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Klima ML, Kruger KA, Goldstein N, Pulido S, Low AYT, Assenmacher CA, Alhadeff AL, Betley JN. Anti-inflammatory effects of hunger are transmitted to the periphery via projection-specific AgRP circuits. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113338. [PMID: 37910501 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the coordinated physiological actions that lead to reduced inflammation in a state of caloric deficit (hunger) are largely unknown. Using a mouse model of injury-induced peripheral inflammation, we find that food deprivation reduces edema, temperature, and cytokine responses that occur after injury. The magnitude of the anti-inflammatory effect that occurs during hunger is more robust than that of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The effects of hunger are recapitulated centrally by activity in nutrient-sensing hypothalamic agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons. We find that AgRP neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus rapidly and robustly reduce inflammation and mediate the majority of hunger's anti-inflammatory effects. Intact vagal efferent signaling is required for the anti-inflammatory action of hunger, revealing a brain-to-periphery pathway for this reduction in inflammation. Taken together, these data begin to unravel a potent anti-inflammatory pathway engaged by hypothalamic AgRP neurons to reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Klima
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kayla A Kruger
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nitsan Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Santiago Pulido
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aloysius Y T Low
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Comparative Pathology Core, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amber L Alhadeff
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - J Nicholas Betley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Ketogal Safety Profile in Human Primary Colonic Epithelial Cells and in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111149. [PMID: 34832931 PMCID: PMC8623564 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, a ketorolac–galactose conjugate (ketogal) showed prolonged anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, causing less gastric ulcerogenic effect and renal toxicity than its parent drug ketorolac. In order to demonstrate the safer profile of ketogal compared to ketorolac, histopathological changes in the small intestine and liver using three staining techniques before and after repeated oral administration in mice with ketorolac or an equimolecular dose of its galactosylated prodrug ketogal were assessed. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated and compared in ketorolac- and ketogal-treated Human Primary Colonic Epithelial cells at different concentrations and incubation times. Evidence of mitochondrial oxidative stress was found after ketorolac treatment; this was attributable to altered mitochondrial membrane depolarization and oxidative stress parameters. No mitochondrial damage was observed after ketogal treatment. In ketorolac-treated mice, severe subepithelial vacuolation and erosion with inflammatory infiltrates and edematous area in the intestinal tissues were noted, as well as alterations in sinusoidal spaces and hepatocytes with foamy cytoplasm. In contrast, treatment with ketogal provided a significant improvement in the morphology of both organs. The prodrug clearly demonstrated a safer profile than its parent drug both in vitro and ex vivo, confirming that ketogal is a strategic alternative to ketorolac.
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Grimes MM, Kenney SR, Dominguez DR, Brayer KJ, Guo Y, Wandinger-Ness A, Hudson LG. The R-enantiomer of ketorolac reduces ovarian cancer tumor burden in vivo. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:40. [PMID: 33413202 PMCID: PMC7791840 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-family GTPases, including Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42), are important modulators of cancer-relevant cell functions and are viewed as promising therapeutic targets. Based on high-throughput screening and cheminformatics we identified the R-enantiomer of an FDA-approved drug (ketorolac) as an inhibitor of Rac1 and Cdc42. The corresponding S-enantiomer is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with selective activity against cyclooxygenases. We reported previously that R-ketorolac, but not the S-enantiomer, inhibited Rac1 and Cdc42-dependent downstream signaling, growth factor stimulated actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, cell adhesion, migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumor cells. METHODS In this study we treated mice with R-ketorolac and measured engraftment of tumor cells to the omentum, tumor burden, and target GTPase activity. In order to gain insights into the actions of R-ketorolac, we also performed global RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis on tumor samples. RESULTS Treatment of mice with R-ketorolac decreased omental engraftment of ovarian tumor cells at 18 h post tumor cell injection and tumor burden after 2 weeks of tumor growth. R-ketorolac treatment inhibited tumor Rac1 and Cdc42 activity with little impact on mRNA or protein expression of these GTPase targets. RNA-seq analysis revealed that R-ketorolac decreased expression of genes in the HIF-1 signaling pathway. R-ketorolac treatment also reduced expression of additional genes associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that R-ketorolac may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ovarian cancer based on its pharmacologic activity as a Rac1 and Cdc42 inhibitor. R-ketorolac modulates relevant pathways and genes associated with disease progression and worse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Grimes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - S. Ray Kenney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Dayna R. Dominguez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Kathryn J. Brayer
- Analytical and Translational Genomics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Yuna Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
| | - Laurie G. Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
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Sodano F, Lazzarato L, Rolando B, Spyrakis F, De Caro C, Magliocca S, Marabello D, Chegaev K, Gazzano E, Riganti C, Calignano A, Russo R, Rimoli MG. Paracetamol-Galactose Conjugate: A Novel Prodrug for an Old Analgesic Drug. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4181-4189. [PMID: 31465230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol has been one of the most commonly used and prescribed analgesic drugs for more than a hundred years. Despite being generally well tolerated, it can result in high liver toxicity when administered in specific conditions, such as overdose, or in vulnerable individuals. We have synthesized and characterized a paracetamol galactosylated prodrug (PARgal) with the aim of improving both the pharmacodynamic and pharmacological profile of paracetamol. PARgal shows a range of physicochemical properties, solubility, lipophilicity, and chemical stability at differing physiological pH values and in human serum. PARgal could still be preclinically detected 2 h after administration, meaning that it displays reduced hepatic metabolism compared to paracetamol. In overdose conditions, PARgal has not shown any cytotoxic effect in in vitro analyses performed on human liver cells. Furthermore, when tested in an animal pain model, PARgal demonstrated a sustained analgesic effect up to the 12th hour after oral administration. These findings support the use of galactose as a suitable carrier in the development of prodrugs for analgesic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sodano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology , University of Turin , 10125 , Turin , Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Drug Science and Technology , University of Turin , 10125 , Turin , Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology , University of Turin , 10125 , Turin , Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology , University of Turin , 10125 , Turin , Italy
| | - Carmen De Caro
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery , "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro , 88100 Catanzaro , Italy.,Department of Pharmacy , "Federico II" University of Naples , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Salvatore Magliocca
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Domenica Marabello
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turin , 10125 Turin , Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Crystallography (CrisDi) , 10125 Turin , Italy
| | - Konstantin Chegaev
- Department of Drug Science and Technology , University of Turin , 10125 , Turin , Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology , University of Turin , 10126 Turin , Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology , University of Turin , 10126 Turin , Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy , "Federico II" University of Naples , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy , "Federico II" University of Naples , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Department of Pharmacy , "Federico II" University of Naples , 80131 Naples , Italy
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Magliocca S, De Caro C, Lazzarato L, Russo R, Rolando B, Chegaev K, Marini E, Nieddu M, Burrai L, Boatto G, Cristiano C, Marabello D, Gazzano E, Riganti C, Sodano F, Rimoli MG. Aceclofenac–Galactose Conjugate: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3101-3110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Magliocca
- Department of Pharmacy, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen De Caro
- Department of Pharmacy, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lucia Burrai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenica Marabello
- Interdepartmental Center
for Crystallography (CrisDi), 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Department of Pharmacy, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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