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Tian X, Yan T, Liu F, Liu Q, Zhao J, Xiong H, Jiang S. Link of sorafenib resistance with the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanistic insights. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991052. [PMID: 36071839 PMCID: PMC9441942 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic properties, is the first-line treatment for patients with late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the therapeutic effect remains limited due to sorafenib resistance. Only about 30% of HCC patients respond well to the treatment, and the resistance almost inevitably happens within 6 months. Thus, it is critical to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and identify effective approaches to improve the therapeutic outcome. According to recent studies, tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune escape play critical roles in tumor occurrence, metastasis and anti-cancer drug resistance. The relevant mechanisms were focusing on hypoxia, tumor-associated immune-suppressive cells, and immunosuppressive molecules. In this review, we focus on sorafenib resistance and its relationship with liver cancer immune microenvironment, highlighting the importance of breaking sorafenib resistance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Tian
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tinghao Yan
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qingbin Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Basic Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Huabao Xiong, ; Shulong Jiang,
| | - Shulong Jiang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Huabao Xiong, ; Shulong Jiang,
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Goldoni I, Ibelli AMG, Fernandes LT, Peixoto JDO, Hul LM, Cantão ME, Gouveia JJDS, Ledur MC. Comprehensive Analyses of Bone and Cartilage Transcriptomes Evince Ion Transport, Inflammation and Cartilage Development-Related Genes Involved in Chickens’ Femoral Head Separation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060788. [PMID: 35327184 PMCID: PMC8944783 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Femoral head necrosis (FHN) and other locomotor problems cause severe impacts on the poultry industry due to huge economic losses and reduced animal welfare. Femoral head separation (FHS), the initial phase of FHN, is usually a subclinical condition characterized by the detachment of articular cartilage from the bone. In this study, we aimed to identify genes and biological processes involved with FHS in broilers. A better understanding of the FHS molecular mechanisms can help to develop strategies to reduce this condition in chickens. Here, we described several genes that have their expression altered in the articular cartilage and femur when normal and FHS-affected animals were compared. Furthermore, genetic variants were found differing between the studied groups. Therefore, performing an integrated analysis of these datasets, we were able to detect genes and variants related to FHS in chickens. Some of them, such as SLC4A1, RHAG, ANK1, MKNK2, SPTB, ADA, C7 and EPB420 genes were highlighted and should be further explored to validate them as candidates to FHS and FHN in chickens and possibly in humans. Abstract Femoral head separation (FHS) is usually a subclinical condition characterized by the detachment of articular cartilage from the bone. In this study, a comprehensive analysis identifying shared and exclusive expression profiles, biological processes (BP) and variants related to FHS in the femoral articular cartilage and growth plate in chickens was performed through RNA sequencing analysis. Thirty-six differentially expressed (DE) genes were shared between femoral articular cartilage (AC) and growth plate (GP) tissues. Out of those, 23 genes were enriched in BP related to ion transport, translation factors and immune response. Seventy genes were DE exclusively in the AC and 288 in the GP. Among the BP of AC, the response against bacteria can be highlighted, and for the GP tissue, the processes related to chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage development stand out. When the chicken DE genes were compared to other datasets, eight genes (SLC4A1, RHAG, ANK1, MKNK2, SPTB, ADA, C7 and EPB420) were shared between chickens and humans. Furthermore, 89 variants, including missense in the SPATS2L, PRKAB1 and TRIM25 genes, were identified between groups. Therefore, those genes should be more explored to validate them as candidates to FHS/FHN in chickens and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Goldoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, R. Salvatore Renna, 875, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (I.G.); (J.d.O.P.); (L.M.H.)
| | - Adriana Mércia Guaratini Ibelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, R. Salvatore Renna, 875, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (I.G.); (J.d.O.P.); (L.M.H.)
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Rodovia BR 153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (L.T.F.); (M.E.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.G.I.); (M.C.L.); Tel.: +55-49-3441-3217 (A.M.G.I.); +55-49-3441-0411 (M.C.L.)
| | - Lana Teixeira Fernandes
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Rodovia BR 153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (L.T.F.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Jane de Oliveira Peixoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, R. Salvatore Renna, 875, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (I.G.); (J.d.O.P.); (L.M.H.)
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Rodovia BR 153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (L.T.F.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Ludmila Mudri Hul
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, R. Salvatore Renna, 875, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (I.G.); (J.d.O.P.); (L.M.H.)
| | - Maurício Egídio Cantão
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Rodovia BR 153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (L.T.F.); (M.E.C.)
| | - João José de Simoni Gouveia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias no Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, UNIVASF, Rodovia BR 407, 12 Lote 543, Petrolina 56300-000, PE, Brazil;
| | - Mônica Corrêa Ledur
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Rodovia BR 153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (L.T.F.); (M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, UDESC-Oeste, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680E, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.M.G.I.); (M.C.L.); Tel.: +55-49-3441-3217 (A.M.G.I.); +55-49-3441-0411 (M.C.L.)
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Emadi A, Kapadia B, Bollino D, Bhandary B, Baer MR, Niyongere S, Strovel ET, Kaizer H, Chang E, Choi EY, Ma X, Tighe KM, Carter-Cooper B, Moses BS, Civin CI, Mahurkar A, Shetty AC, Gartenhaus RB, Kamangar F, Lapidus RG. Venetoclax and pegcrisantaspase for complex karyotype acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2021; 35:1907-1924. [PMID: 33199836 PMCID: PMC10976320 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complex karyotype acute myeloid leukemia (CK-AML) has a dismal outcome with current treatments, underscoring the need for new therapies. Here, we report synergistic anti-leukemic activity of the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax (Ven) and the asparaginase formulation Pegylated Crisantaspase (PegC) in CK-AML in vitro and in vivo. Ven-PegC combination inhibited growth of multiple AML cell lines and patient-derived primary CK-AML cells in vitro. In vivo, Ven-PegC showed potent reduction of leukemia burden and improved survival, compared with each agent alone, in a primary patient-derived CK-AML xenograft. Superiority of Ven-PegC, compared to single drugs, and, importantly, the clinically utilized Ven-azacitidine combination, was also demonstrated in vivo in CK-AML. We hypothesized that PegC-mediated plasma glutamine depletion inhibits 4EBP1 phosphorylation, decreases the expression of proteins such as MCL-1, whose translation is cap dependent, synergizing with the BCL-2 inhibitor Ven. Ven-PegC treatment decreased cellular MCL-1 protein levels in vitro by enhancing eIF4E-4EBP1 interaction on the cap-binding complex via glutamine depletion. In vivo, Ven-PegC treatment completely depleted plasma glutamine and asparagine and inhibited mRNA translation and cellular protein synthesis. Since this novel mechanistically-rationalized regimen combines two drugs already in use in acute leukemia treatment, we plan a clinical trial of the Ven-PegC combination in relapsed/refractory CK-AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Emadi
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Bandish Kapadia
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, USA
| | - Dominique Bollino
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Binny Bhandary
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria R Baer
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandrine Niyongere
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin T Strovel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Kaizer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chang
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eun Yong Choi
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinrong Ma
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kayla M Tighe
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Carter-Cooper
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Blake S Moses
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of Maryland Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Curt I Civin
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of Maryland Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anup Mahurkar
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amol C Shetty
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald B Gartenhaus
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, USA
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Fuchs O, Bokorova R. Preclinical Studies of PROTACs in Hematological Malignancies. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:7-22. [PMID: 33687890 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x21666210308111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Incorrectly expressed or mutated proteins associated with hematologic malignancies have been generally targeted by chemotherapy using small-molecule inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies. But the majority of these intracellular proteins are without active sites and antigens. PROTACs, proteolysis targeting chimeras, are bifunctional molecules designed to polyubiquitinate and degrade specific pathological proteins of interest (POIs) by hijacking the activity of E3-ubiquitin ligases for POI polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. This strategy utilizes the ubiquitin-proteasome system for the degradation of specific proteins in the cell. In many cases, including hematologic malignancies, inducing protein degradation as a therapeutic strategy offers therapeutic benefits over classical enzyme inhibition connected with resistance to inhibitors. Limitations of small-molecule inhibitors are shown. PROTACs can polyubiquitinate and mark for degradation of "undruggable"proteins, e.g. transcription factor STAT3 and scaffold proteins. Today, this technology is used in preclinical studies in various hematologic malignancies, mainly for targeting drug-resistant bromodomain and extraterminal proteins and Bruton tyrosine kinase. Several mechanisms limiting selectivity and safety of PROTAC molecules function are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ota Fuchs
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Bokorova
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
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Perez DR, Sklar LA, Chigaev A, Matlawska-Wasowska K. Drug repurposing for targeting cyclic nucleotide transporters in acute leukemias - A missed opportunity. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 68:199-208. [PMID: 32044470 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While current treatment regimens for acute leukemia can dramatically improve patient survival, there remains room for improvement. Due to its roles in cell differentiation, cell survival, and apoptotic signaling, modulation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway has provided a meaningful target in hematological malignancies. Several studies have demonstrated that gene expression profiles associated with increased pro-survival cAMP activity or downregulation of various pro-apoptotic factors associated with the cAMP pathway are apparent in acute leukemia patients. Previous work to increase leukemia cell intracellular cAMP focused on the use of cAMP analogs, stimulating cAMP production via transmembrane-associated adenylyl cyclases, or decreasing cAMP degradation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity. However, targeting cyclic nucleotide efflux by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represents an unexplored approach for modulation of intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels. Preliminary studies have shown that inhibition of cAMP efflux can stimulate leukemia cell differentiation, cell growth arrest, and apoptosis, indicating that targeting cAMP efflux may show promise for future therapeutic development. Furthermore, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide transporter activity may also contribute multiple anticancer benefits by reducing extracellular pro-survival signaling in malignant cells. Hence, several opportunities for drug repurposing may exist for targeting cyclic nucleotide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R Perez
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alexandre Chigaev
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Ksenia Matlawska-Wasowska
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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In situ generation of biocompatible amorphous calcium carbonate onto cell membrane to block membrane transport protein – A new strategy for cancer therapy via mimicking abnormal mineralization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 541:339-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Perez DR, Sklar LA, Chigaev A. Clioquinol: To harm or heal. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:155-163. [PMID: 30898518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clioquinol, one of the first mass-produced drugs, was considered safe and efficacious for many years. It was used as an antifungal and an antiprotozoal drug until it was linked to an outbreak of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON), a debilitating disease almost exclusively confined to Japan. Today, new information regarding clioquinol targets and its mechanism of action, as well as genetic variation (SNPs) in efflux transporters in the Japanese population, provide a unique interpretation of the existing phenomena. Further understanding of clioquinol's role in the inhibition of cAMP efflux and promoting apoptosis might offer promise for the treatment of cancer and/or neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we highlight recent developments in the field and discuss possible connections, hypotheses and perspectives in clioquinol-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R Perez
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Alexandre Chigaev
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Mallik S, Zhao Z. Towards integrated oncogenic marker recognition through mutual information-based statistically significant feature extraction: an association rule mining based study on cancer expression and methylation profiles. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 5:302-327. [PMID: 30221015 DOI: 10.1007/s40484-017-0119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Marker detection is an important task in complex disease studies. Here we provide an association rule mining (ARM) based approach for identifying integrated markers through mutual information (MI) based statistically significant feature extraction, and apply it to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and prostate carcinoma (PC) gene expression and methylation profiles. Methods We first collect the genes having both expression and methylation values in AML as well as PC. Next, we run Jarque-Bera normality test on the expression/methylation data to divide the whole dataset into two parts: one that ollows normal distribution and the other that does not follow normal distribution. Thus, we have now four parts of the dataset: normally distributed expression data, normally distributed methylation data, non-normally distributed expression data, and non-normally distributed methylated data. A feature-extraction technique, "mRMR" is then utilized on each part. This results in a list of top-ranked genes. Next, we apply Welch t-test (parametric test) and Shrink t-test (non-parametric test) on the expression/methylation data for the top selected normally distributed genes and non-normally distributed genes, respectively. We then use a recent weighted ARM method, "RANWAR" to combine all/specific resultant genes to generate top oncogenic rules along with respective integrated markers. Finally, we perform literature search as well as KEGG pathway and Gene-Ontology (GO) analyses using Enrichr database for in silico validation of the prioritized oncogenes as the markers and labeling the markers as existing or novel. Results The novel markers of AML are {ABCB11↑∪KRT17↓} (i.e., ABCB11 as up-regulated, & KRT17 as down-regulated), and {AP1S1-∪KRT17↓∪NEIL2-∪DYDC1↓}) (i.e., AP1S1 and NEIL2 both as hypo-methylated, & KRT17 and DYDC1 both as down-regulated). The novel marker of PC is {UBIAD1¶∪APBA2‡∪C4orf31‡} (i.e., UBIAD1 as up-regulated and hypo-methylated, & APBA2 and C4orf31 both as down-regulated and hyper-methylated). Conclusion The identified novel markers might have critical roles in AML as well as PC. The approach can be applied to other complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Mallik
- Computer Science & Engineering, Aliah University, Newtown, Newtown 700156, India
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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