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Corona-Trejo A, Gonsebatt ME, Trejo-Solis C, Campos-Peña V, Quintas-Granados LI, Villegas-Vázquez EY, Daniel Reyes-Hernández O, Hernández-Abad VJ, Figueroa-González G, Silva-Adaya D. Transsulfuration pathway: a targeting neuromodulator in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:915-932. [PMID: 37409540 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The transsulfuration pathway (TSP) is a metabolic pathway involving sulfur transfer from homocysteine to cysteine. Transsulfuration pathway leads to many sulfur metabolites, principally glutathione, H2S, taurine, and cysteine. Key enzymes of the TSP, such as cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, are essential regulators at multiple levels in this pathway. TSP metabolites are implicated in many physiological processes in the central nervous system and other tissues. TSP is important in controlling sulfur balance and optimal cellular functions such as glutathione synthesis. Alterations in the TSP and related pathways (transmethylation and remethylation) are altered in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, suggesting their participation in the pathophysiology and progression of these diseases. In Parkinson's disease many cellular processes are comprised mainly those that regulate redox homeostasis, inflammation, reticulum endoplasmic stress, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and sulfur content metabolites of TSP are involved in these damage processes. Current research on the transsulfuration pathway in Parkinson's disease has primarily focused on the synthesis and function of certain metabolites, particularly glutathione. However, our understanding of the regulation of other metabolites of the transsulfuration pathway, as well as their relationships with other metabolites, and their synthesis regulation in Parkinson´s disease remain limited. Thus, this paper highlights the importance of studying the molecular dynamics in different metabolites and enzymes that affect the transsulfuration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corona-Trejo
- Carrera de Biología, Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solis
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
| | | | - Edgar Yebrán Villegas-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Daniel Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - Vicente Jesús Hernández-Abad
- Laboratorio de Investigación Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla de 5 de mayo s/n, Col, Ejército de Oriente, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Figueroa-González
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
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Cheng J, Wang W, Xia Y, Li Y, Jia J, Xiao G. Regulators of phagocytosis as pharmacologic targets for stroke treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122527. [PMID: 37601043 PMCID: PMC10433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, causes massive cell death in the brain, which is followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by disease-associated molecular patterns released from dead cells. Phagocytosis, a cellular process of engulfment and digestion of dead cells, promotes the resolution of inflammation and repair following stroke. However, professional or non-professional phagocytes also phagocytose stressed but viable cells in the brain or excessively phagocytose myelin sheaths or prune synapses, consequently exacerbating brain injury and impairing repair following stroke. Phagocytosis includes the smell, eating and digestion phases. Notably, efficient phagocytosis critically depends on phagocyte capacity to take up dead cells continually due to the limited number of phagocytes vs. dead cells after injury. Moreover, phenotypic polarization of phagocytes occurring after phagocytosis is also essential to the proresolving and prorepair properties of phagocytosis. Much has been learned about the molecular signals and regulatory mechanisms governing the sense and recognition of dead cells by phagocytes during the smell and eating phase following stroke. However, some key areas remain extremely understudied, including the mechanisms involved in digestion regulation, continual phagocytosis and phagocytosis-induced phenotypic switching following stroke. Here, we summarize new discoveries related to the molecular mechanisms and multifaceted effects of phagocytosis on brain injury and repair following stroke and highlight the knowledge gaps in poststroke phagocytosis. We suggest that advancing the understanding of poststroke phagocytosis will help identify more biological targets for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Xiao
- Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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The BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway is partially involved in the neuroprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175595. [PMID: 36804547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative diseases. It is possible that this effect is supported by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our aim is to examine the effects of H2S on neural damage in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to reveal the role of the BDNF-TrkB pathway in its possible effect. PD model was created with 1-methyl-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). C57BL/6 breed male mice were randomly divided into six groups: control, K252a, MPTP, MPTP + K252a, MPTP + NaHS, and MPTP + NaHS + K252a. TrkB receptor antagonist K252a and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) as a H2S donor were administered intraperitoneally. An increase was observed in the motor behavior tests in MPTP group, but NaHS treatment shortened the time spent on the balance beam and pole tests. It was also noticed that the BDNF-pathway played a role in the shortening of this period. Mice that received NaHS were found to have less MPTP-induced cellular damage. A positive effect of BDNF was also detected in the protection of these neurons. BDNF levels in the SN were significantly increased in MPTP group, compared to control group. Tissue CBS levels decreased in the groups that received K252a, compared to MPTP group. The findings of the present study display that the BDNF-TrkB pathway partially plays a role in the protective effect of H2S in the experimental mouse model of PD. This effect is probably due to changes in intracellular signaling pathways, rather than TrkB receptor expression.
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Advances of H2S in Regulating Neurodegenerative Diseases by Preserving Mitochondria Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030652. [PMID: 36978900 PMCID: PMC10044936 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is induced by different toxic substances, including environmental chemicals, drugs, and pathogenic toxins, resulting in oxidative damage and neurodegeneration in mammals. The nervous system is extremely vulnerable to oxidative stress because of its high oxygen demand. Mitochondria are the main source of ATP production in the brain neuron, and oxidative stress-caused mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. H2S was initially identified as a toxic gas; however, more recently, it has been recognized as a neuromodulator as well as a neuroprotectant. Specifically, it modulates mitochondrial activity, and H2S oxidation in mitochondria produces various reactive sulfur species, thus modifying proteins through sulfhydration. This review focused on highlighting the neuron modulation role of H2S in regulating neurodegenerative diseases through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and S-sulfhydration, and emphasized the importance of H2S as a therapeutic molecule for neurological diseases.
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Salim S, Ahmad F, Banu A, Mohammad F. Gut microbiome and Parkinson's disease: Perspective on pathogenesis and treatment. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00242-9. [PMID: 36332796 PMCID: PMC10403695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disease of ⍺-synuclein aggregation-mediated dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which leads to motor and non-motor symptoms. Through the last two decades of research, there has been growing consensus that inflammation-mediated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cytokine-induced toxicity are mainly involved in neuronal damage and loss associated with PD. However, it remains unclear how these mechanisms relate to sporadic PD, a more common form of PD. Both enteric and central nervous systems have been implicated in the pathogenesis of sporadic PD, thus highlighting the crosstalk between the gut and brain. AIM of Review: In this review, we summarize how alterations in the gut microbiome can affect PD pathogenesis. We highlight various mechanisms increasing/decreasing the risk of PD development. Based on the previous supporting evidence, we suggest how early interventions could protect against PD development and how controlling specific factors, including our diet, could modify our perspective on disease mechanisms and therapeutics. We explain the strong relationship between the gut microbiota and the brain in PD subjects, by delineating the multiple mechanisms involved inneuroinflammation and oxidative stress. We conclude that the neurodetrimental effects of western diet (WD) and the neuroprotective effects of Mediterranean diets should be further exploredin humans through clinical trials. Key Scientific Concepts of Review: Alterations in the gut microbiome and associated metabolites may contribute to pathogenesis in PD. In some studies, probiotics have been shown to exert anti-oxidative effects in PD via improved mitochondrial dynamics and homeostasis, thus reducing PD-related consequences. However, there is a significant unmet need for randomized clinical trials to investigate the effectiveness of microbial products, probiotic-based supplementation, and dietary intervention in reversing gut microbial dysbiosis in PD.
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Hydrogen Sulfide and Its Donors: Keys to Unlock the Chains of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012202. [PMID: 36293058 PMCID: PMC9603526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as the third “gasotransmitters” and has a crucial function in the diversity of physiological functions in mammals. In particular, H2S is considered indispensable in preventing the development of liver inflammation in the case of excessive caloric ingestion. Note that the concentration of endogenous H2S was usually low, making it difficult to discern the precise biological functions. Therefore, exogenous delivery of H2S is conducive to probe the physiological and pathological roles of this gas in cellular and animal studies. In this review, the production and metabolic pathways of H2S in vivo, the types of donors currently used for H2S release, and study evidence of H2S improvement effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are systematically introduced.
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Aschner M, Skalny AV, Ke T, da Rocha JBT, Paoliello MMB, Santamaria A, Bornhorst J, Rongzhu L, Svistunov AA, Djordevic AB, Tinkov AA. Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) Signaling as a Protective Mechanism against Endogenous and Exogenous Neurotoxicants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1908-1924. [PMID: 35236265 PMCID: PMC9886801 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220302101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the significant role of H2S in brain functioning, it is proposed that H2S may also possess protective effects against adverse effects of neurotoxicants. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to discuss the neuroprotective effects of H2S against toxicity of a wide spectrum of endogenous and exogenous agents involved in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases as etiological factors or key players in disease pathogenesis. Generally, the existing data demonstrate that H2S possesses neuroprotective effects upon exposure to endogenous (amyloid β, glucose, and advanced-glycation end-products, homocysteine, lipopolysaccharide, and ammonia) and exogenous (alcohol, formaldehyde, acrylonitrile, metals, 6-hydroxydopamine, as well as 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine ion (MPP)) neurotoxicants. On the one hand, neuroprotective effects are mediated by S-sulfhydration of key regulators of antioxidant (Sirt1, Nrf2) and inflammatory response (NF-κB), resulting in the modulation of the downstream signaling, such as SIRT1/TORC1/CREB/BDNF-TrkB, Nrf2/ARE/HO-1, or other pathways. On the other hand, H2S appears to possess a direct detoxicative effect by binding endogenous (ROS, AGEs, Aβ) and exogenous (MeHg) neurotoxicants, thus reducing their toxicity. Moreover, the alteration of H2S metabolism through the inhibition of H2S-synthetizing enzymes in the brain (CBS, 3-MST) may be considered a significant mechanism of neurotoxicity. Taken together, the existing data indicate that the modulation of cerebral H2S metabolism may be used as a neuroprotective strategy to counteract neurotoxicity of a wide spectrum of endogenous and exogenous neurotoxicants associated with neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), fetal alcohol syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, environmental neurotoxicant exposure, etc. In this particular case, modulation of H2S-synthetizing enzymes or the use of H2S-releasing drugs should be considered as the potential tools, although the particular efficiency and safety of such interventions are to be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-mail
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Stykel MG, Ryan SD. Nitrosative stress in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:104. [PMID: 35953517 PMCID: PMC9372037 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized, in part, by the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the nigral-striatal pathway. Multiple lines of evidence support a role for reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in degeneration of this pathway, specifically nitric oxide (NO). This review will focus on how RNS leads to loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD and whether RNS accumulation represents a central signal in the degenerative cascade. Herein, we provide an overview of how RNS accumulates in PD by considering the various cellular sources of RNS including nNOS, iNOS, nitrate, and nitrite reduction and describe evidence that these sources are upregulating RNS in PD. We document that over 1/3 of the proteins that deposit in Lewy Bodies, are post-translationally modified (S-nitrosylated) by RNS and provide a broad description of how this elicits deleterious effects in neurons. In doing so, we identify specific proteins that are modified by RNS in neurons which are implicated in PD pathogenesis, with an emphasis on exacerbation of synucleinopathy. How nitration of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) leads to aSyn misfolding and toxicity in PD models is outlined. Furthermore, we delineate how RNS modulates known PD-related phenotypes including axo-dendritic-, mitochondrial-, and dopamine-dysfunctions. Finally, we discuss successful outcomes of therapeutics that target S-nitrosylation of proteins in Parkinson’s Disease related clinical trials. In conclusion, we argue that targeting RNS may be of therapeutic benefit for people in early clinical stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan G Stykel
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Ryan
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, ON, Canada. .,Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Gupta R, Sahu M, Tripathi R, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Protein S-sulfhydration: Unraveling the prospective of hydrogen sulfide in the brain, vasculature and neurological manifestations. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 76:101579. [PMID: 35124235 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn) are essential regulatory signaling molecules generated by the entire body, including the central nervous system. Researchers have focused on the classical H2S signaling from the past several decades, whereas the last decade has shown the emergence of H2S-induced protein S-sulfhydration signaling as a potential therapeutic approach. Cysteine S-persulfidation is a critical paradigm of post-translational modification in the process of H2S signaling. Additionally, studies have shown the cross-relationship between S-sulfhydration and other cysteine-induced post-translational modifications, namely nitrosylation and carbonylation. In the central nervous system, S-sulfhydration is involved in the cytoprotection through various signaling pathways, viz. inflammatory response, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis. Further, studies have demonstrated H2S-induced S-sulfhydration in regulating different biological processes, such as mitochondrial integrity, calcium homeostasis, blood-brain permeability, cerebral blood flow, and long-term potentiation. Thus, protein S-sulfhydration becomes a crucial regulatory molecule in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we first described the generation of intracellular H2S followed by the application of H2S in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain permeability. Further, we described the involvement of S-sulfhydration in different biological and cellular functions, such as inflammatory response, mitochondrial integrity, calcium imbalance, and oxidative stress. Moreover, we highlighted the importance of S-sulfhydration in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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10
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Kramer P. Mitochondria-Microbiota Interaction in Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:776936. [PMID: 35002678 PMCID: PMC8733591 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.776936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are the two best-known neurodegenerative diseases. Each is associated with the excessive aggregation in the brain and elsewhere of its own characteristic amyloid proteins. Yet the two afflictions have much in common and often the same amyloids play a role in both. These amyloids need not be toxic and can help regulate bile secretion, synaptic plasticity, and immune defense. Moreover, when they do form toxic aggregates, amyloids typically harm not just patients but their pathogens too. A major port of entry for pathogens is the gut. Keeping the gut’s microbe community (microbiota) healthy and under control requires that our cells’ main energy producers (mitochondria) support the gut-blood barrier and immune system. As we age, these mitochondria eventually succumb to the corrosive byproducts they themselves release, our defenses break down, pathogens or their toxins break through, and the side effects of inflammation and amyloid aggregation become problematic. Although it gets most of the attention, local amyloid aggregation in the brain merely points to a bigger problem: the systemic breakdown of the entire human superorganism, exemplified by an interaction turning bad between mitochondria and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kramer
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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11
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Açai Berry Mitigates Parkinson's Disease Progression Showing Dopaminergic Neuroprotection via Nrf2-HO1 Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6519-6533. [PMID: 35970975 PMCID: PMC9463222 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The current pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is focused on symptom alleviation rather than disease prevention. In this study, we look at a new strategy to neuroprotection that focuses on nutrition, by a supplementation with Açai berry in an experimental models of PD. Daily orally supplementation with Açai berry dissolved in saline at the dose of 500 mg/kg considerably reduced motor and non-motor symptom and neuronal cell death of the dopaminergic tract induced by 4 injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Furthermore, Açai berry administration reduced α-synuclein aggregation in neurons, enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter activities, and avoided dopamine depletion. Moreover, Açai berry administration was able to reduce astrogliosis and microgliosis as well as neuronal death. Its beneficial effects could be due to its bioactive phytochemical components that are able to stimulate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by counteracting the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that are the basis of this neurodegenerative disease.
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12
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Pomierny B, Krzyżanowska W, Jurczyk J, Skórkowska A, Strach B, Szafarz M, Przejczowska-Pomierny K, Torregrossa R, Whiteman M, Marcinkowska M, Pera J, Budziszewska B. The Slow-Releasing and Mitochondria-Targeted Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) Delivery Molecule AP39 Induces Brain Tolerance to Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157816. [PMID: 34360581 PMCID: PMC8346077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of death in the world, which accounts for almost 12% of the total deaths worldwide. Despite decades of research, the available and effective pharmacotherapy is limited. Some evidence underlines the beneficial properties of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors, such as NaSH, in an animal model of brain ischemia and in in vitro research; however, these data are ambiguous. This study was undertaken to verify the neuroprotective activity of AP39, a slow-releasing mitochondria-targeted H2S delivery molecule. We administered AP39 for 7 days prior to ischemia onset, and the potential to induce brain tolerance to ischemia was verified. To do this, we used the rat model of 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and used LC-MS/MS, RT-PCR, LuminexTM assays, Western blot and immunofluorescent double-staining to determine the absolute H2S levels, inflammatory markers, neurotrophic factor signaling pathways and apoptosis marker in the ipsilateral frontal cortex, hippocampus and in the dorsal striatum 24 h after ischemia onset. AP39 (50 nmol/kg) reduced the infarct volume, neurological deficit and reduced the microglia marker (Iba1) expression. AP39 also exerted prominent anti-inflammatory activity in reducing the release of Il-1β, Il-6 and TNFα in brain areas particularly affected by ischemia. Furthermore, AP39 enhanced the pro-survival pathways of neurotrophic factors BDNF-TrkB and NGF-TrkA and reduced the proapoptotic proNGF-p75NTR-sortilin pathway activity. These changes corresponded with reduced levels of cleaved caspase 3. Altogether, AP39 treatment induced adaptative changes within the brain and, by that, developed brain tolerance to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (J.J.); (A.S.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Weronika Krzyżanowska
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (J.J.); (A.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Jakub Jurczyk
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (J.J.); (A.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Alicja Skórkowska
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (J.J.); (A.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Beata Strach
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Kraków, Poland; (B.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.P.-P.)
| | - Katarzyna Przejczowska-Pomierny
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.P.-P.)
| | - Roberta Torregrossa
- St. Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (R.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- St. Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (R.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Botaniczna 3, 31-503 Kraków, Poland; (B.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (J.J.); (A.S.); (B.B.)
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Kitamura Y, Sakanashi M, Ozawa A, Saeki Y, Nakamura A, Hara Y, Saeki KI, Arimoto-Kobayashi S. Protective effect of Actinidia arguta in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:154-159. [PMID: 33819745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Oxidative stress-induced neuronal death has been identified as one of the major causes of nigrostriatal degeneration in PD. The fruit of Actinidia arguta (A. arguta), known as sarunashi in Japan, has been reported to show beneficial health effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anticholinergic effects. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of A. arguta in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropypridine (MPTP)-induced PD model mice. A. arguta juice was administered to 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice continuously for 10 days before the first MPTP injection. The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra was induced by MPTP (30 mg/kg, i. p.) once daily for five consecutive days. We found that the administration of A. arguta ameliorated MPTP-induced motor impairment and suppressed the MPTP-induced reductions of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression in the substantia nigra. Our findings suggest that taking A. arguta could provide neuroprotection that delays or prevents the neurodegenerative process of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kitamura
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Sakanashi
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Azuki Ozawa
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yuri Saeki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Ayano Nakamura
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yuiho Hara
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Saeki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Sakae Arimoto-Kobayashi
- Graduated School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Minaei A, Sarookhani MR, Haghdoost-Yazdi H, Rajaei F. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates induction and prevents progress of the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsonism in rat through activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and suppression of ER stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 423:115558. [PMID: 33961902 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies argue in favor of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as the next potent therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. In present study, we investigated the effect of long term treatment with NaHS (as donor of H2S) on induction and progress of the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) -induced Parkinsonism in rat. METHODS The 6-OHDA was injected into medial forebrain bundle of right hemisphere by stereotaxic surgery. Behavioral tests and treatments were carried out to eight weeks after the toxin. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were carried out to evaluate the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) -positive neurons in substantia nigra (SN) and also expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), the markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, in striatum and SN. RESULTS Eight weeks assessment of the behavioral symptoms showed that NaHS especially at dose of 100 μmol/kg attenuates remarkably induction of the Parkinsonism and prevents its progress. NaHS also increased the survival of TH- positive neurons and suppressed 6-OHDA- induced overexpression of GRP78 and CHOP. Blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels with glibenclamide (Glib) prevented markedly the effect of NaHS on both the induction phase and survival of TH- positive neurons. But Glib did not affect the preventing effect of NaHS on the progress phase and its suppressing effect on the overexpression of ER stress markers. CONCLUSION H2S attenuates induction of the 6-OHDA- induced Parkinsonism and also increases the survival of dopaminergic neurons through activation of K-ATP channels. H2S also prevents progress of the Parkinsonism probably through suppression of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Minaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sarookhani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hashem Haghdoost-Yazdi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Farzad Rajaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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15
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Sokolov AS, Nekrasov PV, Shaposhnikov MV, Moskalev AA. Hydrogen sulfide in longevity and pathologies: Inconsistency is malodorous. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101262. [PMID: 33516916 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the biologically active gases (gasotransmitters), which plays an important role in various physiological processes and aging. Its production in the course of methionine and cysteine catabolism and its degradation are finely balanced, and impairment of H2S homeostasis is associated with various pathologies. Despite the strong geroprotective action of exogenous H2S in C. elegans, there are controversial effects of hydrogen sulfide and its donors on longevity in other models, as well as on stress resistance, age-related pathologies and aging processes, including regulation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways (SCAPs). Here we discuss that the translation potential of H2S as a geroprotective compound is influenced by a multiplicity of its molecular targets, pleiotropic biological effects, and the overlapping ranges of toxic and beneficial doses. We also consider the challenges of the targeted delivery of H2S at the required dose. Along with this, the complexity of determining the natural levels of H2S in animal and human organs and their ambiguous correlations with longevity are reviewed.
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16
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Wu J, Yang F, Zhang X, Chen G, Zou J, Yin L, Yang D. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress through the GRP78/mTOR pathway in rat chondrocytes subjected to oxidative stress. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:34. [PMID: 33537813 PMCID: PMC7891823 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of oxidative stress is a primary cause of chondrocyte apoptosis in osteoarthritis (OA). The 78‑kDa glucose‑regulated protein (GRP78)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be linked with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and autophagy. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to exert antioxidant effects. The present study investigated oxidative stress levels via 2',7'‑dichlorofluorescin diacetate and MitoSOX staining, apoptosis rates via flow cytometry and the expression levels of ER stress‑related proteins in GYY4137 (donor of H2S)‑treated chondrocytes (CHs). CHs were isolated from the bilateral hip joints of male rats to examine mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening‑ and mTOR signaling pathway‑related proteins. The results demonstrated that tert‑Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) increased CH apoptosis, and treatment with GYY4137 ameliorated TBHP‑mediated the generation of ROS and CH apoptosis. Moreover, TBHP‑treated CHs displayed elevated ER stress sensor expression levels and apoptotic rates; however, the TBHP‑induced protein expression levels were decreased following GYY4137 treatment. In the present study, treatment with either GYY4137 or transfection with GRP78 siRNA both suppressed the activation of p‑P70S6k and p‑mTOR. H2S played an important role in regulating ER stress in TBHP‑stimulated CHs. GYY4137 promoted autophagy, which was accompanied by the inhibition of ER stress. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that TBHP‑induced oxidative stress stimulates ER interactions and CH apoptosis, which are suppressed by exogenous H2S via modulating the GRP78/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jilong Zou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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17
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Renieris G, Droggiti DE, Katrini K, Koufargyris P, Gkavogianni T, Karakike E, Antonakos N, Damoraki G, Karageorgos A, Sabracos L, Katsouda A, Jentho E, Weis S, Wang R, Bauer M, Szabo C, Platoni K, Kouloulias V, Papapetropoulos A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Host cystathionine-γ lyase derived hydrogen sulfide protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009473. [PMID: 33770141 PMCID: PMC8051778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as a novel gaseous transmitter with several anti-inflammatory properties. The role of host- derived H2S in infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated in clinical and mouse models. H2S concentrations and survival was assessed in septic patients with lung infection. Animal experiments using a model of severe systemic multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infection were performed using mice with a constitutive knock-out of cystathionine-γ lyase (Cse) gene (Cse-/-) and wild-type mice with a physiological expression (Cse+/+). Experiments were repeated in mice after a) treatment with cyclophosphamide; b) bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from a Cse+/+ donor; c) treatment with H2S synthesis inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (ΑΟΑΑ) or propargylglycine (PAG) and d) H2S donor sodium thiosulfate (STS) or GYY3147. Bacterial loads and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in tissue samples. The expression of quorum sensing genes (QS) was determined in vivo and in vitro. Cytokine concentration was measured in serum and incubated splenocytes. Patients survivors at day 28 had significantly higher serum H2S compared to non-survivors. A cut- off point of 5.3 μΜ discriminated survivors with sensitivity 92.3%. Mortality after 28 days was 30.9% and 93.7% in patients with H2S higher and less than 5.3 μΜ (p = 7 x 10-6). In mice expression of Cse and application of STS afforded protection against infection with multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment eliminated the survival benefit of Cse+/+ mice, whereas BMT increased the survival of Cse-/- mice. Cse-/- mice had increased pathogen loads compared to Cse+/+ mice. Phagocytic activity of leukocytes from Cse-/- mice was reduced but was restored after H2S supplementation. An H2S dependent down- regulation of quorum sensing genes of P.aeruginosa could be demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Endogenous H2S is a potential independent parameter correlating with the outcome of P. aeruginosa. H2S provides resistance to infection by MDR bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Renieris
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysia-Eirini Droggiti
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Katrini
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Koufargyris
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Theologia Gkavogianni
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Karakike
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Antonakos
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Damoraki
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Karageorgos
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Labros Sabracos
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Katsouda
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisa Jentho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Platoni
- 2 Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios Kouloulias
- 2 Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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18
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Li J, Li M, Wang C, Zhang S, Gao Q, Wang L, Ma L. NaSH increases SIRT1 activity and autophagy flux through sulfhydration to protect SH-SY5Y cells induced by MPP~. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2216-2225. [PMID: 32787548 PMCID: PMC7513839 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1804179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevailing aging diseases around the world. The present study was to investigate the potential effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) in MPP~+ induced SH-SY5Y cells and its underlying mechanisms in PD. SH-SY5Y cells were induced by MPP~+ and treated with the H2S donor NaHS to detect the effect of H2S on the molecular behaviors of MPP~+ induced SH-SY5Y cells. NaHS reduced the apoptosis rate and expressions of MDA, 4-HNE and p62, while increased cell viability, autophagy flux and expressions of LC3 II/I and Beclin1 in MPP~+ induced SH-SY5Y cells. Then, levels of autophagy-related proteins and inflammation-related proteins (TNF-α, IL-Iβ) were detected, indicating that Chloroquine and Sirtinol reversed the protective effect of H2S on SH-SY5Y cells induced by MPP~+. We further explored the particular function of H2S, SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP~+, NaHS chloroquine, and SIRT1 inhibitor (Sirtinol). The results showed that H2S increased SIRT1 expression and sulfhydration. Finally, a PD mouse model verified the above results. In a word, H2S ameliorated SIRT1 activity through acceleration of SIRT1 sulfhydration to increase the autophagy flux and attenuate damage of SH-SY5Y cells induced by MPP~+. H2S and SIRT1 activator might be a target in the treatment of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Shuhu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
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19
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Zhou S, Mou Y, Liu M, Du Q, Ali B, Ramprasad J, Qiao C, Hu LF, Ji X. Insights into the Mechanism of Thiol-Triggered COS/H 2S Release from N-Dithiasuccinoyl Amines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8352-8359. [PMID: 32496068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide (COS) to form H2S by carbonic anhydrase has been demonstrated to be a viable strategy to deliver H2S in a biological system. Herein, we describe N-dithiasuccinoyl amines as thiol-triggered COS/H2S donors. Notably, thiol species especially GSH and homocysteine can trigger the release of both COS and H2S directly from several specific analogues via an unexpected mechanism. Importantly, two representative analogues Dts-1 and Dts-5 show intracellular H2S release, and Dts-1 imparts potent anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-challenged microglia cells. In conclusion, N-dithiasuccinoyl amine could serve as promising COS/H2S donors for either H2S biological studies or H2S-based therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yujie Mou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Qian Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Basharat Ali
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Jurupula Ramprasad
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Chunhua Qiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Xingyue Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
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20
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Nutraceuticals Targeting Generation and Oxidant Activity of Peroxynitrite May Aid Prevention and Control of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103624. [PMID: 32455532 PMCID: PMC7279222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic low-grade inflammatory process in which activated microglia generate cytotoxic factors-most prominently peroxynitrite-which induce the death and dysfunction of neighboring dopaminergic neurons. Dying neurons then release damage-associated molecular pattern proteins such as high mobility group box 1 which act on microglia via a range of receptors to amplify microglial activation. Since peroxynitrite is a key mediator in this process, it is proposed that nutraceutical measures which either suppress microglial production of peroxynitrite, or which promote the scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived oxidants, should have value for the prevention and control of PD. Peroxynitrite production can be quelled by suppressing activation of microglial NADPH oxidase-the source of its precursor superoxide-or by down-regulating the signaling pathways that promote microglial expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Phycocyanobilin of spirulina, ferulic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, good vitamin D status, promotion of hydrogen sulfide production with taurine and N-acetylcysteine, caffeine, epigallocatechin-gallate, butyrogenic dietary fiber, and probiotics may have potential for blunting microglial iNOS induction. Scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived radicals may be amplified with supplemental zinc or inosine. Astaxanthin has potential for protecting the mitochondrial respiratory chain from peroxynitrite and environmental mitochondrial toxins. Healthful programs of nutraceutical supplementation may prove to be useful and feasible in the primary prevention or slow progression of pre-existing PD. Since damage to the mitochondria in dopaminergic neurons by environmental toxins is suspected to play a role in triggering the self-sustaining inflammation that drives PD pathogenesis, there is also reason to suspect that plant-based diets of modest protein content, and possibly a corn-rich diet high in spermidine, might provide protection from PD by boosting protective mitophagy and thereby aiding efficient mitochondrial function. Low-protein diets can also promote a more even response to levodopa therapy.
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21
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Bullich C, Keshavarzian A, Garssen J, Kraneveld A, Perez-Pardo P. Gut Vibes in Parkinson's Disease: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:639-651. [PMID: 31745471 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) is attributable to multifactorial changes occurring at a molecular level, influenced by genetics and environmental interactions. However, what causes the main hallmarks of PD is not well understood. Recent data increasingly suggest that imbalances in the gut microbiome composition might trigger and/or exacerbate the progression of PD. Objective The present review aims to (1) report emerging literature showing changes in microbiota composition of PD patients compared to healthy individuals and (2) discuss how these changes may initiate and/or perpetuate PD pathology. Methods We analyzed 13 studies published from 2015 and included in this review. Altered microbial taxa were compiled in a detailed table summarizing bacterial changes in fecal/mucosal samples. The methodology was systematically reviewed across the articles and was also included in a table to facilitate comparisons between studies. Results Multiple studies found a reduction in short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria that can rescue neuronal damage through epigenetic mechanisms. Overall, the studies showed that changes in the gut microbiota composition might influence colonic inflammation, gut permeability, and α-synuclein aggregation, contributing to the neurogenerative process. Conclusion Further studies with larger cohorts and high-resolution sequencing methods are required to better define gut microbiota changes in PD. Furthermore, additional longitudinal studies are required to determine the causal link between these changes and PD pathogenesis as well as to study the potential of the intestinal microbiota as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bullich
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Nutricia Reasearch Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Aletta Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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22
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Chen B, Wen X, Jiang H, Wang J, Song N, Xie J. Interactions between iron and α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:253-260. [PMID: 31233777 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both iron deposition and α-synuclein aggregation are neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to summarize the extensive interactions between these two factors. The direct structural links between iron and α-synuclein suggest that structural reorganization provokes α-synuclein conformational change. Iron post-transcriptionally regulates α-synuclein synthesis in the presence of iron-responsive element. Increased oxidative/nitrative stress induced by iron is believed to be involved in the post-translational modulation of α-synuclein. Iron modulates proteolytic pathways and therefore participates in the regulation of α-synuclein levels. Meanwhile, the recycling of iron through ferritin degradation suggests a link from the aspects of the degradation signaling pathway. Finally, α-synuclein might regulate iron metabolism through its ferrireductase activity. A prominent role of α-synuclein in iron homeostasis is involved in the uptake of transferrin-Fe. These findings suggest that intracellular iron and α-synuclein are closely related to each other, contributing to the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons or even to a vicious cycle of toxicity in the pathology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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23
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He Y, Yu Z, Chen S. Alpha-Synuclein Nitration and Its Implications in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:777-782. [PMID: 30183251 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is pathologically characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies, which are primarily composed of α-synuclein. Post-translational modifications of α-synuclein induced by nitrative stress have been linked to neurodegeneration. Here, we review the concept of α-synuclein nitration and its biological consequences. We also discuss the pathological roles of nitrated α-synuclein and their potential clinical implications in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhongwang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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24
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Chang HC, Liu KF, Teng CJ, Lai SC, Yang SE, Ching H, Wu CR. Sophora Tomentosa Extract Prevents MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism in C57BL/6 Mice Via the Inhibition of GSK-3β Phosphorylation and Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020252. [PMID: 30678114 PMCID: PMC6412387 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sophora species are used as dietary medicines in aging-associated symptoms. Sophora tomentosa L. (ST) is a native medicinal plant in Southeast Asia; however, there is no pharmacological literature about ST extract. The present study evaluates the antioxidant phytoconstituent contents and radical scavenging capacities of ST extract. The further investigation was to clarify the neuroprotective mechanism of ST extract against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism by assaying the activities of the dopaminergic system and antioxidant defenses, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3-β) phosphorylation, and α-synuclein levels in C57BL/6 mice. The results show that ST extract alleviated the motor deficits in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism with four behavioral tests, including a rearing locomotor, catalepsy test, balance beam walking test, and pole test. ST extract reversed the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in substantia nigra (SN) that had decreased by MPTP. ST extract also restored the decreased levels of dopamine and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum. Furthermore, ST extract restored the levels of glutathione (GSH) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mouse striatum. ST extract also decreased α-synuclein overexpression and GSK-3β phosphorylation in mouse striatum. In vitro, ST extract exerted higher 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities through its higher phenolic contents, especially protocatechuic acid and epicatechin. These results suggest that ST extract has the potential to counteract MPTP-induced motor deficit. The neuroprotective mechanism of ST extract against MPTP-induced Parkinsonism might be related to decreasing GSK-3β phosphorylation and restoring the activities of striatal antioxidant defenses to restore the nigrostriatal dopaminergic function and decrease α-synuclein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Chang
- Department of Golden-Ager Industry Management, College of Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41394, Taiwan.
| | - Keng-Fan Liu
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jen Teng
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chen Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 43550, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Er Yang
- Department of Beauty Science and Graduate, Institute of Beauty Science Technology, Chienkuo Technology University, Changhua City 500, Taiwan.
| | - Hui Ching
- Department of Pharmacy, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, 40343, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Rei Wu
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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25
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Qiao HH, Zhu LN, Wang Y, Hui JL, Xie WB, Liu C, Chen L, Qiu PM. Implications of alpha-synuclein nitration at tyrosine 39 in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:319-327. [PMID: 30531016 PMCID: PMC6301162 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is an amphetamine-type psychostimulant that can damage dopaminergic neurons and cause characteristic pathological changes similar to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. However, its specific mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we established a Parkinson’s disease pathology model by exposing SH-SY5Y cells and C57BL/6J mice to methamphetamine. In vitro experiments were performed with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mM methamphetamine for 24 hours or 2.0 mM methamphetamine for 0-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, and 24-hour culture of SH-SY5Y cells. Additional experimental groups of SH-SY5Y cells were administered a nitric oxide inhibitor, 0.1 mM N-nitro-L-arginine, 1 hour before exposure to 2.0 mM methamphetamine for 24 hours. In vivo experiments: C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with N-nitro-L-arginine (8 mg/kg), eight times, at intervals of 12 hours. Methamphetamine 15 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected eight times, at intervals of 12 hours, but 0.5-hour after each N-nitro-L-arginine injection in the combined group. Western blot assay was used to determine the expression of nitric oxide synthase, α-synuclein (α-Syn), 5G4, nitrated α-synuclein at the residue Tyr39 (nT39 α-Syn), cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) in cells and mouse brain tissue. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to measure the positive reaction of NeuN, nT39 α-Syn and 5G4. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the dopamine levels in the mouse brain. After methamphetamine exposure, α-Syn expression increased; the aggregation of α-Syn 5G4 increased; nT39 α-Syn, nitric oxide synthase, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP expression increased in the cultures of SH-SY5Y cells and in the brains of C57BL/6J mice; and dopamine levels were reduced in the mouse brain. These changes were markedly reduced when N-nitro-L-arginine was administered with methamphetamine in both SH-SY5Y cells and C57BL/6J mice. These results suggest that nT39 α-Syn aggregation is involved in methamphetamine neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hua Qiao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin-Nan Zhu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Kingmed Institute for Forensic Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Liang Hui
- First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Bing Xie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ping-Ming Qiu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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26
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Seki T, Sato M, Konno A, Hirai H, Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Katsuki H. d-Cysteine promotes dendritic development in primary cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells via hydrogen sulfide production. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 93:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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27
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Lazarević M, Mazzon E, Momčilović M, Basile MS, Colletti G, Petralia MC, Bramanti P, Nicoletti F, Miljković Đ. The H₂S Donor GYY4137 Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in BV2 Cells While Suppressing the Secretion of TNF and Nitric Oxide. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112966. [PMID: 30441775 PMCID: PMC6278327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
GYY4137 is a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor that has been shown to act in an anti-inflammatory manner in vitro and in vivo. Microglial cells are among the major players in immunoinflammatory, degenerative, and neoplastic disorders of the central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and glioblastoma multiforme. So far, the effects of GYY4137 on microglial cells have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, BV2 microglial cells were stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide and treated with GYY4137. The agent did not influence the viability of BV2 cells in concentrations up to 200 μM. It inhibited tumor necrosis factor but not interleukin-6 production. Expression of CD40 and CD86 were reduced under the influence of the donor. The phagocytic ability of BV2 cells and nitric oxide production were also affected by the agent. Surprisingly, GYY4137 upregulated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by BV2 cells. The effect was mimicked by another H2S donor, Na2S, and it was not reproduced in macrophages. Our results demonstrate that GYY4137 downregulates inflammatory properties of BV2 cells but increases their ability to generate ROS. Further investigation of this unexpected phenomenon is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Lazarević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Strada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Miljana Momčilović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Maria Sofia Basile
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Colletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Petralia
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Strada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Strada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
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