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Li J, Zhai M, Liu D, Wei L, Liu X, Wang Q, Yu B, Yan H. Pilot study of relationship between prenatal stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and social-emotional development of 12-month-old children: the mediation effects of home environment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:1895-1905. [PMID: 37668698 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that prenatal stress elevates the risk of children's social-emotional development, but the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. Home environment provides learning opportunities and stimulation required for children's early development and can be influenced by prenatal maternal stress. This study aimed to examine whether home environment can mediate the association between prenatal stress during the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their offspring's social-emotional problems thereafter. A pilot sample was derived from 2020 to 2021 Maternal and Child Health Cohort study (N = 82) with the pregnant women recruited during the COVID-19 lockdown period in 2020. Prenatal stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. Home environment was measured using the Child Home Nurture Environment Scales. Mother-reported toddler social-emotional problems were assessed at 12 months of age. The mediation model was used for data analysis. The mean scores of social-emotional problems, which include externalizing, internalizing, dysregulation, and competence, were 10.98 (5.08), 14.72 (6.49), 15.15 (6.31), and 36.73 (10.26), respectively. Prenatal stress, home environment, and social-emotional problems were significantly related (P < 0.05). Home environment significantly mediated the association between prenatal stress and social-emotional problems with the indirect effect [95% CI] of 0.06 [0.01, 0.14] for externalizing behaviors, 0.10 [0.00, 0.24] for internalizing behaviors, - 0.15 [- 0.31, - 0.01] for competence, 0.08 [0.01, 0.17] and 0.08 [0.01, 0.21] for dysregulation. These findings suggest that prenatal stress may affect offspring's social-emotional problems through the home environment. Screening for prenatal stress and promoting supportive home environment may be potential strategies for social-emotional problems interventions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No.115 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxi Zhai
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No.115 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No.115 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Wei
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No.115 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No.115 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Wang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No.115 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No.115 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No.115 Dong Hu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Nelson CA, Sullivan E, Engelstad AM. Annual Research Review: Early intervention viewed through the lens of developmental neuroscience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:435-455. [PMID: 37438865 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The overarching goal of this paper is to examine the efficacy of early intervention when viewed through the lens of developmental neuroscience. We begin by briefly summarizing neural development from conception through the first few postnatal years. We emphasize the role of experience during the postnatal period, and consistent with decades of research on critical periods, we argue that experience can represent both a period of opportunity and a period of vulnerability. Because plasticity is at the heart of early intervention, we next turn our attention to the efficacy of early intervention drawing from two distinct literatures: early intervention services for children growing up in disadvantaged environments, and children at elevated likelihood of developing a neurodevelopmental delay or disorder. In the case of the former, we single out interventions that target caregiving and in the case of the latter, we highlight recent work on autism. A consistent theme throughout our review is a discussion of how early intervention is embedded in the developing brain. We conclude our article by discussing the implications our review has for policy, and we then offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eileen Sullivan
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne-Michelle Engelstad
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Chad-Friedman S, Zhang I, Donohue K, Chad-Friedman E, Rich BA. Reciprocal associations between parental depression and child cognition: Pathways to children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37929632 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Parental depression is a risk factor for children's cognitive and psychological development. Literature has found reciprocal relations between parental depression and child psychopathology and effects of parental depression on children's cognition. The present study is the first to examine reciprocity among parental depression and child cognition, and pathways to child psychopathology. Structural equation models were conducted using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, a nationally representative sample of 3,001 economically marginalized families. Measures were collected in four waves from 14 months to 10-11 years. Reciprocal associations emerged between maternal and paternal depression at from 14 months to 5 years. Reciprocal parental depression was associated with greater psychopathology at age 10-11. Maternal depression predicted poorer child cognition, which indirectly predicted increased depression in mothers of children aged 3-5 through paternal depression, and in fathers at age 3, through earlier paternal depression. This study was unable to parse within- and between-person effects. Additionally, data for paternal depression was limited to ages 2 and 3. Findings emphasize the transactional nature of child cognition and child and parent psychopathology, supporting family focused intervention and prevention efforts that target parent psychopathology and child cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Chad-Friedman
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Irene Zhang
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kristyn Donohue
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Brendan A Rich
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
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Yao S, Xu M, Sun L. Five-Factor Personality Dimensions Mediated the Relationship between Parents' Parenting Style Differences and Mental Health among Medical University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4908. [PMID: 36981815 PMCID: PMC10049690 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have identified the relationships between parental parenting style, personality, and mental health. However, the interactive influences between mother's and father's parenting styles on personality have been examined less often. To fill the gaps, the first aim of this study was to build the relationships between parental parenting style differences (PDs) and five-factor personality dimensions. The second aim was to test the mediating effect of five-factor personality dimensions on the relationships between parental parenting style differences and mental health. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted among medical university students, and 2583 valid participants were analyzed. Mental health was measured by the Kessler-10 scale. The Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory brief version (CBF-PI-B) was used to access five-factor personality dimensions. PD was calculated by the short form of Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran. Linear regressions were conducted to analyze the associations between PD and five-factor personality dimensions. The SPSS macros program (PROCESS v3.3) was performed to test the mediating effect of five-factor personality dimensions on the associations between PD and mental health. RESULTS Linear regressions found that worse mental health was positively associated with PD (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), higher neuroticism (β = 0.61, p < 0.001), lower conscientiousness (β = -0.11, p < 0.001), lower agreeableness (β = -0.10, p < 0.01), and lower openness (β = -0.05, p < 0.05). The results also supported that PD was positively associated with lower conscientiousness (β = -0.15, p < 0.01), lower agreeableness (β = -0.09, p < 0.001), lower openness (β = -0.15, p < 0.001), and lower extraversion (β = -0.08, p < 0.001), respectively. The mediating effect of agreeableness or openness was supported for the relationships between PD and mental health. CONCLUSION These findings remind us of the importance of consistent parenting styles between mother and father, and they also can be translated into practices to improve mental health among medical university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Yao
- School of Public Policy and Management (School of Emergency Management), China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Department of Current Situation and Policy, School of Marxism, Shandong Women’s University, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Meixia Xu
- Department of Current Situation and Policy, School of Marxism, Shandong Women’s University, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Long Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan 250012, China
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Nobre JNP, Morais RLDS, Prat BV, Fernandes AC, Viegas ÂA, Figueiredo PHS, Peixoto MF, De Oliveira Ferreira F, de Freitas PM, Mendonça VA, Lacerda ACR. Environmental opportunities facilitating cognitive development in preschoolers: development of a multicriteria index. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:65-76. [PMID: 36401748 PMCID: PMC9676873 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Access to environmental opportunities can favor children's learning and cognitive development. The objectives is to construct an index that synthesizes environmental learning opportunities for preschoolers considering the home environment and verify whether the index can predict preschoolers' cognitive development. A quantitative, cross-sectional, exploratory study was conducted with 51 preschoolers using a multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT). The criteria used for drawing up the index were supported by the literature and subdivided in Group A "Resources from the house" extracted from HOME Inventory including: (1) to have three or more puzzles; (2) have at least ten children's books; (3) be encouraged to learn the alphabet; (4) take the family out at least every 2 weeks. Group B "Screens" (5) caution with using television; (6) total screen time in day/minutes. Group C "Parental Schooling" (7) maternal and paternal education. Pearson correlation analyses and univariate linear regression were performed to verify the relationship between the established index with cognitive test results. The index correlated with the total score of the mini-mental state exam (MMC) and verbal fluency test (VF) in the category of total word production and word production without errors. Multicriteria index explained 18% of the VF (total word production), 19% of the VF (total production of words without errors) and 17% of the MMC. The present multicriteria index has potential application as it synthesizes the preschooler's environmental learning opportunities and predicts domains of child cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Nogueira Pontes Nobre
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde (CIPq-Saúde), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rosane Luzia de Souza Morais
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bernat Viñola Prat
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT - UFVJM) e SaSA, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Fernandes
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde (CIPq-Saúde), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ângela Alves Viegas
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde (CIPq-Saúde), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Fabrício Peixoto
- Centro Integrado de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde (CIPq-Saúde), Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Martins de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Saúde (PPGPSI), Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Han J, Cui N, Lyu P, Li Y. Early-life home environment and child cognitive function: A meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sapkota D, Dennison S, Allen J, Gamble J, Williams C, Malope-Rwodzi N, Baar L, Ransley J, Renae McGee T. Navigating pregnancy and early motherhood in prison: a thematic analysis of mothers' experiences. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2022; 10:32. [PMID: 36308566 PMCID: PMC9617046 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal imprisonment negatively impacts mothers and their children and is likely to have lifelong and intergenerational sequelae. In many jurisdictions nationally and internationally, young children (usually those less than 5 years) can reside with their mothers in prison. However, there is considerable debate regarding the impact of prison environments on incarcerated mothers and their children who are born, and/or raised in prison. Research to date on the pregnancy and mothering experiences of imprisoned mothers and their preferences for care arrangements for their babies and young children is limited. METHODS This study was part of the Transforming Corrections to Transform Lives project, in which workshops were conducted with imprisoned mothers to understand their needs while in custody and post-release, and the kind of supports and system changes that are required to meet those needs. Incarcerated mothers (n = 75) participated in seven workshops conducted across four Queensland prisons. Themes were generated through reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Three themes characterised mothers' experiences of being pregnant and undertaking a mothering role of a young child while in prison. First, for most mothers, imprisonment adds vulnerability and isolation during pregnancy and childbirth. Second, although mothers felt that residing together with their children in prison motivated them to change for a better future, they were concerned about the potential negative impact of the prison environment on the child's development. Lastly, most mothers voiced losing autonomy and agency to practice motherhood independently within custodial settings. Mothers expressed a need for the correctional system to be adapted, so it is better equipped to address the unique and additional needs of mothers with young children. CONCLUSION Mothers' experiences indicated that the correctional system and policies, which were predominantly designed for men, do not adequately address the varied and complex needs of pregnant women, mothers, and their young children. Imprisonment of pregnant women and mothers with young children should be the last resort, and they should be provided with holistic, individually tailored support, most preferably in community settings, to address their multiple intersecting needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sapkota
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Qld, Australia.
| | - Susan Dennison
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Qld, Australia
| | - Jyai Allen
- Transforming Maternity Care Collaborative, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Jenny Gamble
- Transforming Maternity Care Collaborative, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- Coventry University, Priory St, Coventry, UK
| | - Corrie Williams
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Qld, Australia
| | - Nomxolisi Malope-Rwodzi
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Qld, Australia
| | - Laura Baar
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Qld, Australia
| | - Janet Ransley
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Qld, Australia
| | - Tara Renae McGee
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, Qld, Australia
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Maternal Emotional Intelligence and the Provision of Child Motor Affordances. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9101442. [PMID: 36291378 PMCID: PMC9600512 DOI: 10.3390/children9101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mothers are not only the axis of an ecological subsystem for their children but are also capable of creating a significant emotional and psychological environment through constant and direct interaction. This leads to interactions and emotional connections with the children, supportive behaviors, and a long-term commitment to their upbringing and development. Aims: This study examined the relationship between maternal emotional intelligence (EI) and demographics on the availability of motor affordances in the home environment that are conducive to their child’s motor development. Methods: Mothers (N = 451) and homes of children aged 18–42 months were assessed using the Persian version of Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self-Report (AHEMD-SR) and the Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. In addition, mothers’ physical activity (PA) experience and demographic data were collected. Results: Analyses indicated significant correlations between mothers’ education, level of PA, and income with EI and motor affordances. Conclusions: EI, PA experience, and select mother demographics were important to the availability of motor affordances in the home. One could also speculate, based on previous research, that such provision may affect the future motor development of the child. Future research should include a younger and more diverse population.
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Early Childhood Caries Is Causally Attributed to Developing Psychomotor Deficiency in Pre-School Children: The Resultant Covariate and Confounder Analyses in a Longitudinal Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116831. [PMID: 35682412 PMCID: PMC9180166 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Causality has recently been suggested to associate early childhood caries with psychomotor deficiency in preschoolers, where their causal interactions via other risk determinants remain unclear. Methods: To analyze such causality, we randomly recruited 123 three-to-six-year-old children in a three-year longitudinal study, where the caries/dmft measures, age/gender, BMI, amended comprehensive scales for psychomotor development (CCDI-aspects), parental education/vocation, and diet were collected for assessment of their inter-relationships. Subsequently, t-tests, multiple/linear-regressions, and R2-analyses were utilized to compare the differences of variables between age/gender, BMI, and dmft vs. relationships among all variables and CCDI-aspects. Results: In the regression modeling, there were significant differences between gender vs. age (p < 0.05; not BMI) regarding established associations between caries and CCDI manifests for psychomotor deficiency. As for diet vs. socio-economic status, there were significant differences when caries/dmft were at lower- vs. higher-scales (<4 and 6−10), associated with expressive language and comprehension-concept (p~0.0214−0.0417) vs. gross-motor and self-help (p~0.0134−0.0486), respectively. Moreover, diet vs. socio-economic-status contributed significantly different CCDI-spectra via expressive language and comprehension-concept (adjusted-R2~0.0220−0.2463) vs. gross-motor and self-help (adjusted-R2~0.0645−0.0994), respectively, when the caries detected were at lower- vs. higher-scales (<4 and 6−10), in contrast to those depicted without both SES diet variables (adjusted-R2~0.0641−0.0849). Conclusion: These new findings confirm that early childhood caries is causally attributed to developing psychomotor deficiency in preschoolers, whereas biological gender/age, not BMI, may act as viable confounders during interactions, in contrast to diet and socio-economic status, via differential low−high scales of caries activity with significant interference, respectively. Collectively, ECC-psychomotor interactions may underpin some distinct biologic vs. socio-mental/psyche attributes towards different determinants for vulnerable children.
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Ding G, Xu L, Sun L. Association Between Parental Parenting Style Disparities and Mental Health: An Evidence From Chinese Medical College Students. Front Public Health 2022; 10:841140. [PMID: 35296043 PMCID: PMC8918520 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.841140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The associations between parental parenting styles and adolescents' development and health problems were also identified in a series of studies. However, the interactive impact of mother's and father's parenting style was less reported, which was implied in previous studies. In this study, we aim to analyze the associations between parental parenting style disparities and mental health among medical college students. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical college students in Shandong province, China, and 2,598 medical college students with parents were analyzed in this study. Items in a short form of Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU) were used to calculate the parental parenting style disparities. Mental health was evaluated by the Kessler 10 scale. Results The results of linear regressions showed that parental nurture reject disparities (RDs, β = 0.50, p < 0.001), parental emotional warmth disparities (WDs, β = 0.33, p < 0.001), parental overprotective disparities (ODs, β = 0.25, p < 0.001), and total disparities in parenting styles (TDs, β = 0.15, p < 0.001) were associated with mental health among medical college students, respectively. The other associated factors were age, ethnicity, chronic disease, above average family economic status, and good parental relationship. Conclusion Our findings supported the positive association between parental parenting style disparities and mental health problems. Further studies can test the mechanism and intervention of the findings about the importance of parental parenting style consistence on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Ding
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Lingzhong Xu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Long Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Long Sun
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