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Khoshdooz S, Abbasi H, Abbasi MM. Iron-Status Indicators and HFE Gene Polymorphisms in Individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses and Systematic Reviews. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04391-2. [PMID: 39317854 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons. Recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews suggest that HFE gene polymorphisms and iron-associated biomarkers may play a key role in the risk and occurrence of ALS. This umbrella study aimed to explore the roles of HFE gene polymorphisms and iron-associated biomarkers in individuals with ALS. A thorough search of three online scientific databases, namely Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, was conducted from their inception until September 13, 2024. The screening and selection processes were executed based on the PICO framework and eligibility criteria, followed by two independent reviewers. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR)-2 and GRADE tools were utilized to assess the methodological quality and the certainty of evidence. Through an advanced search, 101 records were retrieved, of which eight meta-analyses and systematic reviews were selected for this umbrella review. A significant increase in iron concentrations was found in individuals with ALS compared to healthy controls (SMD, 0.26; 95% CI - 0.05, 0.57). Conversely, selected meta-analyses reported that serum transferrin concentrations in ALS patients were lower compared to healthy controls (SMD, - 0.15; 95% CI - 0.36, 0.05). Furthermore, mutations in H63D polymorphisms resulted in a 13% significant increase in the risk of ALS (OR, 1.13; 95% CI 1.05, 1.22). Our umbrella study of meta-analyses and systematic reviews reveals that individuals with ALS have lower serum concentrations of transferrin compared to healthy controls. Additionally, the H63D polymorphism in the HFE gene is associated with a slight increase in the risk of ALS. Future research should investigate broader aspects of iron-related biomarkers and HFE genes to elucidate their roles in ALS pathogenesis. Registration: Our umbrella study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the identification number CRD42024559032 ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024559032 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khoshdooz
- Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Science, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamid Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liang W, Zhou B, Miao Z, Liu X, Liu S. Abnormality in Peripheral and Brain Iron Contents and the Relationship with Grey Matter Volumes in Major Depressive Disorder. Nutrients 2024; 16:2073. [PMID: 38999819 PMCID: PMC11243628 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental illness globally, yet its etiology remains largely elusive. Recent interest in the scientific community has focused on the correlation between the disruption of iron homeostasis and MDD. Prior studies have revealed anomalous levels of iron in both peripheral blood and the brain of MDD patients; however, these findings are not consistent. This study involved 95 MDD patients aged 18-35 and 66 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) who underwent 3D-T1 and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) sequence scans to assess grey matter volume (GMV) and brain iron concentration, respectively. Plasma ferritin (pF) levels were measured in a subset of 49 MDD individuals and 41 HCs using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whose blood data were simultaneously collected. We hypothesize that morphological brain changes in MDD patients are related to abnormal regulation of iron levels in the brain and periphery. Multimodal canonical correlation analysis plus joint independent component analysis (MCCA+jICA) algorithm was mainly used to investigate the covariation patterns between the brain iron concentration and GMV. The results of "MCCA+jICA" showed that the QSM values in bilateral globus pallidus and caudate nucleus of MDD patients were lower than HCs. While in the bilateral thalamus and putamen, the QSM values in MDD patients were higher than in HCs. The GMV values of these brain regions showed a significant positive correlation with QSM. The GMV values of bilateral putamen were found to be increased in MDD patients compared with HCs. A small portion of the thalamus showed reduced GMV values in MDD patients compared to HCs. Furthermore, the region of interest (ROI)-based comparison results in the basal ganglia structures align with the outcomes obtained from the "MCCA+jICA" analysis. The ELISA results indicated that the levels of pF in MDD patients were higher than those in HCs. Correlation analysis revealed that the increase in pF was positively correlated with the iron content in the left thalamus. Finally, the covariation patterns obtained from "MCCA+jICA" analysis as classification features effectively differentiated MDD patients from HCs in the support vector machine (SVM) model. Our findings indicate that elevated peripheral ferritin in MDD patients may disrupt the normal metabolism of iron in the brain, leading to abnormal changes in brain iron levels and GMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute for Sectional Anatomy and Digital Human, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongyan Miao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute for Sectional Anatomy and Digital Human, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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Li C, Zhou L, Yin X. Pathophysiological aspects of transferrin-A potential nano-based drug delivery signaling molecule in therapeutic target for varied diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1342181. [PMID: 38500764 PMCID: PMC10944884 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1342181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf), widely known for its role as an iron-binding protein, exemplifies multitasking in biological processes. The role of Tf in iron metabolism involves both the uptake of iron from Tf by various cells, as well as the endocytosis mediated by the complex of Tf and the transferrin receptor (TfR). The direct conjugation of the therapeutic compound and immunotoxin studies using Tf peptide or anti-Tf receptor antibodies as targeting moieties aims to prolong drug circulation time and augment efficient cellular drug uptake, diminish systemic toxicity, traverse the blood-brain barrier, restrict systemic exposure, overcome multidrug resistance, and enhance therapeutic efficacy with disease specificity. This review primarily discusses the various biological actions of Tf, as well as the development of Tf-targeted nano-based drug delivery systems. The goal is to establish the use of Tf as a disease-targeting component, accentuating the potential therapeutic applications of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Basic Medical College, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liya Zhou
- Basic Medical College, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xunzhe Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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Lima IS, Pêgo AC, Martins AC, Prada AR, Barros JT, Martins G, Gozzelino R. Gut Dysbiosis: A Target for Protective Interventions against Parkinson’s Disease. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040880. [PMID: 37110302 PMCID: PMC10146107 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-chronic inflammation, caused by age-related dysbiosis, primes the brain to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence revealed that Parkinson’s disease (PD) might originate in the gut, demonstrating gastro-intestinal disturbances, as reported by PD patients long before developing motor symptoms. In this study, we conducted comparative analyses in relatively young and old mice maintained in conventional or gnotobiotic conditions. We aimed to confirm that the effects induced by age-related dysbiosis, rather than aging itself, sensitize to PD onset. This hypothesis was confirmed in germ-free (GF) mice, which proved resistant to the pharmacological induction of PD, regardless of their age. Contrary to conventional animals, old GF mice did not develop an inflammatory phenotype or an accumulation of iron in the brain, two catalysts sensitizing to disease onset. The resistance of GF mice to PD is reverted when colonized with stool collected from conventional old animals, but not if receiving bacterial content from young mice. Hence, changes in gut microbiota composition are a risk factor for PD development and can be targeted preventively by iron chelators, shown to protect the brain from pro-inflammatory intestinal priming that sensitizes to neuroinflammation and the development of severe PD.
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Feng X, Hu W, Hong Y, Ruan L, Hu Y, Liu D. Taurine Ameliorates Iron Overload-Induced Hepatocyte Injury via the Bcl-2/VDAC1-Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4135752. [PMID: 35879990 PMCID: PMC9308541 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4135752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and liver damage. Taurine can reduce ROS production and ameliorate liver injury caused by iron overload; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Herein, L02 cells treated with 120 μM iron dextran for 48 h showed marked oxidative stress damage and significantly increased apoptosis. Taurine protected hepatocytes by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes and resisting oxidative stress damage caused by iron overload. However, transfection with siRNA Bcl-2 virus abrogated the observed protective effects. Following treatment with taurine, B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) could inhibit the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), subsequently stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential by interacting with voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) of mPTP. The present study is the first to clarify the mechanism underlying taurine-afforded hepatocyte protection against iron overload-induced oxidative stress via Bcl-2-mediated inhibition of mPTP opening and the antiapoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Feng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiujiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiujiang 332900, China
| | - Yujiao Hong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Linlin Ruan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yueben Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
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Staneviciene I, Sulinskiene J, Sadauskiene I, Liekis A, Ruzgaite A, Naginiene R, Baranauskiene D, Simakauskiene V, Krusnauskas R, Viezeliene D. Effect of Selenium on the Iron Homeostasis and Oxidative Damage in Brain and Liver of Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071216. [PMID: 35883707 PMCID: PMC9311717 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element that maintains normal brain function, mainly due its antioxidant properties. Although the amount of Se in the body is tightly regulated by the liver, both an excess of and deficiency in Se can modulate the cellular redox status and affect the homeostasis of other essential elements for both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inorganic selenium excess on oxidative stress and iron homeostasis in brain and liver of laboratory BALB/c mice, which were supplemented with Na2SeO3 solution (0.2 mg and 0.4 mg Se/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. The content of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme catalase activity/gene expression were used as markers of oxidative damage and were evaluated by spectrophotometric assays. Selenium and iron concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Catalase gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR and ΔΔCt methods. Our results showed that doses of 0.2 mg Se and 0.4 mg Se caused a relatively low accumulation of Se in the brain of mice; however, it induced a 10-fold increase in its accumulation in the liver and also increased iron accumulation in both tested organs. Both doses of Se increased the content of malondialdehyde as well as decreased catalase activity in the liver, while the 0.4 mg Se dose has also activated catalase gene expression. Brain of mice exposed to 0.2 mg Se showed reduced lipid peroxidation; however, the exposure to 0.4 mg of Se increased the catalase activity as well as gene expression. One may conclude that exposure to both doses of Se caused the accumulation of this micronutrient in mice brain and liver and have also provided a disrupting effect on the levels of iron. Both doses of Se have triggered oxidative liver damage. In the brain, the effect of Se was dose dependent, where −0.2 mg of Se provided antioxidant activity, which was observed through a decrease in lipid peroxidation. On the contrary, the 0.4 mg dose increased brain catalase activity as well as gene expression, which may have contributed to maintaining brain lipid peroxidation at the control level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Staneviciene
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus St. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.S.); (I.S.); (A.R.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jurgita Sulinskiene
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus St. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.S.); (I.S.); (A.R.); (D.V.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.L.); (R.N.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Ilona Sadauskiene
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus St. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.S.); (I.S.); (A.R.); (D.V.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.L.); (R.N.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Arunas Liekis
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.L.); (R.N.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Ausrine Ruzgaite
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus St. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.S.); (I.S.); (A.R.); (D.V.)
| | - Rima Naginiene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.L.); (R.N.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Dale Baranauskiene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.L.); (R.N.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Vaida Simakauskiene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.L.); (R.N.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Raulas Krusnauskas
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.L.); (R.N.); (D.B.); (V.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Dale Viezeliene
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus St. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.S.); (I.S.); (A.R.); (D.V.)
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Correnti M, Gammella E, Cairo G, Recalcati S. Iron Mining for Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105341. [PMID: 35628152 PMCID: PMC9140467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is necessary for essential processes in every cell of the body, but the erythropoietic compartment is a privileged iron consumer. In fact, as a necessary component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, iron assures oxygen distribution; therefore, a considerable amount of iron is required daily for hemoglobin synthesis and erythroid cell proliferation. Therefore, a tight link exists between iron metabolism and erythropoiesis. The liver-derived hormone hepcidin, which controls iron homeostasis via its interaction with the iron exporter ferroportin, coordinates erythropoietic activity and iron homeostasis. When erythropoiesis is enhanced, iron availability to the erythron is mainly ensured by inhibiting hepcidin expression, thereby increasing ferroportin-mediated iron export from both duodenal absorptive cells and reticuloendothelial cells that process old and/or damaged red blood cells. Erythroferrone, a factor produced and secreted by erythroid precursors in response to erythropoietin, has been identified and characterized as a suppressor of hepcidin synthesis to allow iron mobilization and facilitate erythropoiesis.
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Can Nutrients and Dietary Supplements Potentially Improve Cognitive Performance Also in Esports? Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020186. [PMID: 35206801 PMCID: PMC8872051 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors influencing brain function and cognitive performance can be critical to athletic performance of esports athletes. This review aims to discuss the potential beneficial effects of micronutrients, i.e., vitamins, minerals and biologically active substances on cognitive functions of e-athletes. Minerals (iodine, zinc, iron, magnesium) and vitamins (B vitamins, vitamins E, D, and C) are significant factors that positively influence cognitive functions. Prevention of deficiencies of the listed ingredients and regular examinations can support cognitive processes. The beneficial effects of caffeine, creatine, and probiotics have been documented so far. There are many plant products, herbal extracts, or phytonutrients that have been shown to affect precognitive activity, but more research is needed. Beetroot juice and nootropics can also be essential nutrients for cognitive performance. For the sake of players’ eyesight, it would be useful to use lutein, which, in addition to improving vision and protecting against eye diseases, can also affect cognitive functions. In supporting the physical and mental abilities of e-athletes the base is a well-balanced diet with adequate hydration. There is a lack of sufficient evidence that has investigated the relationship between dietary effects and improved performance in esports. Therefore, there is a need for randomized controlled trials involving esports players.
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Xue X, Ren S, Yang X, Masoudi A, Hu Y, Wang X, Li H, Zhang X, Wang M, Wang H, Liu J. Protein regulation strategies of the mouse spleen in response to Babesia microti infection. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:61. [PMID: 33468223 PMCID: PMC7814643 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia is a protozoan parasite that infects red blood cells in some vertebrates. Some species of Babesia can induce zoonoses and cause considerable harm. As the largest immune organ in mammals, the spleen plays an important role in defending against Babesia infection. When infected with Babesia, the spleen is seriously injured but still actively initiates immunomodulatory responses. METHODS To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune regulation and self-repair of the spleen in response to infection, this study used data-independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative proteomics to analyse changes in expression levels of global proteins and in phosphorylation modification in spleen tissue after Babesia microti infection in mice. RESULTS After mice were infected with B. microti, their spleens were seriously damaged. Using bioinformatics methods to analyse dynamic changes in a large number of proteins, we found that the spleen still initiated immune responses to combat the infection, with immune-related proteins playing an important role, including cathepsin D (CTSD), interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44), interleukin-2 enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2), interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 (ILF3) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A). In addition, some proteins related to iron metabolism were also involved in the repair of the spleen after B. microti infection, including serotransferrin, lactoferrin, transferrin receptor protein 1 (TfR1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). At the same time, the expression and phosphorylation of proteins related to the growth and development of the spleen also changed, including protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 3/1, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2). CONCLUSIONS Immune-related proteins, iron metabolism-related proteins and growth and development-related proteins play an important role in the regulation of spleen injury and maintenance of homeostasis. This study provides an important basis for the diagnosis and treatment of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xue
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Ren
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Abolfazl Masoudi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,Instrumental Analysis Center, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjing Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Khoshlahni N, Sagha M, Mirzapour T, Zarif MN, Mohammadzadeh-Vardin M. Iron depletion with deferoxamine protects bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:1059-1069. [PMID: 32729002 PMCID: PMC7591652 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent cells with self-renewal properties, making them an ideal candidate for regenerative medicine. Recently, numerous studies show that about more than 99% of transplanted cells are destroyed because of the stressful microenvironment. Meanwhile, in the target organs, iron overload can produce oxidative stress introducing it as the most important stress factor. The present study was aimed at increasing BM-MSCs' viability against oxidative stress microenvironment using iron depletion by deferoxamine (DFO). Mesenchymal stem cells are isolated and characterized from rat bone marrow. Then, the sensitivity of BM-MSCs against H2O2-induced oxidative stress was evaluated through half of the inhibitory concentration (IC50) estimation by using MTT assay. The maximum non-inhibitory concentration of DFO on BM-MSCs was determined. The next step was the comparison between DFO pre-treated BM-MSCs and untreated cells against H2O2-induced apoptosis. BM-MSCs were identified with morphologic and flow cytometry analysis. IC50 of H2O2 was determined as 0.55 mM at 4 h. Also, the maximum non-inhibitory concentration of DFO was ascertained as 5 μM at 48 h. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with DFO significantly potentiates BM-MSCs against H2O2-induced oxidative stress which was confirmed by MTT assay, AO/EB double staining, DAPI staining, and activated caspase 3 quantification as well as western blot test. Expression of cleaved caspase 3 and pAKT/AKT ratio obviously demonstrated DFO can resist the cells against cytotoxicity. These findings may help to develop better stem cell culture medium for MSC-based cell therapy. Moreover, regulation of cell stress can be used in practical subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Khoshlahni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sagha
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Tooba Mirzapour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahin Nikougoftar Zarif
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadzadeh-Vardin
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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11
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TfR1 Extensively Regulates the Expression of Genes Associated with Ion Transport and Immunity. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:493-501. [PMID: 32681254 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), encoded by the TFRC gene, is the gatekeeper of cellular iron uptake for cells. A variety of molecular mechanisms are at work to tightly regulate TfR1 expression, and abnormal TfR1 expression has been associated with various diseases. In the current study, to determine the regulation pattern of TfR1, we cloned and overexpressed the human TFRC gene in HeLa cells. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to analyze the global transcript levels in overexpressed (OE) and normal control (NC) samples. A total of 1669 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between OE and NC. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was carried out to explore the functions of the DEGs. It was found that multiple DEGs were associated with ion transport and immunity. Moreover, the regulatory network was constructed on basis of DEGs associated with ion transport and immunity, highlighting that TFRC was the node gene of the network. These results together suggested that precisely controlled TfR1 expression might be not only essential for iron homeostasis, but also globally important for cell physiology, including ion transport and immunity.
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12
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Serhan M, Jackemeyer D, Long M, Sprowls M, Diez Perez I, Maret W, Chen F, Tao N, Forzani E. Total Iron Measurement in Human Serum With a Novel Smartphone-Based Assay. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2020; 8:2800309. [PMID: 32832281 PMCID: PMC7433848 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2020.3005308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Abnormally low or high blood iron levels are common health conditions worldwide and can seriously affect an individual's overall well-being. A low-cost point-of-care technology that measures blood iron markers with a goal of both preventing and treating iron-related disorders represents a significant advancement in medical care delivery systems. Methods: A novel assay equipped with an accurate, storable, and robust dry sensor strip, as well as a smartphone mount and (iPhone) app is used to measure total iron in human serum. The sensor strip has a vertical flow design and is based on an optimized chemical reaction. The reaction strips iron ions from blood-transport proteins, reduces Fe(III) to Fe(II), and chelates Fe(II) with ferene, with the change indicated by a blue color on the strip. The smartphone mount is robust and controls the light source of the color reading App, which is calibrated to obtain output iron concentration results. The real serum samples are then used to assess iron concentrations from the new assay, and validated through intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory experiments. The intra-laboratory validation uses an optimized iron detection assay with multi-well plate spectrophotometry. The inter-laboratory validation method is performed in a commercial testing facility (LabCorp). Results: The novel assay with the dry sensor strip and smartphone mount, and App is seen to be sensitive to iron detection with a dynamic range of 50 - [Formula: see text]/dL, sensitivity of 0.00049 a.u/[Formula: see text]/dL, coefficient of variation (CV) of 10.5%, and an estimated detection limit of [Formula: see text]/dL These analytical specifications are useful for predicting iron deficiency and overloads. The optimized reference method has a sensitivity of 0.00093 a.u/[Formula: see text]/dL and CV of 2.2%. The correlation of serum iron concentrations (N = 20) between the optimized reference method and the novel assay renders a slope of 0.95, and a regression coefficient of 0.98, suggesting that the new assay is accurate. Last, a spectrophotometric study of the iron detection reaction kinetics is seen to reveal the reaction order for iron and chelating agent. Conclusion: The new assay is able to provide accurate results in intra- and inter- laboraty validations, and has promising features of both mobility and low-cost manufacturing suitable for global healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang Chen
- Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA
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13
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Implications of Oxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence in Age-Related Thymus Involution. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7986071. [PMID: 32089780 PMCID: PMC7025075 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7986071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human thymus is a primary lymphoepithelial organ which supports the production of self-tolerant T cells with competent and regulatory functions. Paradoxically, despite the crucial role that it exerts in T cell-mediated immunity and prevention of systemic autoimmunity, the thymus is the first organ of the body that exhibits age-associated degeneration/regression, termed “thymic involution.” A hallmark of this early phenomenon is a progressive decline of thymic mass as well as a decreased output of naïve T cells, thus resulting in impaired immune response. Importantly, thymic involution has been recently linked with cellular senescence which is a stress response induced by various stimuli. Accumulation of senescent cells in tissues has been implicated in aging and a plethora of age-related diseases. In addition, several lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress, a well-established trigger of senescence, is also involved in thymic involution, thus highlighting a possible interplay between oxidative stress, senescence, and thymic involution.
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14
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Ferreira A, Neves P, Gozzelino R. Multilevel Impacts of Iron in the Brain: The Cross Talk between Neurophysiological Mechanisms, Cognition, and Social Behavior. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030126. [PMID: 31470556 PMCID: PMC6789770 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a critical element for most organisms, which plays a fundamental role in the great majority of physiological processes. So much so, that disruption of iron homeostasis has severe multi-organ impacts with the brain being particularly sensitive to such modifications. More specifically, disruption of iron homeostasis in the brain can affect neurophysiological mechanisms, cognition, and social behavior, which eventually contributes to the development of a diverse set of neuro-pathologies. This article starts by exploring the mechanisms of iron action in the brain and follows with a discussion on cognitive and behavioral implications of iron deficiency and overload and how these are framed by the social context. Subsequently, we scrutinize the implications of the disruption of iron homeostasis for the onset and progression of psychosocial disorders. Lastly, we discuss the links between biological, psychological, and social dimensions and outline potential avenues of research. The study of these interactions could ultimately contribute to a broader understanding of how individuals think and act under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferreira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais (CICS.NOVA), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (NOVA FCSH), 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Neves
- School of Business and Economics, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2775-405 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raffaella Gozzelino
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC)/NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1180-052, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Gammella E, Buratti P, Cairo G, Recalcati S. The transferrin receptor: the cellular iron gate. Metallomics 2018; 9:1367-1375. [PMID: 28671201 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transferrin receptor (TfR1), which mediates cellular iron uptake through clathrin-dependent endocytosis of iron-loaded transferrin, plays a key role in iron homeostasis. Since the number of TfR1 molecules at the cell surface is the rate-limiting step for iron entry into cells and is essential to prevent iron overload, TfR1 expression is precisely controlled at multiple levels. In this review, we have discussed the latest advances in the molecular regulation of TfR1 expression and we have considered current understanding of TfR1 function beyond its canonical role in providing iron for erythroid precursors and rapidly proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gammella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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16
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Quintela-Carvalho G, Luz NF, Celes FS, Zanette DL, Andrade D, Menezes D, Tavares NM, Brodskyn CI, Prates DB, Gonçalves MS, de Oliveira CI, Almeida RP, Bozza MT, Andrade BB, Borges VM. Heme Drives Oxidative Stress-Associated Cell Death in Human Neutrophils Infected with Leishmania infantum. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1620. [PMID: 29218050 PMCID: PMC5703736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Free heme is an inflammatory molecule capable of inducing migration and activation of neutrophils. Here, we examine the heme-driven oxidative stress-associated cell death mechanisms in human neutrophils infected with Leishmania infantum, an etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We first performed exploratory analyses in a population of well characterized treatment-naïve VL patients as well as uninfected controls, who were part of previously reported studies. We noted a positive correlation between serum concentrations of heme with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and lactate deydrogenase, as well as, a negative correlation between heme values and peripheral blood neutrophils counts. Moreover, in vitro infection with L. infantum in the presence of heme enhanced parasite burden in neutrophils, while increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and release of neutrophilic enzymes. Additional experiments demonstrated that treatment of infected neutrophils with ferrous iron (Fe+2), a key component of the heme molecule, resulted in increased parasite survival without affecting neutrophil activation status. Furthermore, stimulation of infected neutrophils with heme triggered substantial increases in HO-1 mRNA expression as well as in superoxide dismutase-1 enzymatic activity. Heme, but not Fe+2, induced oxidative stress-associated cell death. These findings indicate that heme promotes intracellular L. infantum survival via activation of neutrophil function and oxidative stress. This study opens new perspectives for the understanding of immunopathogenic mechanisms involving neutrophils in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Quintela-Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IFBaiano), Santa Inês, Brazil
| | - Nívea F Luz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fabiana S Celes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Dalila L Zanette
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniela Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Diego Menezes
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa (ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Natália M Tavares
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Deboraci B Prates
- Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marilda S Gonçalves
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Bozza
- Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil.,Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valeria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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17
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18
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Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:399-430. [PMID: 27939167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. Additionally, even though iron is abundant, it is largely insoluble so cells must treat biologically available iron as a valuable commodity. Thus elaborate mechanisms have evolved to absorb, re-cycle and store iron while minimizing toxicity. Focusing on rarely encountered situations, most of the existing literature suggests that iron toxicity is common. A more nuanced examination clearly demonstrates that existing regulatory processes are more than adequate to limit the toxicity of iron even in response to iron overload. Only under pathological or artificially harsh situations of exposure to excess iron does it become problematic. Here we review iron metabolism and its toxicity as well as the literature demonstrating that intracellular iron is not toxic but a stress responsive programmed cell death-inducing second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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The effect of pasteurization on trace elements in donor breast milk. J Perinatol 2016; 36:897-900. [PMID: 27253894 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Premature infants often receive pasteurized donor human milk when mothers are unable to provide their own milk. This study aims to establish the effect of the pasteurization process on a range of trace elements in donor milk. STUDY DESIGN Breast milk was collected from 16 mothers donating to the milk bank at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Samples were divided into pre- and post-pasteurization aliquots and were Holder pasteurized. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to analyze the trace elements zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), iodine (I), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo) and bromine (Br). Differences in trace elements pre- and post-pasteurization were analyzed. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the trace elements tested pre- and post-pasteurization, except for Fe (P<0.05). The median (interquartile range, 25 to 75%; μg l(-1)) of trace elements for pre- and post- pasteurization aliquots were-Zn: 1639 (888-4508), 1743 (878-4143), Cu: 360 (258-571), 367 (253-531), Se: 12.34 (11.73-17.60), 12.62 (11.94-16.64), Mn: (1.48 (1.01-1.75), 1.49 (1.11-1.75), I (153 (94-189), 158 (93-183), Fe (211 (171-277), 194 (153-253), Mo (1.46 (0.37-2.99), 1.42 (0.29-3.73) and Br (1066 (834-1443), 989 (902-1396). CONCLUSIONS Pasteurization had minimal effect on several trace elements in donor breast milk but high levels of inter-donor variability of trace elements were observed. The observed decrease in the iron content of pasteurized donor milk is, however, unlikely to be clinically relevant.
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20
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Gozzelino R, Arosio P. Iron Homeostasis in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E130. [PMID: 26805813 PMCID: PMC4730371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is required for the survival of most organisms, including bacteria, plants, and humans. Its homeostasis in mammals must be fine-tuned to avoid iron deficiency with a reduced oxygen transport and diminished activity of Fe-dependent enzymes, and also iron excess that may catalyze the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The advance in understanding the main players and mechanisms involved in iron regulation significantly improved since the discovery of genes responsible for hemochromatosis, the IRE/IRPs machinery, and the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. This review provides an update on the molecular mechanisms regulating cellular and systemic Fe homeostasis and their roles in pathophysiologic conditions that involve alterations of iron metabolism, and provides novel therapeutic strategies to prevent the deleterious effect of its deficiency/overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Gozzelino
- Inflammation and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School (NMS)/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1150-082, Portugal.
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMMT), University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy.
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