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Hu ZL, Wang YX, Lin ZY, Ren WS, Liu B, Zhao H, Qin Q. Regulatory factors of Nrf2 in age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1344-1362. [PMID: 39026906 PMCID: PMC11246936 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complicated disease that causes irreversible visual impairment. Increasing evidences pointed retinal pigment epithelia (RPE) cells as the decisive cell involved in the progress of AMD, and the function of anti-oxidant capacity of PRE plays a fundamental physiological role. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a significant transcription factor in the cellular anti-oxidant system as it regulates the expression of multiple anti-oxidative genes. Its functions of protecting RPE cells against oxidative stress (OS) and ensuing physiological changes, including inflammation, mitochondrial damage and autophagy dysregulation, have already been elucidated. Understanding the roles of upstream regulators of Nrf2 could provide further insight to the OS-mediated AMD pathogenesis. For the first time, this review summarized the reported upstream regulators of Nrf2 in AMD pathogenesis, including proteins and miRNAs, and their underlying molecular mechanisms, which may help to find potential targets via regulating the Nrf2 pathway in the future research and further discuss the existing Nrf2 regulators proved to be beneficial in preventing AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ling Hu
- Five Year Program of Ophthalmology and Optometry 2019, Beijing Tong Ren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wang
- Four Year Program of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy 2020, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zi-Yue Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Ren
- Four Year Program of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy 2020, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Five Year Program of Ophthalmology and Optometry 2021, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiong Qin
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Kar D, Singireddy R, Kim YJ, Packer O, Schalek R, Cao D, Sloan KR, Pollreisz A, Dacey DM, Curcio CA. Unusual morphology of foveal Müller glia in an adult human born pre-term. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1409405. [PMID: 38994326 PMCID: PMC11236602 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1409405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The fovea of the human retina, a specialization for acute and color vision, features a high concentration of cone photoreceptors. A pit on the inner retinal aspect is created by the centrifugal migration of post-receptoral neurons. Foveal cells are specified early in fetal life, but the fovea reaches its final configuration postnatally. Pre-term birth retards migration resulting in a small pit, a small avascular zone, and nearly continuous inner retinal layers. To explore the involvement of Müller glia, we used serial-section electron microscopic reconstructions to examine the morphology and neural contacts of Müller glia contacting a single foveal cone in a 28-year-old male organ donor born at 28 weeks of gestation. A small non-descript foveal avascular zone contained massed glial processes that included a novel class of 'inner' Müller glia. Similar to classic 'outer' Müller glia that span the retina, inner Müller glia have bodies in the inner nuclear layer (INL). These cells are densely packed with intermediate filaments and insert processes between neurons. Unlike 'outer' Müller glia, 'inner' Müller glia do not reach the external limiting membrane but instead terminate at the outer plexiform layer. One completely reconstructed inner cell ensheathed cone pedicles and a cone-driven circuit of midget bipolar and ganglion cells. Inner Müller glia outnumber foveal cones by 1.8-fold in the outer nuclear layer (221,448 vs. 123,026 cells/mm2). Cell bodies of inner Müller glia outnumber those of outer Müller glia by 1.7-fold in the INL (41,872 vs. 24,631 cells/ mm2). Müller glia account for 95 and 80% of the volume of the foveal floor and Henle fiber layer, respectively. Determining whether inner cells are anomalies solely resulting from retarded lateral migration of inner retinal neurons in pre-term birth requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepayan Kar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ramya Singireddy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yeon Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Orin Packer
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Richard Schalek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dongfeng Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis M Dacey
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Curcio CA, Goerdt L. A cell culture system for RPE hypoxia, a physiologic stressor relevant to AMD deposit formation. Eye (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41433-024-03166-2. [PMID: 38871935 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Lukas Goerdt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Chen J, Curcio CA, Crosson JN. Shotgun lipidomics of human subretinal fluids under rod-dominant retina reveals cone-dominated lipids. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109807. [PMID: 38278468 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Subretinal fluid (SRF) accumulates between photoreceptor outer segments and retinal pigment epithelium during rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Biomolecular components such as lipids originate from cells surrounding the SRF. Knowledge of the composition of these molecules in SRF potentially provides mechanistic insight into the physiologic transfer of lipids between retinal tissue compartments. Using mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry analysis on an electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer, we identified a total of 115 lipid molecular species of 11 subclasses and 9 classes in two samples from two patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. These included 47 glycerophosphocholines, 6 glycerophosphoethanolamines, 1 glycerophosphoinositol, 18 sphingomyelins, 9 cholesteryl esters, free cholesterol, 3 ceramides, 22 triacylglycerols and 8 free fatty acids. Glycerophosphocholines were of the highest intensity. By minimizing the formation of different adduct forms or clustering ions of different adducts, we determined the relative intensity of lipid molecular species within the same subclasses. The profiles were compared with those of retinal cells available in the published literature. The glycerophosphocholine profile of SRF was similar to that of cone outer segments, suggesting that outer segment degradation products are constitutively released into the interphotoreceptor matrix, appearing in SRF during detachment. This hypothesis was supported by the retinal distributions of corresponding lipid synthases' mRNA expression obtained from an online resource based on publicly available single-cell sequencing data. In contrast, based on lipid profiles and relevant gene expression in this study, the sources of free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in SRF appeared more ambiguous, possibly reflecting that outer retina takes up plasma lipoproteins. Further studies to identify and quantify lipids in SRF will help better understand etiology of diseases relevant to outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA, United States; Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA, United States; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Jason N Crosson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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