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Cepni AB, Power TG, Ledoux TA, Vollrath K, Hughes SO. The Longitudinal Relationship Between Diet Quality and Executive Functioning Development of Hispanic Preschoolers in Houston, Texas. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024:S2212-2672(24)00253-3. [PMID: 38825045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet quality has been found to be related to cognitive health in school-aged children. However, this relationship remains understudied among Hispanic preschool-aged children, who are vulnerable to poor dietary habits and low cognitive development due to socioeconomic, cultural, and structural disparities. OBJECTIVE This longitudinal study evaluated whether the diet quality of preschool-aged children would be associated with executive functions (EFs) in later childhood. DESIGN This is a secondary analysis of a longitudinal study of Hispanic preschool-aged children (age 4 and 5 years) at baseline (Time 1) and 18 months (Time 2). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This study included 185 mother-child dyads with complete data at Time 1, recruited through Head Start centers in Houston, TX, beginning in 2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mothers reported on their child's dietary intake via 3 24-hour recalls, which was used to calculate Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 component and total scores. Laboratory tasks assessed cold EFs (tapping and Flexible Item Selection Tasks) and hot EFs (delay of gratification and gift-wrapping tasks). Whereas higher scores on tapping, Flexible Item Selection Task, and delay of gratification tasks represent a high EF, higher scores in gift-wrapping task represent a low EF. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Hierarchical linear regression analyses assessed the relationship between diet quality, as measured by HEI-2010 total and component scores, at Time 1 (independent variables) and EF outcomes (dependent variables) at Time 2, controlling for child sex, age, body mass index z score, and EF at Time 1. RESULTS HEI-2010 component score for fatty acids (b = -.13; P = .04) and seafood and plant proteins (b = .09; P = .05), were respectively related to later cold and hot EFs of Hispanic preschool-aged children. Other HEI components or the overall score did not predict EFs. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that specific HEI components support cold and hot EFs development among Hispanic preschool-aged children, but total HEI-2010 score does not. Experimental research is needed to assess the influence of dietary interventions on cognitive development of Hispanic preschool-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliye B Cepni
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Thomas G Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Tracey A Ledoux
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kirstin Vollrath
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sheryl O Hughes
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Mattson MP, Leak RK. The hormesis principle of neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. Cell Metab 2024; 36:315-337. [PMID: 38211591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Animals live in habitats fraught with a range of environmental challenges to their bodies and brains. Accordingly, cells and organ systems have evolved stress-responsive signaling pathways that enable them to not only withstand environmental challenges but also to prepare for future challenges and function more efficiently. These phylogenetically conserved processes are the foundation of the hormesis principle, in which single or repeated exposures to low levels of environmental challenges improve cellular and organismal fitness and raise the probability of survival. Hormetic principles have been most intensively studied in physical exercise but apply to numerous other challenges known to improve human health (e.g., intermittent fasting, cognitive stimulation, and dietary phytochemicals). Here we review the physiological mechanisms underlying hormesis-based neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. Approaching natural resilience from the lens of hormesis may reveal novel methods for optimizing brain function and lowering the burden of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Walk AM, Cannavale CN, Keye SA, Rosok L, Edwards C, Khan N. Weight status impacts children's incidental statistical learning. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 187:34-42. [PMID: 36796729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The expanding literature investigating the cognitive effects of childhood weight status has not included examinations of incidental statistical learning, the process by which children unintentionally acquire knowledge about patterns in their environments, despite evidence that it underlies many higher-level information processing capabilities. In the present study, we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) while school-aged participants completed a variation of an oddball task in which stimuli predicted the appearance of a target. Children were asked to respond to the target but were not given any information about the existence of predictive dependencies. We found that children with a healthy weight status had larger P3 amplitudes in response to the predictors that were most meaningful in completing the task, a finding that may suggest optimized learning mechanisms influenced by weight status. These findings offer an important first step to understanding how healthy lifestyle factors may influence incidental statistical learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Walk
- Eastern Illinois University, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Corinne N Cannavale
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, United States of America
| | - Shelby A Keye
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, United States of America
| | - Laura Rosok
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn Edwards
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Division of Nutritional Sciences, United States of America
| | - Naiman Khan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, United States of America; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Division of Nutritional Sciences, United States of America; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, United States of America; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, United States of America.
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4
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Tully L, Arthurs N, Wyse C, Browne S, Case L, McCrea L, O’Connell JM, O’Gorman CS, Smith SM, Walsh A, Ward F, O’Malley G. Guidelines for treating child and adolescent obesity: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:902865. [PMID: 36313105 PMCID: PMC9597370 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.902865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease that compromises the physical and mental health of an increasing proportion of children globally. In high-income countries, prevalence of paediatric obesity is increasing faster in those from marginalised populations such as low-income households, suggesting the disease as one that is largely systemic. Appropriate treatment should be prioritised in these settings to prevent the development of complications and co-morbidities and manage those that already exist. An array of clinical practice guidelines are available for managing overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, but no systematic review has yet compared their quality or synthesised their recommendations. We aimed to narratively review clinical practice guidelines published in English for treating child and adolescent obesity, to identify the highest quality guidelines, and assess similarities, conflicts, and gaps in recommendations. We systematically searched academic databases and grey literature for guidelines published. We used the AGREE II tool to assess the quality, and identified nine high quality guidelines for inclusion in a narrative review of recommendations. Guidelines predominantly recommended the delivery of multi-component behaviour-change interventions aimed at improving nutrition and physical activity. Treatment outcomes were generally focussed on weight, with less emphasis on managing complications or improving quality-of-life. There was no evidence-based consensus on the best mode of delivery, setting, or treatment format. The guidelines rarely included recommendations for addressing the practical or social barriers to behaviour change, such as cooking skills or supervised physical activity. There is insufficient evidence to evaluate pharmaceutical and surgical interventions in children, and these were generally not recommended. It should be noted that this review addressed documents published in English only, and therefore the included guidelines were applicable predominantly to high-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tully
- Obesity Research and Care Group, School of Physiotherapy, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Arthurs
- Obesity Research and Care Group, School of Physiotherapy, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland,W82GO Child and Adolescent Obesity Service, Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathy Wyse
- Obesity Research and Care Group, School of Physiotherapy, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Browne
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucinda Case
- W82GO Child and Adolescent Obesity Service, Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lois McCrea
- W82GO Child and Adolescent Obesity Service, Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean M. O’Connell
- St. Columcille’s Hospital Weight Management Service, St.Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clodagh S. O’Gorman
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Susan M. Smith
- Discipline of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Population Health Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Ward
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace O’Malley
- Obesity Research and Care Group, School of Physiotherapy, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland,W82GO Child and Adolescent Obesity Service, Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland,*Correspondence: Grace O’Malley,
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Borger C, Paolicelli CP, Sun B. Duration of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Participation is Associated With Children's Diet Quality at Age 3 Years. Am J Prev Med 2022; 62:e343-e350. [PMID: 35277313 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adequate childhood nutrition contributes to prevention of chronic diseases. The supplemental foods and nutrition education provided by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, a federal program serving women, infants, and children up to age 5 years in low-income families and at nutritional risk, intend to optimize dietary intakes. This study assesses associations between duration of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participation, early feeding practices, and children's diet quality at age 3 years. METHODS Using data collected between 2013 and 2017 from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2, investigators derived 4 mutually exclusive patterns of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children participation: participation in the child's first year only, participation into the second year, participation into the third year, and intermittent participation across 3 years. In 2021, multivariable regression assessed associations between these patterns, early feeding practices, and 2015 Health Eating Index total score at age 3 years. RESULTS When compared with children who participated in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children into their third year, children who participated in their first year only (p<0.01) had 2015 Healthy Eating Index total scores that were 3.6 points lower on a given day. Children introduced to sugar-sweetened beverages in their first year had scores that were 2.4 points lower than children not introduced to them in their first 2 years (p=0.03), whereas those breastfed longer exhibited a small increase in scores (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Longer participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children improves children's diets, potentially mitigating chronic disease risk. Clinician efforts to refer at-risk families to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children during the early childhood years are supported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney P Paolicelli
- Office of Policy Support, Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, Virginia
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Teixeira B, Afonso C, Rodrigues S, Oliveira A. Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:1144-1185. [PMID: 34850824 PMCID: PMC9340991 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for adherence to a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern in the pediatric stage is discussed worldwide, being linked to a progressive incidence of noncommunicable diseases in adulthood. The aims of this systematic review were to summarize the healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns, defined a priori, described in the literature for use during the pediatric stage; to evaluate the adherence to these dietary patterns; and identify the health-related benefits associated with adherence to these patterns. A literature search was carried out on Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2010 up to 2021, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 128 articles were included according to the following criteria: participants 2-17 y old, healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns defined by an a priori methodology; articles written in English or Portuguese; and published since 2010. Fifty instruments with 14 adaptations that measure adherence to healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns in children and adolescents were found. The Mediterranean Diet was the most studied dietary pattern. Adherence to healthy and/or sustainable dietary patterns has wide variations worldwide. Most of the instruments described have been little studied at pediatric ages, reducing the ability to extrapolate results. Higher adherence to these dietary patterns was associated with lower body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, and metabolic risk. There is no consensus regarding the association with BMI. No studies have proofs of the sustainability characteristics of these instruments, it being necessary to produce a new sustainable instrument or test the association of the previous ones with, for example, the ecological footprint. Further validations of these instruments in each country and more prospective studies are needed to establish temporal relations with health-related outcomes. This systematic review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020221788.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cláudia Afonso
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto [Institute of Public Health, University of Porto], Porto, Portugal,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), [Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR)], Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Rodrigues
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto [Institute of Public Health, University of Porto], Porto, Portugal,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), [Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR)], Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto [Institute of Public Health, University of Porto], Porto, Portugal,Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), [Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR)], Porto, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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7
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Hsieh SS, Raine LB, Ortega FB, Hillman CH. The Role of Chronic Physical Activity in Alleviating the Detrimental Relationship of Childhood Obesity on Brain and Cognition. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-021-00230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Childhood obesity and its negative relation with children’s brain health has become a growing health concern. Over the last decade, literature has indicated that physical activity attenuates cognitive impairment associated with obesity and excess adiposity in children. However, there is no comprehensive review that considers the extent to which these factors affect different domains of cognition. This narrative review comprehensively summarizes behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuroelectric findings associated with chronic physical activity and fitness on brain and cognition in childhood obesity. Based on the literature reviewed, increased adiposity has a demonstrated relationship with neurocognitive health via mechanisms triggered by central inflammation and insulin resistance, with the most pronounced decrements observed for cognitive domains that are prefrontal- and hippocampal-dependent. Fortunately, physical activity, especially interventions enhancing aerobic fitness and motor coordination, have demonstrated efficacy for attenuating the negative effects of obesity across different subdomains of structural and functional brain imaging, cognition, and multiple academic outcomes in children with overweight or obesity. Such mitigating effects may be accounted for by attenuated central inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased expression of neurotrophic factors. Lastly, individual differences appear to play a role in this relationship, as the manipulation of physical activity characteristics, the employment of a wide array of cognitive and academic measures, the inclusion of different adiposity measures that are sensitive to neurocognitive function, and the utilization of an inter-disciplinary approach have been found to influence the relationship between physical activity and excess adiposity on brain and cognition.
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8
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Ashton LM, Morgan PJ, Grounds JA, Young MD, Rayward AT, Barnes AT, Pollock ER, Kennedy SL, Saunders KL, Collins CE. Dietary Outcomes of the 'Healthy Youngsters, Healthy Dads' Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:3306. [PMID: 34684307 PMCID: PMC8541030 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The effect of fathers on dietary intake in preschool-aged children is under-explored. The aims were to: (i) evaluate the efficacy of a family-based lifestyle intervention, Healthy Youngsters, Healthy Dads, on change in dietary intake in fathers and their preschool-aged children post-intervention (10 weeks) and at 9 months follow-up compared to a waitlist control group and (ii) investigate associations in father-child dietary intakes. (2) Methods: Linear mixed models estimated group-by-time effects for all dietary outcomes, measured by food frequency questionnaires. Cohen's d determined effect sizes, while correlation tests determined associations in father-child dietary intakes. (3) Results: For children, medium group-by-time effects sizes were identified at 10 weeks for sodium intake (d = 0.38) and percentage energy from core foods (d = 0.43), energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods (d = 0.43) and prepacked snacks (d = 0.45). These findings were sustained at 9 months follow-up. For fathers, medium to large, group-by-time effect sizes were identified at 10 weeks for energy intake (d = 0.55), sodium intake (d = 0.64) and percentage energy from core foods (d = 0.49), EDNP foods (d = 0.49), and confectionary (d = 0.36). For all of these dietary variables, except sodium, effects were sustained at 9 months. Moderate to strong associations existed in father-child dietary intakes for some of the dietary variables. (4) Conclusions: Although further research is required, this study provides preliminary support for targeting fathers as agents of change to improve dietary intakes in their preschool-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Ashton
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (L.M.A.); (C.E.C.)
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.A.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.R.P.); (S.-L.K.); (K.L.S.)
- School of Psychology, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Philip J. Morgan
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.A.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.R.P.); (S.-L.K.); (K.L.S.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A. Grounds
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.A.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.R.P.); (S.-L.K.); (K.L.S.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Myles D. Young
- School of Psychology, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Anna T. Rayward
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.A.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.R.P.); (S.-L.K.); (K.L.S.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Alyce T. Barnes
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.A.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.R.P.); (S.-L.K.); (K.L.S.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Emma R. Pollock
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.A.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.R.P.); (S.-L.K.); (K.L.S.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Stevie-Lee Kennedy
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.A.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.R.P.); (S.-L.K.); (K.L.S.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Kristen L. Saunders
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.A.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.R.P.); (S.-L.K.); (K.L.S.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Clare E. Collins
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (L.M.A.); (C.E.C.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
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Keye SA, Walk AM, Cannavale CN, Iwinski S, McLoughlin GM, Steinberg LG, Khan NA. Six-Minute Walking Test Performance Relates to Neurocognitive Abilities in Preschoolers. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040584. [PMID: 33557286 PMCID: PMC7915798 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between six-minute walking test (6MWT) distance walked and preschool-aged children’s academic abilities, and behavioral and event-related potentials (ERP) indices of cognitive control. There were 59 children (25 females; age: 5.0 ± 0.6 years) who completed a 6MWT (mean distance: 449.6 ± 82.0 m) to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness. The Woodcock Johnson Early Cognitive and Academic Development Test evaluated academic abilities. A modified Eriksen flanker, hearts and flowers task, and auditory oddball task eliciting ERPs (N2, P3) assessed cognitive control. After adjusting for adiposity, diet, and demographics, linear regressions resulted in positive relationships between 6MWT distance and General Intellectual Ability (β = 0.25, Adj R2 = 0.04, p = 0.04) and Expressive Language (β = 0.30, Adj R2 = 0.13, p = 0.02). 6MWT distance was positively correlated with congruent accuracy (β = 0.29, Adj R2 = 0.18, p < 0.01) and negatively with incongruent reaction time (β = −0.26, Adj R2 = 0.05, p = 0.04) during the flanker task, and positively with homogeneous (β = 0.23, Adj R2 = 0.21, p = 0.04) and heterogeneous (β = 0.26, Adj R2 = 0.40, p = 0.02) accuracy on the hearts and flowers task. Higher fit children showed faster N2 latencies and greater P3 amplitudes to target stimuli; however, these were at the trend level following the adjustment of covariates. These findings indicate that the positive influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on cognitive function is evident in 4–6-year-olds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby A. Keye
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.A.K.); (L.G.S.)
| | - Anne M. Walk
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA;
| | - Corinne N. Cannavale
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Samantha Iwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Gabriella M. McLoughlin
- Implementation Science Center for Cancer Control and Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
- Department of Surgery (Division of Public Health Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Linda G. Steinberg
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.A.K.); (L.G.S.)
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (S.A.K.); (L.G.S.)
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Sanlier N, Ulusoy HG, Kocabaş S, Çelik B, Göbel P, Yilmaz S. Mediterranean Diet Adherence among Preschoolers and its Association with Parents' Beliefs, Attitudes, and Practices. Ecol Food Nutr 2020; 60:225-243. [PMID: 33048584 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2020.1833874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of parents on nutritional habits in preschool children is undeniable. It is known that parental control in child nutrition can affect the child's eating habits, and bodyweight. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence of children (KIDMED), parents' beliefs, attitudes and practices (Preschool Feeding Questionnaire-PFQ2) were investigated. The questionnaire prepared was applied by researchers face-to-face to 1413 families who agreed to participate voluntarily in the research with preschool children. Parental beliefs, attitudes, and practices regarding child nutrition status of parents were evaluated using 39-item PFQ2 and their child's eating habits using the 16-item KIDMED index. Children's KIDMED scores were found optimal in 34.1%, average in 57.0%, very low in 8.9%. The KIDMED scores of children whose parents are together (6.6 ± 2.1) were found to be significantly higher than children whose parents are separated (4.9 ± 2.2) (p <.001). A correlation was found between the KIDMED scores of the children, the parental control (r = 0.156, p <.001), maternal restriction (r = 0.104, p <.001), and structured feeding (r = 0.162, p <.001). Unfortunately, the adherence of most preschool children with the MD which considered a healthy diet pattern was found below the optimal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Sanlier
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Gül Ulusoy
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sule Kocabaş
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Çelik
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Göbel
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sine Yilmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
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