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Ivraghi MS, Zamanian MY, Gupta R, Achmad H, Alsaab HO, Hjazi A, Romero‐Parra RM, Alwaily ER, Hussien BM, Hakimizadeh E. Neuroprotective effects of gemfibrozil in neurological disorders: Focus on inflammation and molecular mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14473. [PMID: 37904726 PMCID: PMC10916451 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemfibrozil (Gem) is a drug that has been shown to activate PPAR-α, a nuclear receptor that plays a key role in regulating lipid metabolism. Gem is used to lower the levels of triglycerides and reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in patients. Experimental studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that Gem can prevent or slow the progression of neurological disorders (NDs), including cerebral ischemia (CI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammation is known to play a significant role in these disorders. METHOD The literature review for this study was conducted by searching Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. RESULT The results of this study show that Gem has neuroprotective effects through several cellular and molecular mechanisms such as: (1) Gem has the ability to upregulate pro-survival factors (PGC-1α and TFAM), promoting the survival and function of mitochondria in the brain, (2) Gem strongly inhibits the activation of NF-κB, AP-1, and C/EBPβ in cytokine-stimulated astroglial cells, which are known to increase the expression of iNOS and the production of NO in response to proinflammatory cytokines, (3) Gem protects dopamine neurons in the MPTP mouse model of PD by increasing the expression of PPARα, which in turn stimulates the production of GDNF in astrocytes, (4) Gem reduces amyloid plaque pathology, reduces the activity of glial cells, and improves memory, (5) Gem increases myelin genes expression (MBP and CNPase) via PPAR-β, and (6) Gem increases hippocampal BDNF to counteract depression. CONCLUSION According to the study, Gem was investigated for its potential therapeutic effect in NDs. Further research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of Gem in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Yasin Zamanian
- Neurophysiology Research CenterHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of PharmacyHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA UniversityMathuraIndia
| | - Harun Achmad
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of DentistryHasanuddin UniversityMakassarIndonesia
| | - Hashem O. Alsaab
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyTaif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl‐KharjSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Enas R. Alwaily
- Microbiology Research GroupCollege of Pharmacy, Al‐Ayen UniversityThi‐QarIraq
| | - Beneen M. Hussien
- Medical Laboratory Technology DepartmentCollege of Medical Technology, The Islamic UniversityNajafIraq
| | - Elham Hakimizadeh
- Physiology‐Pharmacology Research CenterResearch Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
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Xiang S, Chen J, Deng M, Wang Z, Li X, Lin D, Zhou J. Celastrol ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis through STAT3 targeting and gut microenvironment reprofiling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111339. [PMID: 38064813 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research has revealed the favorable effects of celastrol (CEL) against various diseases, but the role of CEL in autoimmune uveitis remains unexplored. METHODS We first assessed the prophylactical and therapeutical effects of CEL on autoimmune uveitis via rat experimental autoimmune uveitis model. After network pharmacology, functional enrichment and molecular docking analyses, we predicted the potential target of CEL and validated its effect on EAU by clinical and histopathological scores, Evans blue staining, immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. Then we evaluated the role of CEL in the gut environment by 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomic analysis. RESULTS We confirmed that CEL treatment suppressed the pathological TH17 response, inhibited the migration of inflammatory cells, and preserved the integrity of BRB via targeting STAT3-IL17 pathway. Furthermore, CEL was found to reduce the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria including Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Parasutterella and GCA-900066575, and enrich the relative abundance of beneficial Oscillospirales and Ruminococcus_torques_group in EAU rats by fecal 16S rRNA sequencing. Meanwhile, CEL treatment reshaped the gut metabolites in the EAU rats by increasing the relative concentrations of cholic acid, progesterone and guggulsterone, and decreasing the relative levels of isoproterenol, creatinine and phenylacetylglutamine. CONCLUSIONS CEL exerts its ameliorative effects on the experimental autoimmune uveitis through the dual mechanisms of targeting STAT3 and reprofiling the gut microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjin Xiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jinrun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Mengyun Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zixiang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Dan Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Jianhong Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Li X, Zhang J, Li Y, Dai Y, Zhu H, Jiang H, Han Y, Chu X, Sun Y, Ju W, Li Z, Zeng L, Xu K, Qiao J. Celastrol inhibits platelet function and thrombus formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 693:149366. [PMID: 38091842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Celastrol is an active pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii and has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Whether Celastrol modulates platelet function remains unknown. Our study investigated its role in platelet function and thrombosis. METHODS Human platelets were isolated and incubated with Celastrol (0, 1, 3 and 5 μM) at 37 °C for 1 h to measure platelet aggregation, granules release, spreading, thrombin-induced clot retraction and intracellular calcium mobilization. Additionally, Celastrol (2 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administrated into mice to evaluate hemostasis and thrombosis in vivo. RESULTS Celastrol treatment significantly decreased platelet aggregation and secretion of dense or alpha granules induced by collagen-related peptide (CRP) or thrombin in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Celastrol-treated platelets showed a dramatically reduced spreading activity and decreased clot retraction. Moreover, Celastrol administration prolonged tail bleeding time and inhibited formation of arterial/venous thrombosis. Furthermore, Celastrol significantly reduced calcium mobilization. CONCLUSION Celastrol inhibits platelet function and venous/arterial thrombosis, implying that it might be utilized for treating thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yiran Han
- The First Clinical School of Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Sun
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wen Ju
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China.
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Yuan J, Tao Y, Wang M, Huang F, Wu X. Natural compounds as potential therapeutic candidates for multiple sclerosis: Emerging preclinical evidence. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155248. [PMID: 38096716 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with main characteristics of pathological inflammation, neural damage and axonal demyelination. Current mainstream treatments demonstrate more or less side effects, which limit their extensive use. PURPOSE Increasing studies indicate that natural compounds benefit multiple sclerosis without remarkable side effects. Given the needs to explore the potential effects of natural compounds of plant origin on multiple sclerosis and their mechanisms, we review publications involving the role of natural compounds in animal models of multiple sclerosis, excluding controlled trials. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Articles were conducted on PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords ``multiple sclerosis'' and ``natural compounds'' published from January 1, 2008, to September 1, 2023. RESULTS This review summarized the effects of natural ingredients (flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, and others) from three aspects: immune regulation, oxidative stress suppression, and myelin protection and regeneration in multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSION Overall, we concluded 80 studies to show the preclinical evidence that natural compounds may attenuate multiple sclerosis progression via suppressing immune attacks and/or promoting myelin protection or endogenous repair processes. It would pave the roads for the future development of effective therapeutic regiments of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanlin Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengxue Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi-Blood TCM Theories, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Rashid Khan M, Fayaz Ahmad S, Nadeem A, Imam F, Al-Harbi NO, Shahnawaz Khan M, Alsahli M, Alhosaini K. Cathepsin-B inhibitor CA-074 attenuates retinopathy and optic neuritis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced in SJL/J mice. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:147-153. [PMID: 36685301 PMCID: PMC9845124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complicated multiple sclerosis (MS) can exhibit subacute sight deterioration and can lead to total deprivation of vision. In the current work, we explored the therapeutic outcome of Cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074) against retinopathy and optic neuritis (ON) caused by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by proteolipid protein peptide (PLP) in female SJL/J mice. A daily dose of 10 mg/kg CA-074 was administered to the EAE mice intraperitoneally for 14 days from day 14 post-immunization until day 28. The Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses show inflammation in the optic nerve through the elevation of iNOS and NFkB markers in EAE mice. Optic neuritis was reported which is a consequence of demyelination and axon injury, estimated with the reduction in myelin basic protein (MBP). The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression level was found to be elevated in the retina of EAE mice which confirmed the retinopathy. The administration of CA-074 ameliorated optic neuritis and retinopathy by reducing inflammation. The treatment with CA-074 also reduced the demyelination and axonal injuries in the EAE mice. The findings of this study have shown the protective effect of CA-074 in the case of retinopathy and ON inflicted by EAE in SJL/J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Imam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O. Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alsahli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alhosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author at: College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2475, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Xun C, Deng H, Zhao J, Ge L, Hu Z. Mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles for multiple sclerosis in preclinical rodent models: A meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972247. [PMID: 36405749 PMCID: PMC9673165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially mesenchymal stem (stromal) cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs), have gained attention as potential novel treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, their effects remain incompletely understood. Thus, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to systematically review the efficacy of MSC-EVs in preclinical rodent models of MS. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science databases up to August 2021 for studies that reported the treatment effects of MSC-EVs in rodent MS models. The clinical score was extracted as an outcome. Articles were peer-reviewed by two authors based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 15.1 and R. RESULTS A total of twelve animal studies met the inclusion criteria. In our study, the MSC-EVs had a positive overall effect on the clinical score with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -2.17 (95% confidence interval (CI)):-3.99 to -0.34, P = 0.01). A significant amount of heterogeneity was observed among the studies. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that transplantation of MSC-EVs in MS rodent models improved functional recovery. Additionally, we identified several critical knowledge gaps, such as insufficient standardized dosage units and uncertainty regarding the optimal dose of MSC-EVs transplantation in MS. These gaps must be addressed before clinical trials can begin with MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Xun
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiyin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lite Ge
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Cui Y, Jiang X, Feng J. The therapeutic potential of triptolide and celastrol in neurological diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1024955. [PMID: 36339550 PMCID: PMC9626530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1024955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases are complex diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord, with numerous etiologies and pathogenesis not yet fully elucidated. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TWHF) is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long history of medicinal use in China and is widely used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. With the rapid development of modern technology, the two main bioactive components of TWHF, triptolide and celastrol, have been found to have anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor effects and can be used in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including neurological diseases. In this paper, we summarize the preclinical studies of triptolide and celastrol in neurological diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, brain and spinal cord injury, and epilepsy. In addition, we review the mechanisms of action of triptolide and celastrol in neurological diseases, their toxicity, related derivatives, and nanotechnology-based carrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueran Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuejiao Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Feng,
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Chen X, Wang S, Zhang L, Yuan S, Xu T, Zhu F, Zhang Y, Jia L. Celastrol Inhibited Human Esophageal Cancer by Activating DR5-Dependent Extrinsic and Noxa/Bim-Dependent Intrinsic Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:873166. [PMID: 35754502 PMCID: PMC9219015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.873166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest digestive system cancers worldwide lacking effective therapeutic strategies. Recently, it has been found that the natural product celastrol plays an anti-cancer role in several human cancers by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, it remains elusive whether and how celastrol suppresses tumor growth of ESCC. In the present study, for the first time, we demonstrated that celastrol triggered both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways to diminish the tumor growth of ESCC in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that celastrol coordinatively induced DR5-dependent extrinsic apoptosis and Noxa-dependent intrinsic apoptosis through transcriptional activation of ATF4 in ESCC cells. Furthermore, we found that the FoxO3a-Bim pathway was involved in the intrinsic apoptosis of ESCC cells induced by celastrol. Our study elucidated the tumor-suppressive efficacy of celastrol on ESCC and revealed a previously unknown mechanism underlying celastrol-induced apoptosis, highlighting celastrol as a promising apoptosis-inducing therapeutic strategy for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Chen
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuying Yuan
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xia Q, Lyu C, Li F, Pang B, Guo X, Ren H, Xing Y, Chen Z. Candidate Drugs Screening for Behcet’s Disease Based on Bioinformatics Analysis and Mouse Experiments. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895869. [PMID: 35799784 PMCID: PMC9253297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBehcet’s disease (BD) is a chronic immune disease that involves multiple systems. As the pathogenesis of BD is not clear, and new treatments are needed, we used bioinformatics to identify potential drugs and validated them in mouse models.MethodsBehcet’s disease-related target genes and proteins were screened in the PubMed and UVEOGENE databases. The biological functions and pathways of the target genes were analyzed in detail by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by the STRING database, and hub genes were identified by the Cytoscape plug-in CytoHubba. Gene-drug interactions were identified from the DGIdb database. Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mice were used as an animal model for drug validation.ResultsA total of 249 target genes and proteins with significant differences in BD were screened, and the results of functional enrichment analysis suggested that these genes and proteins were more located on the cell membrane, involved in regulating the production of cytokines and affecting the activity of cytokines. They mainly regulated “Cytokine- Cytokine receptor interaction”, “Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)” and “IL-17 signaling Pathway”. In addition, 10 hub genes were obtained through PPI network construction and CytoHubba analysis, among which the top 3 hub genes were closely related to BD. The DGIdb analysis enriched seven drugs acting together on the top 3 hub genes, four of which were confirmed for the treatment of BD or its complications. There is no evidence in the research to support the results in omeprazole, rabeprazole, and celastrol. However, animal experiments showed that rabeprazole and celastrol reduced anterior chamber inflammation and retinal inflammation in EAU mice.ConclusionsThe functional analysis of genes and proteins related to BD, identification of hub genes, and validation of potential drugs provide new insights into the disease mechanism and potential for the treatment of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyun Xia
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chujun Lyu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Li
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binbin Pang
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - He Ren
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yiqiao Xing, ; Zhen Chen,
| | - Zhen Chen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yiqiao Xing, ; Zhen Chen,
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Liu D, Zhang Q, Luo P, Gu L, Shen S, Tang H, Zhang Y, Lyu M, Shi Q, Yang C, Wang J. Neuroprotective Effects of Celastrol in Neurodegenerative Diseases-Unscramble Its Major Mechanisms of Action and Targets. Aging Dis 2022; 13:815-836. [PMID: 35656110 PMCID: PMC9116906 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are rarely new therapeutic breakthroughs present for neurodegenerative diseases in the last decades. Thus, new effective drugs are urgently needed for millions of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, is one of the main active ingredients isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. that has multiple biological activities. Recently, amount evidence indicates that celastrol exerts neuroprotective effects and holds therapeutic potential to serve as a novel agent for neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the therapeutic efficacy and major regulatory mechanisms of celastrol to rescue damaged neurons, restore normal cognitive and sensory motor functions in neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, we highlight recent progress regarding identification of the drug targets of celastrol by using advanced quantitative chemical proteomics technology. Overall, this review provides novel insights into the pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of celastrol for incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Piao Luo
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liwei Gu
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Shen
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Tang
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lyu
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoli Shi
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- 3Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- 1Artemisinin research center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,3Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,4Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Wang S, Huang Z, Lei Y, Han X, Tian D, Gong J, Liu M. Celastrol Alleviates Autoimmune Hepatitis Through the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway Based on Network Pharmacology and Experiments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816350. [PMID: 35359864 PMCID: PMC8960436 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This work aims to explore the potential targets and underlying therapeutic mechanisms of celastrol in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) through network pharmacology and experiments on Laboratory Animals. Methods: A drug-target interaction network was constructed to predict the possible targets of celastrol and their potential relationship with the drug; docking studies were also performed for validation. This study used both acute and chronic rodent models of autoimmune hepatitis. Gross appearance of liver and spleen were obtained from murine models, hematoxylin-eosin staining and Sirius red staining were performed to examine hepatic inflammation and fibrosis respectively. By combining molecular docking and enrichment analysis results, the most prominent signaling pathway was selected and further confirmed by Western blot in AIH models administered with celastrol. Results: In total, 82 common targets of celastrol and AIH were obtained from databases, identified by network pharmacology, and adequately enriched. Among them, PIK3R1, SRC, MAPK1, AKT1, and HRAS were selected as the top 5 closely related targets to celastrol. They all performed effectively in molecular docking, with AKT1 and PIK3R1 exhibiting more-prominent binding energy. Subsequently, celastrol administration significantly ameliorated hepatitis and liver fibrosis by reducing AKT1 and PI3K phosphorylation in both acute liver injury and chronic models of autoimmune hepatitis. Conclusion: In summary, celastrol significantly attenuates autoimmune hepatitis by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, confirmed by validated animal models. These findings may help identify the mechanism involved in the anti-inflammatory action of celastrol in autoimmune hepatitis and provide ideas for future comprehensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jin Gong
- *Correspondence: Jin Gong, ; Mei Liu,
| | - Mei Liu
- *Correspondence: Jin Gong, ; Mei Liu,
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12
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Ng L, Wang X, Yang C, Su C, Li M, Cheung AKL. Celastrol Downmodulates Alpha-Synuclein-Specific T Cell Responses by Mediating Antigen Trafficking in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833515. [PMID: 35309340 PMCID: PMC8926036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the elderly. It is associated with motor dysfunction due to the accumulation of misfolded or aggregated fibrillar alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the mid-brain. Current treatments are mainly focused on relieving the symptoms but are accompanied by side effects and are limited in halting disease progression. Increasing evidence points to peripheral immune cells underlying disease development, especially T cells contributing to α-syn-related neuroinflammation in PD. The onset of these cells is likely mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), whose role in α-syn-specific responses remain less studied. Moreover, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-derived compounds that are candidates to treat PD may alleviate DC-T cell-mediated immune responses. Therefore, our study focused on the role of DC in response to fibrillar α-syn and subsequent induction of antigen-specific T cell responses, and the effect of TCM Curcumin-analog C1 and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F-derived Celastrol. We found that although fibrillar α-syn did not induce significant inflammatory or T cell-mediating cytokines, robust pro-inflammatory T cell responses were found by co-culturing fibrillar α-syn-pulsed DCs with α-syn-specific CD4+ T cells. Celastrol, but not C1, reduced the onset of pro-inflammatory T cell differentiation, through promoting interaction of endosomal, amphisomal, and autophagic vesicles with fibrillar α-syn, which likely lead to its degradation and less antigen peptides available for presentation and T cell recognition. In conclusion, regulating the intracellular trafficking/processing of α-syn by DCs can be a potential approach to control the progression of PD, in which Celastrol is a potential candidate to accomplish this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Ng
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengfu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Center for Parkinson Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Ka Loon Cheung, ; Min Li,
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Allen Ka Loon Cheung, ; Min Li,
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Schiavone S, Morgese MG, Tucci P, Trabace L. The Therapeutic Potential of Celastrol in Central Nervous System Disorders: Highlights from In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154700. [PMID: 34361850 PMCID: PMC8347599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrol, the most abundant compound derived from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii, largely used in traditional Chinese medicine, has shown preclinical and clinical efficacy for a broad range of disorders, acting via numerous mechanisms, including the induction of the expression of several neuroprotective factors, the inhibition of cellular apoptosis, and the decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Given the crucial implication of these pathways in the pathogenesis of Central Nervous System disorders, both in vitro and in vivo studies have focused their attention on the possible use of this compound in these diseases. However, although most of the available studies have reported significant neuroprotective effects of celastrol in cellular and animal models of these pathological conditions, some of these data could not be replicated. This review aims to discuss current in vitro and in vivo lines of evidence on the therapeutic potential of celastrol in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and cadmium-induced neurodegeneration, as well as in psychiatric disorders, such as psychosis and depression. In vitro and in vivo studies focused on celastrol effects in cerebral ischemia, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy are also described.
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Matrine treatment reduces retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in experimental optic neuritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9520. [PMID: 33947942 PMCID: PMC8097076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelination and axonal injury of the optic nerve are hallmarks of optic neuritis (ON), which often occurs in multiple sclerosis and is a major cause of visual disturbance in young adults. Although a high dose of corticosteroids can promote visual recovery, it cannot prevent permanent neuronal damage. Novel and effective therapies are thus required. Given the recently defined capacity of matrine (MAT), a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from the herb Radix Sophorae flavescens, in immunomodulation and neuroprotection, we tested in this study the effect of matrine on rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. MAT administration, started at disease onset, significantly suppressed optic nerve infiltration and demyelination, with reduced numbers of Iba1+ macrophages/microglia and CD4+ T cells, compared to those from vehicle-treated rats. Increased expression of neurofilaments, an axon marker, reduced numbers of apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Moreover, MAT treatment promoted Akt phosphorylation and shifted the Bcl-2/Bax ratio back towards an antiapoptotic one, which could be a mechanism for its therapeutic effect in the ON model. Taken as a whole, our results demonstrate that MAT attenuated inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss in the optic nerve, and protected RGCs from inflammation-induced cell death. MAT may therefore have potential as a novel treatment for this disease that may result in blindness.
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Bai X, Fu RJ, Zhang S, Yue SJ, Chen YY, Xu DQ, Tang YP. Potential medicinal value of celastrol and its synthesized analogues for central nervous system diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111551. [PMID: 33865016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a vital part of the human nervous system, and the incidence of CNS disease is increasing year by year, which has become a major public health problem and a prominent social problem. At present, the drugs most commonly used in the clinic are receptor regulators, and neurotransmitter inhibitors, but they are accompanied by serious side effects. Therefore, the identification of new drugs and treatment strategies for CNS disease has been a research hotspot in the medical field. Celastrol, a highly bio-active pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F, has been proved to have a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, immunosuppression, anti-obesity and anti-tumor activity. However, due to its poor water solubility, low bioavailability and toxicity, the clinical development and trials of celastrol have been postponed. However, in recent years, the extensive medical value of celastrol in the treatment of CNS diseases such as nervous system tumors, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has gradually attracted intensive attention worldwide. In particular, celastrol has non-negligible anti-tumor efficacy, and as there are no 100% effective anti-tumor drugs, the study of its structural modification to obtain better leading compounds with higher efficiency and lower toxicity has aroused strong interest in pharmaceutical chemists. In this review, research progress on celastrol in CNS diseases and the synthesis of celastrol-type triterpenoid analogues and their application evaluation in disease models, such as CNS diseases and autotoxicity-related target organ cancers in the past decade are summarized in detail, in order to provide reference for future better application in the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui-Jia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine (Guang'anmen Hospital), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Effects of Varying Intranasal Treatment Regimens in ST266-Mediated Retinal Ganglion Cell Neuroprotection. J Neuroophthalmol 2020; 39:191-199. [PMID: 30829880 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that intranasally administered ST266, a novel biological secretome of amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells containing multiple growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines, attenuated visual dysfunction and prevented retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in experimental optic neuritis. Long-term effects and dose escalation studies examined here have not been reported previously. METHODS Optic neuritis was induced in the multiple sclerosis model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE and control mice were treated once or twice daily with intranasal placebo/vehicle or ST266 beginning after onset of optic neuritis for either 15 days or continuously until sacrifice. Visual function was assessed by optokinetic responses (OKRs). RGC survival and optic nerve inflammation and demyelination were measured. RESULTS Both once and twice daily continuous intranasal ST266 treatment from disease onset to 56 days after EAE induction significantly increased OKR scores, decreased RGC loss, and reduced optic nerve inflammation and demyelination compared with placebo (saline, nonspecific protein solution, or cell culture media)-treated EAE mice. ST266 treatment given for just 15 days after disease onset, then discontinued, only delayed OKR decreases, and had limited effects on RGC survival and optic nerve inflammation 56 days after disease induction. CONCLUSIONS ST266 is a potential neuroprotective therapy to prevent RGC damage, and intranasal delivery warrants further study as a novel mechanism to deliver protein therapies for optic neuropathies. Results suggest that once daily ST266 treatment is sufficient to sustain maximal benefits and demonstrate that neuroprotective effects promoted by ST266 are specific to the combination of factors present in this complex biologic therapy.
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Assessing the anterior visual pathway in optic neuritis: recent experimental and clinical aspects. Curr Opin Neurol 2020; 32:346-357. [PMID: 30694926 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple sclerosis (MS) and related autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are characterized by chronic disability resulting from autoimmune neuroinflammation, with demyelination, astrocyte damage, impaired axonal transmission and neuroaxonal loss. Novel therapeutics stopping or reversing the progression of disability are still urgently warranted. This review addresses research on optic neuritis in preclinical experimental models and their translation to clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Optic neuritis can be used as paradigm for an MS relapse which can serve to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutics in clinical trials with a reasonable duration and cohort size. The advantage is the linear structure of the visual pathway allowing the assessment of visual function and retinal structure as highly sensitive outcome parameters. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is an inducible, inflammatory and demyelinating central nervous system disease extensively used as animal model of MS. Optic neuritis is part of the clinicopathological manifestations in a number of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. These have gained increasing interest for studies evaluating neuroprotective and/or remyelinating substances as longitudinal, visual and retinal readouts have become available. SUMMARY Translation of preclinical experiments, evaluating neuroprotective or remyelinating therapeutics to clinical studies is challenging. In-vivo readouts like optical coherence tomography, offers the possibility to transfer experimental study designs to clinical optic neuritis trials.
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Michaličková D, Šíma M, Slanař O. New insights in the mechanisms of impaired redox signaling and its interplay with inflammation and immunity in multiple sclerosis. Physiol Res 2020; 69:1-19. [PMID: 31852206 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurological disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to demyelination and axonal damage and resulting in a range of physical, mental or even psychiatric symptoms. Key role of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of MS has been suggested, as indicated by the biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples, tissue homogenates, and animal models of multiple sclerosis. OS causes demyelination and neurodegeneration directly, by oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA but also indirectly, by inducing a dysregulation of the immunity and favoring the state of pro-inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss the interrelated mechanisms of the impaired redox signaling, of which the most important are inflammation-induced production of free radicals by activated immune cells and growth factors, release of iron from myelin sheath during demyelination and mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent energy failure and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Review also provides an overview of the interplay between inflammation, immunity and OS in MS. Finally, this review also points out new potential targets in MS regarding attenuation of OS and inflammatory response in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michaličková
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Zhu Y, Liu X, Zhao P, Zhao H, Gao W, Wang L. Celastrol Suppresses Glioma Vasculogenic Mimicry Formation and Angiogenesis by Blocking the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32116702 PMCID: PMC7025498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) are thought to be the predominant processes ensuring tumor blood supply during the growth and metastasis of glioblastoma (GBM). Celastrol has potential anti-glioma effects, however the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclarified. Recent studies have shown that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is closely related to angiogenesis and VM formation. In the present study, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that celastrol eliminated VM formation by blocking this signaling pathway in glioma cells. By the treatment of celastrol, tumor growth was suppressed, tight junction and basal lamina structures in tumor microvasculature were disarranged in U87 glioma orthotopic xenografts in nude mice. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-CD31 staining revealed that celastrol inhibited both VM and angiogenesis in tumor tissues. Additionally, celastrol reduced the expression levels of the angiogenesis-related proteins CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2, angiopoietin (Ang) 2 and VEGFA, VM-related proteins ephrin type-A receptor (EphA) 2, and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, phosphorylated PI3K, Akt, and mTOR were also downregulated by treatment with celastrol. In vitro, we further demonstrated that celastrol inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion of U87 and U251 cells, disrupted VM formation, and blocked the activity of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR. Collectively, our data suggest that celastrol inhibits VM formation and angiogenesis likely by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xihong Liu
- Basic Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhao
- Basic Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Mohtashami L, Shakeri A, Javadi B. Neuroprotective natural products against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A review. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Dexras1 Deletion and Iron Chelation Promote Neuroprotection in Experimental Optic Neuritis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11664. [PMID: 31406150 PMCID: PMC6690882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of iron metabolism, and resultant cytotoxicity, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative processes. Iron accumulation promotes cytotoxicity through various mechanisms including oxidative stress and glutamate toxicity, and occurs in both MS patients and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Divalent Metal Transporter1, a major iron importer in cells, is stimulated by signaling of Dexras1, a small G protein member of the Ras family. Dexras1 is activated by S-nitrosylation by nitric oxide (NO) produced by either inducible nitric oxide synthase in activated microglia/macrophages or neuronal nitric oxide synthase in neurons. Here we show Dexras1 exacerbates oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration in experimental optic neuritis, an inflammatory demyelinating optic nerve condition that occurs in MS and EAE. Dexras1 deletion, as well as treatment with the iron chelator deferiprone, preserves vision and attenuates retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and axonal loss during EAE optic neuritis. These results suggest that iron entry triggered by NO-activated Dexras1 signaling is a potential mechanism of neuronal death in experimental optic neuritis. The current data suggest modulation of Dexras1 signaling and iron chelation are potential novel treatment strategies for optic neuritis and MS, and possibly other optic neuropathies as well.
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El-Deeb OS, Ghanem HB, El-Esawy RO, Sadek MT. The modulatory effects of luteolin on cyclic AMP/Ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling pathway in experimentally induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1401-1408. [PMID: 31185137 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) manifested by chronic inflammation. Although its etiology is not completely understood, inflammation and apoptosis are known to be major players involved in its pathogenesis. Luteolin, the naturally occurring flavonoid, is known by strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, yet research studies about its therapeutic role in MS are still lacking. The study aimed to provide insight into effects of luteolin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by monitoring inflammatory, apoptotic, and antioxidant biochemical parameters in addition to histological examination findings. The study included 45 adult female Wistar rats allocated to three equal groups: (a) group I: control group, (b) group II: EAE group, EAE was induced by single intradermal injection of 0.2 mL inoculum comprising 20-μg recombinant rat myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and (c) group III: luteolin-treated EAE group, luteolin was given in a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, i.p. All groups were subjected to assessment of brain ciliary neurotropic factor (CNTF) mRNA gene expression and measurement of cleaved caspase 3, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclic AMP (cAMP), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α) by the ELISA technique, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level is assessed spectrophotometrically. Compared with the EAE group, luteolin-treated EAE group showed upregulation of CNTF expression and significant increase in cAMP and TAC levels, while it showed significant decrease in cleaved caspase 3, NF-κB, and MIP-1α levels. Based on our data herein, luteolin may provide a promising preclinical therapeutic line in MS being anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and neurotrophic agent. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(9):1401-1408, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Safwat El-Deeb
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Heba Bassiony Ghanem
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Mona Tayssir Sadek
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Li J, Hao J. Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Bioactive Components of Tripterygium wilfordii. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:769-785. [PMID: 31091976 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1950040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. (TWHF), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis in China. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the bioactive components of TWHF have effective therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Multiple Sclerosis. In this paper, we summarize the research progress of triptolide and celastrol (the two major TWHF components) as well as their analogues in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we review and discuss the molecular mechanisms and structure features of those two bioactive TWHF components, highlighting their therapeutic promise in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianheng Li
- * School of Pharmacy, Key laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Hao
- † College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.,‡ Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Venkatesha SH, Moudgil KD. Celastrol suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via MAPK/SGK1-regulated mediators of autoimmune pathology. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:285-296. [PMID: 30820608 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease involving immune dysregulation of the pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) versus protective T regulatory (Treg) cell subsets, besides other cellular aberrations. Studies on the mechanisms underlying these changes have unraveled the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the disease process. We describe here a gene expression- and bioinformatics-based study showing that celastrol, a natural triterpenoid, acting via MAPK pathway regulates the downstream genes encoding serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), which plays a vital role in Th17/Treg differentiation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is a neurotrophic factor, thereby offering protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. METHODS We first tested the gene expression profile of splenocytes of EAE mice in response to the disease-related antigen, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and then examined the effect of celastrol on that profile. RESULTS Interestingly, celastrol reversed the expression of many MOG-induced genes involved in inflammation and immune pathology. The MAPK pathway involving p38MAPK and ERK was identified as one of the mediators of celastrol action. It involved suppression of SGK1 but upregulation of BDNF, which then contributed to protection against EAE. CONCLUSION Our results not only provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis, but also offer promising therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite-380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Li Z, Liu F, He X, Yang X, Shan F, Feng J. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells attenuate inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system in EAE rats by regulating the polarization of microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 67:268-280. [PMID: 30572251 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease caused by central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and immune dysfunction, which often leaves patients with severe physical disabilities. Microglia function in the surveillance of the CNS, and an imbalance in the M1/M2 phenotypes of microglia contribute to the progression of MS. Recent studies indicate that exosomes secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) play therapeutic roles in many autoimmune diseases and aid in tissue repair. However, it is not clear whether BMSC-derived exosomes can attenuate MS-associated inflammation and immune dysfunction, or how BMSC exosomes protect neurons. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model was used to investigate the effect of exosomes on microglia polarization and inflammation in CNS. The results showed that exosome treatment significantly decreased neural behavioral scores, reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS, and decreased demyelination in comparison to untreated EAE rats. In addition, exosome treatment resulted in significant increases in the levels of M2-related cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, whereas M1-related tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-12 levels decreased significantly. Moreover, compared with the untreated EAE group, the exosome group displayed significantly increased protein and mRNA expression levels of M2 phenotype markers, whereas M1 marker expression decreased. Our findings were further confirmed in an in vitro HAPI microglia cell line model. In conclusion, these findings indicate that BMSC-derived exosomes can attenuate inflammation and demyelination of the CNS in the EAE rat model by regulating the polarization of microglia. Therefore, the use of BMSC-derived exosomes may be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Celastrol attenuates incision-induced inflammation and pain associated with inhibition of the NF-κB signalling pathway via SARM. Life Sci 2018; 205:136-144. [PMID: 29750991 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate whether celastrol (CEL) could alleviate incision-induced pain and decipher its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: naïve, vehicle, CEL (5 μg/paw, 10 μg/paw and 20 μg/paw). CEL or vehicle was administered intraplantarly before plantar surgical incision. Histological examinations of skin tissues were performed after HE staining. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR and western blot were performed to analyse macrophages, proinflammatory cytokines, SARM and NF-κB expression, respectively. Moreover, the previous mentioned factors were re-evaluated after suppressing SARM expression by shRNA. KEY FINDINGS The plantar incision rats displayed pain-related behaviours and inflammatory infiltration in the skin. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα were significantly upregulated in the skin of surgical rats. The expression of sterile α- and armadillo-motif-containing protein (SARM) was downregulated and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was activated. Interestingly, CEL could partially restore the pain-related behavioural changes. Furthermore, molecular mechanism of CEL was explored, that included significantly reduction of proinflammatory cytokines mRNA expressions, a significant decrease of p-p65 and p65 levels and a markedly increase of SARM and IkBα expressions in skin tissues. However, supression SARM by shRNA partially eliminated those protective effect of CEL. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that intraplantarly administration of CEL attenuates inflammatory and acute pain. This finding could be attributed to regulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway via SARM. These results provide pre-clinical evidence supporting the use of CEL in the treatment of surgical pain.
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Kim J, Choi Y, Ahn M, Jung K, Shin T. Olfactory Dysfunction in Autoimmune Central Nervous System Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8499-8508. [PMID: 29557516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is an early sign of neuroinflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Microgliosis and astrogliosis are representative pathological changes that develop during neuroinflammation of CNS tissues. Autoimmune CNS inflammation, including human multiple sclerosis, is an occasional cause of olfactory disorders. We evaluated whether gliosis and olfactory dysfunction developed in animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis. Neuroinflammatory lesions characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells and microglial cell activation were occasionally found in the olfactory bulbs of EAE-affected rats. Microglial activation, visualized by immunohistochemical staining of ionized calcium binding protein (Iba)-1, and astrogliosis in the olfactory bulb were also evident in the olfactory bulb of EAE rats. Inflammatory cells were found along the olfactory nerves and in the olfactory submucosa. Western blot analysis of olfactory marker protein (OMP) levels showed that OMP expression was significantly downregulated in the olfactory mucosa of EAE rats. On the buried food test, EAE-affected mice required significantly more time to find a bait pellet. Collectively, the results suggest that the olfactory dysfunction of EAE is closely linked to downregulation of OMP and the development of inflammatory foci in the olfactory system in an animal model of human multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, 56212, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Q, Li H, Yang J, Niu X, Zhao C, Zhao L, Wang Z. Valproic acid attenuates inflammation of optic nerve and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of optic neuritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1363-1370. [PMID: 29198746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory disease of the optic nerve, which often occurs in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and leads to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and even severe visual loss. Valproic acid (VPA) is a short-chain branched fatty acid with anti-epileptic, neuro-protective and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we examined the effects of VPA in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats and explored the underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS EAE was induced by subcutaneous injection with myelin basic protein, emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra into the Lewis rats. Subsequently, animals in the VPA groups were treated orally with VPA (250 or 500 mg/kg) once a day for 13 days. KEY FINDINGS VPA treatment significantly attenuated inflammation and microgliosis in optic nerve in EAE-ON rats, as evidenced by the decrease in the mRNA levels of interferon (INF)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the suppression in nuclear factor (NF)-κB signal pathway as well as the down-regulation of CD11b expression in optic nerve. Additionally, the apoptotic RGCs were remarkably increased in the EAE retina, which was inhibited by VPA treatment. Consistent with the TUNEL staining, VPA administration also obviously suppressed the ratio of Bax: Bcl-2 and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP in optic nerve in EAE rats. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrated that VPA treatment could prevent inflammation responses and RGC apoptosis in optic nerve in EAE-ON rats, suggesting that VPA may be available for optic nerve protection during ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Neurology Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haining Li
- Neurology Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China; Graduate College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- Neurology Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China; Graduate College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Niu
- Neurology Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Zhao
- Neurology Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Neurology Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Neurology Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Sub-Center in Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China.
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