological effects of m5C in mRNA. We outline the current status of research and provide prospects for potential future applications.

RNA modifications in long non-coding RNAs and their implications in cancer biology

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent the most diverse class of RNAs in cells and play crucial roles in maintaining cellular functions. RNA modifications, being a significant factor in regulating RNA biology, have been found to be extensively present in lncRNAs and exert regulatory effects on their behavior and biological functions. Most common types of RNA modifications in lncRNAs include N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), and N1-methyladenosine (m1A). In this review, we summarize the major RNA modification types associated with lncRNAs, the regulatory roles of each modification, and the implications of modified lncRNAs in tumorigenesis and development. By examining these aspects, we aim to provide insights into the role of RNA modifications in lncRNAs and their potential impact on cancer biology.

METTL3-induced lncARSR aggravates neuroblastoma tumorigenic properties through stabilizing PHOX2B

Neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial solid tumor in pediatric patients, manifests with considerable variability across multiple primary sites. Despite this, the extent of genetic heterogeneity within these tumor foci and the identification of consistent oncogenic drivers remains largely unexplored. Of particular interest, genetic mutations in PHOX2B have been linked to familial cases of NB, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully delineated. In our research, we focus on unraveling the role of a novel functional long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) associated with PHOX2B in the context of NB. Using NB cell models with overexpressed PHOX2B, combined with lncRNA microarray analysis, we discovered that lncARSR is significantly upregulated in response to PHOX2B overexpression. Subsequent biological assays demonstrated that lncARSR promotes both the proliferation and metastasis of NB cells. Further molecular investigations revealed that lncARSR plays a crucial role in stabilizing PHOX2B expression within NB cells. Moreover, we identified that the expression of lncARSR is regulated by methylation through methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), which itself is positively correlated with PHOX2B expression. Rescue experiments underscored the functional importance of METTL3, lncARSR, and PHOX2B in NB cells. In summary, our findings provide new insights into the molecular functions of PHOX2B in the progression of neuroblastoma and propose a novel therapeutic target for this aggressive malignancy.

Epigenetic frontiers: miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and nanomaterials are pioneering to cancer therapy

Cancer has arisen from both genetic mutations and epigenetic changes, making epigenetics a crucial area of research for innovative cancer prevention and treatment strategies. This dual perspective has propelled epigenetics into the forefront of cancer research. This review highlights the important roles of DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs, which are key regulators of cancer-related gene expression. It explores the potential of epigenetic-based therapies to revolutionize patient outcomes by selectively modulating specific epigenetic markers involved in tumorigenesis. The review examines promising epigenetic biomarkers for early cancer detection and prognosis. It also highlights recent progress in oligonucleotide-based therapies, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and antimiRs, to precisely modulate epigenetic processes. Furthermore, the concept of epigenetic editing is discussed, providing insight into the future role of precision medicine for cancer patients. The integration of nanomedicine into cancer therapy has been explored and offers innovative approaches to improve therapeutic efficacy. This comprehensive review of recent advances in epigenetic-based cancer therapy seeks to advance the field of precision oncology, ultimately culminating in improved patient outcomes in the fight against cancer.

ALKBH5 Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation via the lncRNA/mRNA Complex

Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are commonly used in bone tissue regeneration. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has emerged as a novel regulatory mechanism for gene expression, playing a critical role in osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. However, the precise role and mechanism of alkylation repair homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in hASC osteogenesis remain incompletely elucidated and warrant further investigation. Herein, we employed methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, RNA sequencing, and weighted gene coexpression network analysis to identify a key long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in hASCs: lncRNA AK311120. Functional experiments demonstrated that lnc-AK311120 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs, while a mutation at the m6A central site A of lnc-AK311120 was found to decrease the level of m6A modification. The osteogenic effect of ALKBH5 was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo using a mandibular defect model in nude mice. Subsequent investigations revealed that knockdown of ALKBH5 resulted in a significant increase in the m6A modification level of lnc-AK311120, accompanied by a downregulation in the expression level of lnc-AK311120. Additional rescue experiments demonstrated that overexpression of lnc-AK311120 could restore the phenotype after ALKBH5 knockdown. We observed that AK311120 interacted with the RNA-binding proteins DExH-Box helicase 9 (DHX9) and YTH domain containing 2 (YTHDC2) to form a ternary complex, while mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MAP2K7) served as the shared downstream target gene of DHX9 and YTHDC2. Knockdown of AK311120 led to a reduction in the binding affinity between DHX9/YTHDC2 and the target gene MAP2K7. Furthermore, ALKBH5 facilitated the translation of MAP2K7 and activated the downstream JNK signaling pathway through the AK311120-DHX9-YTHDC2 complex, without affecting its messenger RNA level. Collectively, we have investigated the regulatory effect and mechanism of ALKBH5-mediated demethylation of lncRNA in hASC osteogenesis for the first time, offering a promising approach for bone tissue engineering.

Connecting the dots: LncRNAs in the KRAS pathway and cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as important participants in several biological functions, particularly their complex interactions with the KRAS pathway, which provide insights into the significant roles lncRNAs play in cancer development. The KRAS pathway, a central signaling cascade crucial for cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, stands out as a key therapeutic target due to its aberrant activation in many human cancers. Recent investigations have unveiled a myriad of lncRNAs, such as H19, ANRIL, and MEG3, intricately modulating the KRAS pathway, influencing both its activation and repression through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional control. These lncRNAs function as fine-tuners, delicately orchestrating the balance required for normal cellular function. Their dysregulation has been linked to the development and progression of multiple malignancies, including lung, pancreatic, and colorectal carcinomas, which frequently harbor KRAS mutations. This scrutiny delves into the functional diversity of specific lncRNAs within the KRAS pathway, elucidating their molecular mechanisms and downstream effects on cancer phenotypes. Additionally, it underscores the diagnostic and prognostic potential of these lncRNAs as indicators for cancer detection and assessment. The complex regulatory network that lncRNAs construct within the context of the KRAS pathway offers important insights for the creation of focused therapeutic approaches, opening new possibilities for precision medicine in oncology. However, challenges such as the dual roles of lncRNAs in different cancer types and the difficulty in therapeutically targeting these molecules highlight the ongoing debates and need for further research. As ongoing studies unveil the complexities of lncRNA-mediated KRAS pathway modulation, the potential for innovative cancer interventions becomes increasingly promising.

M6A-modified lncRNA FAM83H-AS1 promotes colorectal cancer progression through PTBP1

LncRNA plays a crucial role in cancer progression and targeting, but it has been difficult to identify the critical lncRNAs involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. We identified FAM83H-AS1 as a tumor-promoting associated lncRNA using 21 pairs of stage IV CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that knockdown of FAM83H-AS1 in CRC cells inhibited tumor proliferation and metastasis, and vice versa. M6A modification is critical for FAM83H-AS1 RNA stability through the writer METTL3 and the readers IGF2BP2/IGFBP3. PTBP1-an RNA binding protein-is responsible for the FAM83H-AS1 function in CRC. T4 (1770-2440 nt) and T5 (2440-2743 nt) on exon 4 of FAM83H-AS1 provide a platform for PTBP1 RRM2 interactions. Our results demonstrated that m6A modification dysregulated the FAM83H-AS1 oncogenic role by phosphorylated PTBP1 on its RNA splicing effect. In patient-derived xenograft models, ASO-FAM83H-AS1 significantly suppressed the growth of gastrointestinal (GI) tumors, not only CRC but also GC and ESCC. The combination of ASO-FAM83H-AS1 and oxaliplatin/cisplatin significantly suppressed tumor growth compared with treatment with either agent alone. Notably, there was pathological complete response in all these three GI cancers. Our findings suggest that FAM83H-AS1 targeted therapy would benefit patients primarily receiving platinum-based therapy in GI cancers.

Non-coding RNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in ischaemic heart disease

The adult heart is a complex, multicellular organ that is subjected to a series of regulatory stimuli and circuits and has poor reparative potential. Despite progress in our understanding of disease mechanisms and in the quality of health care, ischaemic heart disease remains the leading cause of death globally, owing to adverse cardiac remodelling, leading to ischaemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Therapeutic targets are urgently required for the protection and repair of the ischaemic heart. Moreover, personalized clinical biomarkers are necessary for clinical diagnosis, medical management and to inform the individual response to treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) deeply influence cardiovascular functions and contribute to communication between cells in the cardiac microenvironment and between the heart and other organs. As such, ncRNAs are candidates for translation into clinical practice. However, ncRNA biology has not yet been completely deciphered, given that classes and modes of action have emerged only in the past 5 years. In this Review, we discuss the latest discoveries from basic research on ncRNAs and highlight both the clinical value and the challenges underscoring the translation of these molecules as biomarkers and therapeutic regulators of the processes contributing to the initiation, progression and potentially the prevention or resolution of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure.

A methylation-related lncRNA-based prediction model in lung adenocarcinomas

BACKGROUND

The collaboration between methylation and the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) occurrence and development is closes. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), as a regulatory factor of various biological functions, can be used for cancer diagnosis. Our study aimed to construct a robust methylation-related lncRNA signature of LUAD.

METHODS

In the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, we download the RNA expression data and clinical information of LUAD cases. To develop the best prognostic signature based on methylation-related lncRNAs, Cox regression analyses were utilized. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, overall survival rates were compared between risk category included both low- and high-risk patients. To categorize genes according to their functional significance, GSEA (Subramanian et al, 2005) was used. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to further reveal the potential molecular mechanism of the methylation-related lncRNA prognostic model in immune infiltration. Using TRLnc (http://www.licpathway.net/TRlnc) and lncRNASNP to analyse the SNP sites and TRLnc of these 18 lncRNAs. LncSEA website was used to analyse 18 lncRNA in the process of tumour development and development. Go was used to analyse the enriched pathways enriched by TFs (transcription factors), Cerna networks, and proteins bound to each other of these 18 lncRNAs. The 'prophetic' package was used to analyse the value of this prognostic model in guiding personalized immunotherapy.

RESULTS

In this study, we identified 18 methylation-related lncRNAs (AP002761.1, AL118558.3, CH17-340M24.3, AL353150.1, AC004687.1, LINC00996, AF186192.1, HSPC324, AC087752.3, FAM30A, AC106047.1, AC026355.1, ABALON, LINC01843, AL606489.1, NKILA, AP001453.2, GSEC) to establish a methylation-related lncRNA signature that can detect patients prognosis in LUAD. The enriched pathways enriched by proteins interacting with 18 lncRNAs are mainly EMT, hypoxia, stemness and proliferation, among which LINC00996 and AF186192.1 are regulated by multiple tumour associated transcription factors, such as TP53 and TP63, and fam30a and mRNA form a Cerna network. There are 2319 SNP loci in LINC00996, 36 of which are risk SNP loci and 205 SNP loci in af186192.1; AF186192.1 affects 95 conserved miRNAs and 123 non-conserved miRNAs, promotes the binding of 149 pairs of miRNAs: lncRNAs and inhibits the binding of 95 pairs of miRNAs: lncRNAs. The ROC curve demonstrated that the established methylation-related lncRNA signature was more effective in predicting the prognosis of patients in LUAD than the clinicopathological parameters. Our research has confirmed that patients in the high-risk group which was separated by the risk score model based on methylation-related lncRNA had shorter OS. According to GSEA, the high-risk group had a predominantly tumour- and immune-related pathway enrichment. A significant association was shown by ssGSEA between predictive signature and immune status in LUAD patients. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated the prognostic and predictive value of our signature. The correlation between the predictive signature of methylation-related lncRNA and IC50 of conventional chemotherapy drugs can provide personalized chemotherapy regimens for LUAD patients. Methylation-related lncRNA signature can effectively predict DFS of patients in LUAD.

Regulatory RNAs: role as scaffolds assembling protein complexes and their epigenetic deregulation

Recently, new data have been added to the interaction between non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and epigenetic machinery. Epigenetics includes enzymes involved in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA modifications, and mechanisms underlying chromatin structure, repressive states, and active states operating in transcription. The main focus is on long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) acting as scaffolds to assemble protein complexes. This review does not cover RNA's role in sponging microRNAs, or decoy functions. Several lncRNAs were shown to regulate chromatin activation and repression by interacting with Polycomb repressive complexes and mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) activating complexes. Various groups reported on enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) interactions with regulatory RNAs. Knowledge of the function of these complexes opens the perspective to develop new therapeutics for cancer treatment. Lastly, the interplay between lncRNAs and epitranscriptomic modifications in cancers paves the way for new targets in cancer therapy. The approach to inhibit lncRNAs interaction with protein complexes and perspective to regulate epitrascriptomics-regulated RNAs may bring new compounds as therapeuticals in various types of cancer.

Overview of the interplay between m6A methylation modification and non-coding RNA and their impact on tumor cells

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most common internal modifications in eukaryotic RNA. The presence of m6A on transcripts can affect a series of fundamental cellular processes, including mRNA splicing, nuclear transportation, stability, and translation. The m6A modification is introduced by m6A methyltransferases (writers), removed by demethylases (erasers), and recognized by m6A-binding proteins (readers). Current research has demonstrated that m6A methylation is involved in the regulation of malignant phenotypes in tumors by controlling the expression of cancer-related genes. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a diverse group of RNA molecules that do not encode proteins and are widely present in the human genome. This group includes microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and PIWI interaction RNAs (piRNAs). They function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors through various mechanisms, regulating the initiation and progression of cancer. Previous studies on m6A primarily focused on coding RNAs, but recent discoveries have revealed the significant regulatory role of m6A in ncRNAs. Simultaneously, ncRNAs also exert their influence by modulating the stability, splicing, translation, and other biological processes of m6A-related enzymes. The interplay between m6A and ncRNAs collectively contributes to the occurrence and progression of malignant tumors in humans. This review provides an overview of the interactions between m6A regulatory factors and ncRNAs and their impact on tumors.

A novel prognostic risk-scoring system based on m5C methylation regulator-mediated patterns for glioma patients

N5-methylcytosine (m5C) methylation modification plays a crucial role in the epigenetic mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis, aggressiveness, and malignancy in diffuse glioma. Our study aimed to develop a novel prognostic risk-scoring system to assess the impact of m5C modification in glioma patients. Initially, we identified two distinct m5C clusters based on the expression level of m5C regulators in The Cancer Genome Atlas glioblastoma (TCGA-GBM) dataset. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two m5C cluster groups were determined. Utilizing these m5C regulation-related DEGs, we classified glioma patients into three gene cluster groups: A, B, and C. Subsequently, an m5C scoring system was developed through a univariate Cox regression model, quantifying the m5C modification patterns utilizing six DEGs associated with disease prognosis. The resulting scoring system allowed us to categorize patients into high- or low-risk groups based on their m5C scores. In test (TCGA-GBM) and validation (Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas [CGGA]-1018 and CGGA-301) datasets, glioma patients with a higher m5C score consistently exhibited shorter survival durations, fewer isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, less 1p/19q codeletion and higher World Health Organization (WHO) grades. Additionally, distinct immune cell infiltration characteristics were observed among different m5C cluster groups and risk groups. Our study developed a novel prognostic scoring system based on m5C modification patterns for glioma patients, complementing existing molecular classifications and providing valuable insights into prognosis for glioma patients.

RNA epigenetics in pulmonary diseases: Insights into methylation modification of lncRNAs in lung cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pivotal controllers of gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, Methylation, a prominent area of study in epigenetics, significantly impacts cellular processes. Various RNA base methylations, including m6A, m5C, m1A, and 2'-O-methylation, profoundly influence lncRNA folding, interactions, and stability, thereby shaping their functionality. LncRNAs and methylation significantly contribute to tumor development, especially in lung cancer. Their roles encompass cell differentiation, proliferation, the generation of cancer stem cells, and modulation of immune responses. Recent studies have suggested that dysregulation of lncRNA methylation can contribute to lung cancer development. Furthermore, methylation modifications of lncRNAs hold potential for clinical application in lung cancer. Dysregulated lncRNA methylation can promote lung cancer progression and may offer insights into potential biomarker or therapeutic target. This review summarizes the current knowledge of lncRNA methylation in lung cancer and its implications for RNA epigenetics and pulmonary diseases.

Non‐m6A RNA modifications in haematological malignancies

Dysregulated RNA modifications, stemming from the aberrant expression and/or malfunction of RNA modification regulators operating through various pathways, play pivotal roles in driving the progression of haematological malignancies. Among RNA modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification, the most abundant internal mRNA modification, stands out as the most extensively studied modification. This prominence underscores the crucial role of the layer of epitranscriptomic regulation in controlling haematopoietic cell fate and therefore the development of haematological malignancies. Additionally, other RNA modifications (non-m6A RNA modifications) have gained increasing attention for their essential roles in haematological malignancies. Although the roles of the m6A modification machinery in haematopoietic malignancies have been well reviewed thus far, such reviews are lacking for non-m6A RNA modifications. In this review, we mainly focus on the roles and implications of non-m6A RNA modifications, including N4-acetylcytidine, pseudouridylation, 5-methylcytosine, adenosine to inosine editing, 2'-O-methylation, N1-methyladenosine and N7-methylguanosine in haematopoietic malignancies. We summarise the regulatory enzymes and cellular functions of non-m6A RNA modifications, followed by the discussions of the recent studies on the biological roles and underlying mechanisms of non-m6A RNA modifications in haematological malignancies. We also highlight the potential of therapeutically targeting dysregulated non-m6A modifiers in blood cancer.

Comprehensive review on lipid metabolism and RNA methylation: Biological mechanisms, perspectives and challenges

Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance, regulating hormones, and promoting metabolic health. To address disorders related to obesity and develop effective therapies, it is essential to have a deep understanding of adipose tissue biology. In recent years, RNA methylation has emerged as a significant epigenetic modification involved in various cellular functions and metabolic pathways. Particularly in the realm of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism, extensive research is ongoing to uncover the mechanisms and functional importance of RNA methylation. Increasing evidence suggests that RNA methylation plays a regulatory role in adipocyte development, metabolism, and lipid utilization across different organs. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of common RNA methylation modifications, their occurrences, and regulatory mechanisms, focusing specifically on their intricate connections to fat metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the research methodologies used in studying RNA methylation and highlight relevant databases that can aid researchers in this rapidly advancing field.

Bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation of m6A and cuproptosis-related lncRNA NFE4 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE

This study aimed to construct an m6A and cuproptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) signature to accurately predict the prognosis of kidney clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) patients using the information acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.

METHODS

First, the co-expression analysis was performed to identify lncRNAs linked with N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and cuproptosis in ccRCC. Then, a model encompassing four candidate lncRNAs was constructed via univariate, least absolute shrinkage together with selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate regression analyses. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier, principal component, functional enrichment annotation, and nomogram analyses were performed to develop a risk model that could effectively assess medical outcomes for ccRCC cases. Moreover, the cellular function of NFE4 in Caki-1/OS-RC-2 cultures was elucidated through CCK-8/EdU assessments and Transwell experiments. Dataset outcomes indicated that NFE4 can have possible implications in m6A and cuproptosis, and may promote ccRCC progression.

RESULTS

We constructed a panel of m6A and cuproptosis-related lncRNAs to construct a prognostic prediction model. The Kaplan-Meier and ROC curves showed that the feature had acceptable predictive validity in the TCGA training, test, and complete groups. Furthermore, the m6A and cuproptosis-related lncRNA model indicated higher diagnostic efficiency than other clinical features. Moreover, the NFE4 function analysis indicated a gene associated with m6A and cuproptosis-related lncRNAs in ccRCC. It was also revealed that the proliferation and migration of Caki-1 /OS-RC-2 cells were inhibited in the NFE4 knockdown group.

CONCLUSION

Overall, this study indicated that NFE4 and our constructed risk signature could predict outcomes and have potential clinical value.

Pulling the trigger: Noncoding RNAs in white adipose tissue browning

White adipose tissue (WAT) serves as the primary site for energy storage and endocrine regulation in mammals, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized for thermogenesis and energy expenditure. The conversion of white adipocytes to brown-like fat cells, known as browning, has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for reversing obesity and its associated co-morbidities. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of transcripts that do not encode proteins but exert regulatory functions on gene expression at various levels. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of ncRNAs in adipose tissue development, differentiation, and function. In this review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of ncRNAs in adipose biology, with a focus on their role and intricate mechanisms in WAT browning. Also, we discuss the potential applications and challenges of ncRNA-based therapies for overweight and its metabolic disorders, so as to combat the obesity epidemic in the future.

Nanotherapeutic approaches for delivery of long non-coding RNAs: an updated review with emphasis on cancer

The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) comprise a wide range of RNA species whose length exceeds 200 nucleotides, which regulate the expression of genes and cellular functions in a wide range of organisms. Several diseases, including malignancy, have been associated with lncRNA dysregulation. Due to their functions in cancer development and progression, lncRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Several studies have investigated the anti-cancer properties of lncRNAs; however, only a few lncRNAs have been found to exhibit tumor suppressor properties. Furthermore, their length and poor stability make them difficult to synthesize. Thus, to overcome the instability of lncRNAs, poor specificity, and their off-target effects, researchers have constructed nanocarriers that encapsulate lncRNAs. Recently, translational medicine research has focused on delivering lncRNAs into tumor cells, including cancer cells, through nano-drug delivery systems in vivo. The developed nanocarriers can protect, target, and release lncRNAs under controlled conditions without appreciable adverse effects. To deliver lncRNAs to cancer cells, various nanocarriers, such as exosomes, microbubbles, polymer nanoparticles, 1,2-dioleyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane chloride nanocarriers, and virus-like particles, have been successfully developed. Despite this, every nanocarrier has its own advantages and disadvantages when it comes to delivering nucleic acids effectively and safely. This article examines the current status of nanocarriers for lncRNA delivery in cancer therapy, focusing on their potential to enhance cancer treatment.

LINC01134: a pivotal oncogene with promising predictive maker and therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading and fatal malignancy within the gastrointestinal tract. Recent advancements highlight the pivotal role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in diverse biological pathways and pathologies, particularly in tumorigenesis. LINC01134, a particular lncRNA, has attracted considerable attention due to its oncogenic potential in hepatoma. Current research underscores LINC01134's potential in augmenting the onset and progression of HCC, with notable implications in drug resistance. This review comprehensively explores the molecular functions and regulatory mechanisms of LINC01134 in HCC, offering a fresh perspective for therapeutic interventions. By delving into LINC01134's multifaceted roles, we aim to foster novel strategies in HCC management.

m6A-Mediated Upregulation of Imprinted in Prader-Willi Syndrome Induces Aberrant Apical-Basal Polarization and Oxidative Damage in RPE Cells

Purpose

To reveal the clinical significance, pathological involvement and molecular mechanism of imprinted in Prader-Willi syndrome (IPW) in RPE anomalies that contribute to AMD.

Methods

IPW expression under pathological conditions were detected by microarrays and qPCR assays. In vitro cultured fetal RPE cells were used to study the pathogenicity induced by IPW overexpression and to analyze its upstream and downstream regulatory networks.

Results

We showed that IPW is upregulated in the macular RPE-choroid tissue of dry AMD patients and in fetal RPE cells under oxidative stress, inflammation and dedifferentiation. IPW overexpression in fetal RPE cells induced aberrant apical-basal polarization as shown by dysregulated polarized markers, disrupted tight and adherens junctions, and inhibited phagocytosis. IPW upregulation was also associated with RPE oxidative damages, as demonstrated by intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species, reduced cell proliferation, and accelerated cell apoptosis. Mechanically, N6-methyladenosine level of the IPW transcript regulated its stability with YTHDC1 as the reader. IPW mediated RPE features by suppressing MEG3 expression to sequester its inhibition on the AKT serine-threonine kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We also noticed that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin suppresses the AKT/mTOR pathway to alleviate the IPW-induced RPE anomalies.

Conclusions

We revealed that IPW overexpression in RPE induces aberrant apical-basal polarization and oxidative damages, thus contributing to AMD progression. We also annotated the upstream and downstream regulatory networks of IPW in RPE. Our findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of RPE dysfunctions, and indicate that IPW blockers may be a promising option to treat RPE abnormalities in AMD.

Epigenetic remodelling under hypoxia

Hypoxia is intrinsic to tumours and contributes to malignancy and metastasis while hindering the efficiency of existing treatments. Epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in the regulation of hypoxic cancer cell programs, both in the initial phases of sensing the decrease in oxygen levels and during adaptation to chronic lack of oxygen. During the latter, the epigenetic regulation of tumour biology intersects with hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors in a complex network of gene regulation that also involves metabolic reprogramming. Here, we review the current literature on the epigenetic control of gene programs in hypoxic cancer cells. We highlight common themes and features of such epigenetic remodelling and discuss their relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies.

Deciphering the Divergent Gene Expression Landscapes of m6A/m5C/m1A Methylation Regulators in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Single-Cell and Bulk RNA Transcriptomic Analysis

Introduction

RNA modifications mediated by the m6A, m1A, and m5C regulatory genes are crucial for the progression of malignancy. This study aimed to explore the expression of regulator genes for m6A/m5C/m1A methylation at the single-cell level and to validate their expression in cancerous and adjacent para-cancerous liver tissues of adult patients with HCC who underwent tumor resection.

Methods

The bulk sequencing from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to identify the dysregulated m6A/m5C/m1A genes for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) was used to measure the expression of dysregulated m6A/m5C/m1A genes in collected human HCC tissues and compared with adjacent para-cancerous liver tissues. Immune cell infiltration with these significantly expressed methylation-related genes was evaluated using Timer2.0.

Results

A discrepancy in m6A/m5C/m1A gene expression was observed between bulk sequencing and scRNA-seq. The clustered heatmap of the scRNA-seq-identified dysregulated m6A/m5C/m1A genes in TCGA cohort revealed heterogeneous expression of these methylation regulators within the cancer, whereas their expression in the adjacent liver tissues was more homogeneous. The real-time PCR validated the significant overexpression of DNMT1, NSUN5, TRMT6, IGF2BP1, and IGFBP3, which were identified using scRNA-seq, and IGFBP2, which was identified using bulk sequencing. These dysregulated methylation genes are mainly correlated with the infiltration of natural killer cells.

Discussion

This study suggests that cellular diversity inside tumors contributes to the discrepancy in the expression of methylation regulator genes between traditional bulk sequencing and scRNA-seq. This study identified five regulatory genes that will be the focus of further studies regarding the function of m6A/m5C/m1A in HCC.

The complex nature of lncRNA-mediated chromatin dynamics in multiple myeloma

Extensive genome-wide sequencing efforts have unveiled the intricate regulatory potential of long non-protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) within the domain of haematological malignancies. Notably, lncRNAs have been found to directly modulate chromatin architecture, thereby impacting gene expression and disease progression by interacting with DNA, RNA, and proteins in a tissue- or condition-specific manner. Furthermore, recent studies have highlighted the intricate epigenetic control of lncRNAs in cancer. Consequently, this provides a rationale to explore the possibility of therapeutically targeting lncRNAs themselves or the epigenetic mechanisms that govern their activity. Within the scope of this review, we will assess the current state of knowledge regarding the epigenetic regulation of lncRNAs and how, in turn, lncRNAs contribute to chromatin remodelling in the context of multiple myeloma.

The bidirectional interplay between ncRNAs and methylation modifications in gastrointestinal tumors

The aberrant expression of methylation and ncRNAs, two crucial regulators of epigenetic modifications, has been widely demonstrated in cancer. The complex interplay between them is essential in promoting malignant phenotype, poor prognosis, and drug resistance in GI tumors (including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers). Therefore, we summarize the interrelation process between ncRNAs and methylation modifications in GI tumors, including the detailed mechanism of methylation enzyme regulation of ncRNAs, the molecular mechanism of ncRNAs regulation of methylation modifications, and the correlation between the interactions between ncRNAs and methylation modifications and clinical features of tumors. Finally, we discuss the potential value of ncRNAs and methylation modifications in clinical diagnosis and therapy.

Long non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: Unraveling the molecular modulators of MAPK signaling

Lung cancer (LC) continues to pose a significant global medical burden, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its molecular foundations to establish effective treatment strategies. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling system has been scientifically associated with LC growth; however, the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing this system remain unknown. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as crucial regulators of diverse cellular activities, including cancer growth. LncRNAs have been implicated in LC, which can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, and their dysregulation has been linked to cancer cell death, metastasis, spread, and proliferation. Due to their involvement in critical pathophysiological processes, lncRNAs are gaining attention as potential candidates for anti-cancer treatments. This article aims to elucidate the regulatory role of lncRNAs in MAPK signaling in LC. We provide a comprehensive review of the key components of the MAPK pathway and their relevance in LC, focusing on aberrant signaling processes associated with disease progression. By examining recent research and experimental findings, this article examines the molecular mechanisms through which lncRNAs influence MAPK signaling in lung cancer, ultimately contributing to tumor development.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived from Dental Tissues-Related lncRNAs: A New Regulator in Osteogenic Differentiation

Odontogenic stem cells are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with multipotential differentiation potential from different dental tissues. Their osteogenic differentiation is of great significance in bone tissue engineering. In recent years, it has been found that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in regulating the osteoblastic differentiation of stem cells at the epigenetic level, transcriptional level, and posttranscriptional level. We reviewed the existing lncRNA related to the osteogenic differentiation of odontogenic stem cells and emphasized the critical mechanism of lncRNA in the osteogenic differentiation of odontogenic stem cells. These findings are expected to be an important target for promoting osteoblastic differentiation of odontogenic stem cells in bone regeneration therapy with lncRNA.

5-Methylcytosine-related lncRNAs: predicting prognosis and identifying hot and cold tumor subtypes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

5-Methylcytosine (m⁵C) methylation is recognized as an mRNA modification that participates in biological progression by regulating related lncRNAs. In this research, we explored the relationship between m⁵C-related lncRNAs (mrlncRNAs) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to establish a predictive model.

METHODS

RNA sequencing and related information were obtained from the TCGA database, and patients were divided into two sets to establish and verify the risk model while identifying prognostic mrlncRNAs. Areas under the ROC curves were assessed to evaluate the predictive effectiveness, and a predictive nomogram was constructed for further prediction. Subsequently, the tumor mutation burden (TMB), stemness, functional enrichment analysis, tumor microenvironment, and immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic responses were also assessed based on this novel risk model. Moreover, patients were regrouped into subtypes according to the expression of model mrlncRNAs.

RESULTS

Assessed by the predictive risk model, patients were distinguished into the low-MLRS and high-MLRS groups, showing satisfactory predictive effects with AUCs of 0.673, 0.712, and 0.681 for the ROCs, respectively. Patients in the low-MLRS groups exhibited better survival status, lower mutated frequency, and lower stemness but were more sensitive to immunotherapeutic response, whereas the high-MLRS group appeared to have higher sensitivity to chemotherapy. Subsequently, patients were regrouped into two clusters: cluster 1 displayed immunosuppressive status, but cluster 2 behaved as a hot tumor with a better immunotherapeutic response.

CONCLUSIONS

Referring to the above results, we established a m⁵C-related lncRNA model to evaluate the prognosis, TME, TMB, and clinical treatments for HNSCC patients. This novel assessment system is able to precisely predict the patients' prognosis and identify hot and cold tumor subtypes clearly for HNSCC patients, providing ideas for clinical treatment.

The Emerging, Multifaceted Role of WTAP in Cancer and Cancer Therapeutics

Cancer is a grave and persistent illness, with the rates of both its occurrence and death toll increasing at an alarming pace. N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A), the most prevalent mRNA modification in eukaryotic organisms, is catalyzed by methyltransferases and has a significant impact on various aspects of cancer progression. WT1-associated protein (WTAP) is a crucial component of the m⁶A methyltransferase complex, catalyzing m⁶A methylation on RNA. It has been demonstrated to participate in numerous cellular pathophysiological processes, including X chromosome inactivation, cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, and alternative splicing. A better understanding of the role of WTAP in cancer may render it a reliable factor for early diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a key therapeutic target for cancer treatment. It has been found that WTAP is closely related to tumor cell cycle regulation, metabolic regulation, autophagy, tumor immunity, ferroptosis, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and drug resistance. In this review, we will focus on the latest advances in the biological functions of WTAP in cancer, and explore the prospects of its application in clinical diagnosis and therapy.