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Rahman H, Haque SM, Siddiqui MR. A Comprehensive Review on Importance and Quantitation of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and their Active Metabolites in Commercial Dosage Forms. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190328214323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects more than twenty-one
million people throughout the world. Schizophrenia also causes early death. Schizophrenia and other
related psychotic ailments are controlled by the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking
certain chemical receptors in the brain and thus relieves the symptoms of psychotic disorder. These
drugs are present in the different dosage forms in the market and provided in a certain amount as per the
need of the patients.
Objective:
Since such medications treat mental disorders, it is very important to have a perfect and accurate
dose so that the risk factor is not affected by a higher or lower dose, which is not sufficient for
the treatment. For accurate assay of these kinds of drugs, different analytical methods were developed
ranging from older spectrophotometric techniques to latest hyphenated methods.
Results:
The current review highlights the role of different analytical techniques that were employed in
the determination and identification of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. Techniques such as
spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas
chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry employed in the method development of
such antipsychotic drugs were reported in the review. Different metabolites, identified using the hyphenated
techniques, were also mentioned in the review. The synthesis pathways of few of the metabolites
were mentioned.
Conclusion:
The review summarizes the analyses of different antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites.
A brief introduction of illnesses and their symptoms and possible medications were highlighted. Synthesis
pathways of the associated metabolites were also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibur Rahman
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No. 10099, Zip Code–31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - S.K. Manirul Haque
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No 10099, Zip Code- 31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Karpouzian-Rogers T, Stocks J, Meltzer HY, Reilly JL. The effect of high vs. low dose lurasidone on eye movement biomarkers of prefrontal abilities in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:314-321. [PMID: 31706786 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eye movement (EM) measures can serve as biomarkers to evaluate pharmacological effects on brain systems involved in cognition. In recent onset schizophrenia, antipsychotic treatment can improve attentional control on the antisaccade task and exacerbate working memory impairment on the memory guided saccade task; effects in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) are less clear. This study evaluated the effects of high versus low dose lurasidone on EM performance in TRS. METHODS TRS patients completed EM testing: 1) at baseline, on existing medication regimen (n = 42), 2) after 6 weeks of low dose (80 mg) lurasidone (n = 38), 3) after 12 weeks following randomization to low (80 mg) or high dose (240 mg) lurasidone (n = 27), and 4) after 24 weeks of treatment (n = 23). EM testing included prosaccade, antisaccade, and memory guided saccade tasks. RESULTS Six weeks of lurasidone resulted in increased prosaccade saccade latency and reduced antisaccade errors, with no change in memory guided saccade accuracy. After randomization, prosaccade and antisaccade latencies increased in only the high dose group, with no change in antisaccade errors in both groups. Memory guided saccade error increased in the high dose group and remained stable in the low dose group. CONCLUSION Among TRS, stabilization on low dose lurasidone was associated with improved executive control of attention reflected by reduced antisaccade errors. High dose lurasidone resulted in prolonged speed of reflexive and executive shifts of attention and reduced spatial working memory relative to low dose. These findings indicate that EM measures are helpful biomarkers of dose-dependent antipsychotic treatment effects on executive cognitive abilities in TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Karpouzian-Rogers
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Jane Stocks
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - James L Reilly
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Neuropharmacology beyond reductionism - A likely prospect. Biosystems 2015; 141:1-9. [PMID: 26723231 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropharmacology had several major past successes, but the last few decades did not witness any leap forward in the drug treatment of brain disorders. Moreover, current drugs used in neurology and psychiatry alleviate the symptoms, while hardly curing any cause of disease, basically because the etiology of most neuro-psychic syndromes is but poorly known. This review argues that this largely derives from the unbalanced prevalence in neuroscience of the analytic reductionist approach, focused on the cellular and molecular level, while the understanding of integrated brain activities remains flimsier. The decline of drug discovery output in the last decades, quite obvious in neuropharmacology, coincided with the advent of the single target-focused search of potent ligands selective for a well-defined protein, deemed critical in a given pathology. However, all the widespread neuro-psychic troubles are multi-mechanistic and polygenic, their complex etiology making unsuited the single-target drug discovery. An evolving approach, based on systems biology considers that a disease expresses a disturbance of the network of interactions underlying organismic functions, rather than alteration of single molecular components. Accordingly, systems pharmacology seeks to restore a disturbed network via multi-targeted drugs. This review notices that neuropharmacology in fact relies on drugs which are multi-target, this feature having occurred just because those drugs were selected by phenotypic screening in vivo, or emerged from serendipitous clinical observations. The novel systems pharmacology aims, however, to devise ab initio multi-target drugs that will appropriately act on multiple molecular entities. Though this is a task much more complex than the single-target strategy, major informatics resources and computational tools for the systemic approach of drug discovery are already set forth and their rapid progress forecasts promising outcomes for neuropharmacology.
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Renoir T. New frontiers in the neuropsychopharmacology of mental illness. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:212. [PMID: 25278898 PMCID: PMC4166207 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Renoir
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Uehara T, Matsuoka T, Sumiyoshi T. Tandospirone, a 5-HT1A partial agonist, ameliorates aberrant lactate production in the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to blockade of N-methy-D-aspartate receptors; Toward the therapeutics of cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:291. [PMID: 25232308 PMCID: PMC4153291 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Augmentation therapy with serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor partial agonists has been suggested to improve cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. Decreased activity of prefrontal cortex may provide a basis for cognitive deficits of the disease. Lactate plays a significant role in the supply of energy to the brain, and glutamatergic neurotransmission contributes to lactate production. Objectives and methods: The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of repeated administration (once a daily for 4 days) of tandospirone (0.05 or 5 mg/kg) on brain energy metabolism, as represented by extracellular lactate concentration (eLAC) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of a rat model of schizophrenia. Results: Four-day treatment with MK-801, an NMDA-R antagonist, prolonged eLAC elevation induced by foot-shock stress (FS). Co-administration with the high-dose tandospirone suppressed prolonged FS-induced eLAC elevation in rats receiving MK-801, whereas tandospirone by itself did not affected eLAC increment. Conclusions: These results suggest that stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors ameliorates abnormalities of energy metabolism in the mPFC due to blockade of NMDA receptors. These findings provide a possible mechanism, based on brain energy metabolism, by which 5-HT1A agonism improve cognitive impairment of schizophrenia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ucninada-cho Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tadasu Matsuoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Matsuoka Hospital Oyabe, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Clinical Research Promotion, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo, Japan
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Bhargava K, Nath R, Seth PK, Pant KK, Dixit RK. Molecular Docking studies of D2 Dopamine receptor with Risperidone derivatives. Bioinformation 2014; 10:8-12. [PMID: 24516319 PMCID: PMC3916812 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, 3D model of D2 dopamine receptor was determined by comparative homology modeling program MODELLER. The
computed model's energy was minimized and validated using PROCHECK and Errat tool to obtain a stable model structure and
was submitted in Protein Model Database (PMDB-ID: PM0079251). Stable model was used for molecular docking against
Risperidone and their 15 derivatives using AutoDock 4.2, which resulted in energy-based descriptors such as Binding Energy,
Ligand Efficiency, Inhib Constant, Intermol energy, vdW + Hbond + desolv Energy, Electrostatic Energy, Total Internal Energy and
Torsional Energy. After that, we have built quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model, which was trained and tested
on Risperidone and their 15 derivatives having activity value pKi in µM. For QSAR modeling, Multiple Linear Regression model
was engendered using energy-based descriptors yielding correlation coefficient r2 of 0.513. To assess the predictive performance of
QSAR models, different cross-validation procedures were adopted. Our results suggests that ligand-receptor binding interactions
for D2 employing QSAR modeling seems to be a promising approach for prediction of pKi value of novel antagonists against D2
receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bhargava
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University Erstwhile CSMMU, Lucknow 226003, UP,India
| | - Rajendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University Erstwhile CSMMU, Lucknow 226003, UP,India
| | | | - Kamlesh Kumar Pant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University Erstwhile CSMMU, Lucknow 226003, UP,India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Dixit
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University Erstwhile CSMMU, Lucknow 226003, UP,India
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Sumiyoshi T, Higuchi Y, Uehara T. Neural basis for the ability of atypical antipsychotic drugs to improve cognition in schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:140. [PMID: 24137114 PMCID: PMC3797421 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are considered to largely affect functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia, other psychotic illnesses, or mood disorders. Specifically, there is much attention to the role of psychotropic compounds acting on serotonin (5-HT) receptors in ameliorating cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. It is noteworthy that atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs), e.g., clozapine, melperone, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, perospirone, blonanserin, and lurasidone, have variable affinities for these receptors. Among the 5-HT receptor subtypes, the 5-HT1A receptor is attracting particular interests as a potential target for enhancing cognition, based on preclinical and clinical evidence. The neural network underlying the ability of 5-HT1A agonists to treat cognitive impairments of schizophrenia likely includes dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons. A novel strategy for cognitive enhancement in psychosis may be benefited by focusing on energy metabolism in the brain. In this context, lactate plays a major role, and has been shown to protect neurons against oxidative and other stressors. In particular, our data indicate chronic treatment with tandospirone, a partial 5-HT1A agonist, recover stress-induced lactate production in the prefrontal cortex of a rat model of schizophrenia. Recent advances of electrophysiological measures, e.g., event-related potentials, and their imaging have provided insights into facilitative effects on cognition of some AAPDs acting directly or indirectly on 5-HT1A receptors. These findings are expected to promote the development of novel therapeutics for the improvement of functional outcome in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira , Tokyo , Japan
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