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An H, Li Y, Li Y, Gong S, Zhu Y, Li X, Zhou S, Wu Y. Advances in Metabolism and Metabolic Toxicology of Quinoxaline 1,4-Di-N-oxides. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:528-539. [PMID: 38507288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxides (QdNOs) have been used as synthetic antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and aquaculture. The metabolism and potential toxicity have been also concerns in recently years. The metabolism investigations showed that there were 8 metabolites of Carbadox (CBX), 34 metabolites of Cyadox (CYA), 33 metabolites of Mequindox (MEQ), 35 metabolites of Olaquindox (OLA), and 56 metabolites of Quinocetone (QCT) in different animals. Among them, Cb3 and Cb8, M6, and O9 are metabolic residual markers of CBX, MEQ and OLA, which are associated with N → O reduction. Toxicity studies revealed that QdNOs exhibited severe tumorigenicity, cytotoxicity, and adrenal toxicity. Metabolic toxicology showed that toxicity of QdNOs metabolites might be related to the N → O group reduction, and some metabolites exhibited higher toxic effects than the precursor, which could provide guidance for further research on the metabolic toxicology of QdNOs and provide a wealth of information for food safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxian An
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanmin Gong
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya'ning Zhu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, People's Republic of China
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Harnud S, Fu S, Wang Y, Pan Y, Zhang A, Huang L. Pharmacokinetics of cyadox and its main metabolites in rats, pigs, chickens, and carps following oral administration at three dosage. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104971. [PMID: 34119601 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyadox (CYA), a 1,4-dioxide quinoxaline, is a safe and effective antibacterial agent with potential use in food-producing animals. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of CYA (Cy0) and its main metabolites [bisdeoxycyadox (Cy1), 4-desoxycyadox (Cy2), N-(quinoxaline-2-methyl)-cyanide acetyl hydrazine (Cy4), quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (Cy6), and 2-hydromethyl-3-hydroxy-quinoxaline (Cy12)] after oral administration at three dosages in pigs, chickens, carps, and rats. The concentration vs. time profile in plasma after single oral administration indicated that CYA was rapidly dissociated into its metabolites and showed the widest distribution in all animals, with the highest apparent volume of distribution. Cy0 and Cy6 persisted for the longest time at lower concentration. Cy1and Cy4 concentration was the highest in pig and rat plasma, while Cy1 was undetectable in chickens, and Cy4 was undetectable in carps following administration at three dosages. Different dosage of the CYX and its metabolites had no significant effect on wash-out period. This study revealed obvious species-specific differences in the kinetic behavior of CYA and its metabolites, which may be related to clinical efficacy and toxicity. Our results would facilitate the judicious use of CYA in different animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sechenchogt Harnud
- Research Center for Ecotoxicology and Food Safety, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, PR China.
| | - Shishan Fu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), PR China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), PR China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), PR China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Aiqun Zhang
- Research Center for Ecotoxicology and Food Safety, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, PR China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), PR China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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Sattar A, Hafeez MA, Wu Q, Tahir AH, Shabbir MAB, Chen D, Huang L, Xie S, Yuan Z. Disposition of cyadox in domesticated cats following oral, intramuscular, and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:97-107. [PMID: 31912519 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyadox (CYX) is a synthetic antibacterial agent of quinoxaline with much lower toxic effects. A safety criterion of CYX for clinical use was established by studying the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of CYX after oral (PO), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV) administration. CYX was administered in six domesticated cats (three males and three females) by PO (40 mg/kg.b.w.), IM (10 mg/kg.b.w.), and IV (10 mg/kg.b.w.) routes in a crossover pattern. Highly sensitive liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method was developed for detection of CYX and its metabolites present in plasma, urine, and feces. The bioavailability of CYX after PO and IM routes was 4.37% and 84.4%. The area under curves (AUC), mean resident time (MRT), and clearance (CL) of CYX and its metabolites revealed that CYX quickly metabolized into its metabolites. The total recovery of CYX and its main metabolites was >60% after each route. PO delivery suggesting first pass effect in cats that might make this route suitable for intestinal infection and IM injection could be better choice for systemic infections. Less ability of glucuronidation did not show any impact on CYX metabolism. The findings of present study provide detailed information for evaluation of CYX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Sattar
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mian Abdul Hafeez
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qin Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Adnan Hassan Tahir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of cyadox nanosuspension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2289. [PMID: 28536446 PMCID: PMC5442105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in number of newly developed synthetic drugs displays bioavailability constraints because of poor water solubility. Nanosuspensions formulation may help to overwhelm these problems by increasing dissolution velocity and saturation solubility. In the present study, cyadox (Cyx) nanosuspension was successfully prepared by recrystallization based on acid–base neutralization combined with high pressure homogenization method using Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP) as stabilizer. The nanosuspension had uniform particle distribution, excellent sedimentation rate and redispersibility. The nanosuspension significantly improved the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability. The saturation solubility of Cyx nanocrystal was higher than that of bulk Cyx and released the total drug in very short time. Further, pharmacokinetics of Cyx nanosuspension and normal suspension following oral administration was investigated in beagle dogs. Nanosuspension improved the bioavailability of Cyx which could be beneficial for intestinal bacterial infection in animals. Maximum concentration and area under concentration time curve were increased with particles size reduction which might give rise to pronounce fluctuations in plasma concentration and more intensified antibacterial effects. The terminal half-life and mean resident time of Cyx nanosuspension had also increased compared to normal Cyx suspension. In conclusion, nanosuspensions may be a suitable delivery approach to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
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