A de novo KCNQ2 Gene Mutation Associated With Non-familial Early Onset Seizures: Case Report and Revision of Literature Data

Quantitative Evaluation of White Matter Injury by Cranial Ultrasound to Detect the Effects of Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Babies: An Observational Study

Nutrition in early life has an impact on white matter (WM) development in preterm-born babies. Quantitative analysis of pixel brightness intensity (PBI) on cranial ultrasound (CUS) scans has shown a great potential in the evaluation of periventricular WM echogenicity in preterm newborns. We aimed to investigate the employment of this technique to objectively verify the effects of parenteral nutrition (PN) on periventricular WM damage in preterm infants. Prospective observational study including newborns with gestational age at birth ≤32 weeks and/or birth weight ≤1500 g who underwent CUS examination at term-equivalent age. The echogenicity of parieto-occipital periventricular WM relative to that of homolateral choroid plexus (RECP) was calculated on parasagittal scans by means of quantitative analysis of PBI. Its relationship with nutrient intake through enteral and parenteral routes in the first postnatal week was evaluated. The study included 42 neonates for analysis. We demonstrated that energy and protein intake administered through the parenteral route positively correlated with both right and left RECP values (parenteral energy intake vs. right RECP: r = 0.413, p = 0.007; parenteral energy intake vs. left RECP: r = 0.422, p = 0.005; parenteral amino acid intake vs. right RECP: r = 0.438, p = 0.004; parenteral amino acid intake vs. left RECP: r = 0.446, p = 0.003). Multivariate linear regression analysis confirmed these findings. Quantitative assessment of PBI could be considered a simple, risk-free, and repeatable method to investigate the effects of PN on WM development in preterm neonates.

Newly discovered variants in unexplained neonatal encephalopathy

BACKGROUND

The genetic background of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is complicated and early diagnosis is beneficial to optimizing therapeutic strategy for patients.

METHODS

NE Patients with unclear etiology received regular clinical tests including ammonia test, metabolic screening test, amplitude-integrated electroencephalographic (aEEG) monitoring, brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanning, and genetic test. The protein structure change was predicted using Dynamut2 and RoseTTAFold.

RESULTS

15 out of a total of 113 NE Patients were detected with newly reported pathogenic variants. In this sub-cohort, (1) seizure was the primary initial symptoms; (2) four patients had abnormal metabolic screening results, and two of them were also diagnosed with excessive blood ammonia concentration; (3) the brain MRI results were irregular in three infants and the brain waves were of moderate-severe abnormality in about a half of the patients. The novel pathogenic variants discovered in this study belonged to 12 genes, and seven of them were predicted to introduce a premature translation termination. In-silicon predictions showed that four variants were destructive to the protein structure of KCNQ2.

CONCLUSION

Our study expands the mutation spectrum of genes associated with NE and introduces new evidence for molecular diagnosis in this newborn illness.

Nine patients with KCNQ2-related neonatal seizures and functional studies of two missense variants

Mutations in KCNQ2 encoding for voltage-gated K channel subunits underlying the neuronal M-current have been associated with infantile-onset epileptic disorders. The clinical spectrum ranges from self-limited neonatal seizures to epileptic encephalopathy and delayed development. Mutations in KCNQ2 could be either gain- or loss-of-function which require different therapeutic approaches. To better understand genotype-phenotype correlation, more reports of patients and their mutations with elucidated molecular mechanism are needed. We studied 104 patients with infantile-onset pharmacoresistant epilepsy who underwent exome or genome sequencing. Nine patients with neonatal-onset seizures from unrelated families were found to harbor pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the KCNQ2 gene. The p.(N258K) was recently reported, and p. (G279D) has never been previously reported. Functional effect of p.(N258K) and p.(G279D) has never been previously studied. The cellular localization study demonstrated that the surface membrane expression of Kv7.2 carrying either variant was decreased. Whole-cell patch-clamp analyses revealed that both variants significantly impaired Kv7.2 M-current amplitude and density, conductance depolarizing shift in voltage dependence of activation, membrane resistance, and membrane time constant (Tau), indicating a loss-of-function in both the homotetrameric and heterotetrameric with Kv7.3 channels. In addition, both variants exerted dominant-negative effects in heterotetrameric with Kv7.3 channels. This study expands the mutational spectrum of KCNQ2- related epilepsy and their functional consequences provide insights into their pathomechanism.

KCNQ2 Selectivity Filter Mutations Cause Kv7.2 M-Current Dysfunction and Configuration Changes Manifesting as Epileptic Encephalopathies and Autistic Spectrum Disorders

KCNQ2 mutations can cause benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNCs), epileptic encephalopathy (EE), and mild-to-profound neurodevelopmental disabilities. Mutations in the KCNQ2 selectivity filter (SF) are critical to neurodevelopmental outcomes. Three patients with neonatal EE carry de novo heterozygous KCNQ2 p.Thr287Ile, p.Gly281Glu and p.Pro285Thr, and all are followed-up in our clinics. Whole-cell patch-clamp analysis with transfected mutations was performed. The Kv7.2 in three mutations demonstrated significant current changes in the homomeric-transfected cells. The conduction curves for V_1/2, the K slope, and currents in 3 mutations were lower than those for the wild type (WT). The p.Gly281Glu had a worse conductance than the p.Thr287Ile and p.Pro285Thr, the patient compatible with p.Gly281Glu had a worse clinical outcome than patients with p.Thr287Ile and p.Pro285Thr. The p.Gly281Glu had more amino acid weight changes than the p.Gly281Glu and p.Pro285Thr. Among 5 BFNCs and 23 EE from mutations in the SF, the greater weight of the mutated protein compared with that of the WT was presumed to cause an obstacle to pore size, which is one of the most important factors in the phenotype and outcome. For the 35 mutations in the SF domain, using changes in amino acid weight between the WT and the KCNQ2 mutations to predict EE resulted in 80.0% sensitivity and 80% specificity, a positive prediction rate of 96.0%, and a negative prediction rate of 40.0% (p = 0.006, χ² (1, n = 35) = 7.56; odds ratio 16.0, 95% confidence interval, 1.50 to 170.63). The findings suggest that p.Thr287Ile, p.Gly281Glu and p.Pro285Thr are pathogenic to KCNQ2 EE. In mutations in SF, a mutated protein heavier than the WT is a factor in the Kv7.2 current and outcome.

A Case of Neonatal Seizures With an Unusual Electroclinical Pattern

Benign familial neonatal epilepsy is a syndrome characterized by recurrent seizures occurring in the neonatal period. Seizures commonly begin at day 3 of life and usually abate by 1 to 4 months of life. Seizures are usually described as tonic with an asymmetric component with associated autonomic features. The authors report a newborn presenting with an unusual electroclinical phenotype. The electroencephalogram demonstrated an unusual pattern of electrical attenuation at the onset of seizures. Identification of these features is important for early recognition of this neonatal syndrome, as well as initiation of proper therapy.