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Murtaza B, Li X, Nawaz MY, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Wang L, Xu Y. Toxicodynamic of combined mycotoxins: MicroRNAs and acute-phase proteins as diagnostic biomarkers. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13338. [PMID: 38629461 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, ubiquitous contaminants in food, present a global threat to human health and well-being. Mitigation efforts, such as the implementation of sound agricultural practices, thorough food processing, and the advancement of mycotoxin control technologies, have been instrumental in reducing mycotoxin exposure and associated toxicity. To comprehensively assess mycotoxins and their toxicodynamic implications, the deployment of effective and predictive strategies is imperative. Understanding the manner of action, transformation, and cumulative toxic effects of mycotoxins, moreover, their interactions with food matrices can be gleaned through gene expression and transcriptome analyses at cellular and molecular levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) govern the expression of target genes and enzymes that play pivotal roles in physiological, pathological, and toxicological responses, whereas acute phase proteins (APPs) exert regulatory control over the metabolism of therapeutic agents, both endogenously and posttranscriptionally. Consequently, this review aims to consolidate current knowledge concerning the regulatory role of miRNAs in the initiation of toxicological pathways by mycotoxins and explores the potential of APPs as biomarkers following mycotoxin exposure. The findings of this research highlight the potential utility of miRNAs and APPs as indicators for the detection and management of mycotoxins in food through biological processes. These markers offer promising avenues for enhancing the safety and quality of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Dalian SEM Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Dalian SEM Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Wang P, Sun LH, Wang X, Wu Q, Liu A. Effective protective agents against the organ toxicity of T-2 toxin and corresponding detoxification mechanisms: A narrative review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:251-266. [PMID: 38362519 PMCID: PMC10867609 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most widespread and toxic fungal toxins in food and feed. It can cause gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity in humans and animals. T-2 toxin is physicochemically stable and does not readily degrade during food and feed processing. Therefore, suppressing T-2 toxin-induced organ toxicity through antidotes is an urgent issue. Protective agents against the organ toxicity of T-2 toxin have been recorded widely in the literature, but these protective agents and their molecular mechanisms of detoxification have not been comprehensively summarized. In this review, we provide an overview of the various protective agents to T-2 toxin and the molecular mechanisms underlying the detoxification effects. Targeting appropriate targets to antagonize T-2 toxin toxicity is also an important option. This review will provide essential guidance and strategies for the better application and development of T-2 toxin antidotes specific for organ toxicity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Lv-hui Sun
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Aimei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
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Wang Y, Wang B, Wang P, Hua Z, Zhang S, Wang X, Yang X, Zhang C. Review of neurotoxicity of T-2 toxin. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:85-95. [PMID: 38217761 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a representative trichothecene that is widely detected in corn, wheat and other grain feeds. T-2 toxin has stable physical and chemical properties, making it difficult to remove from food and feed. Hence, T-2 toxin has become an unavoidable pollutant in food for humans and animals. T-2 toxin can enter brain tissue by crossing the blood-brain barrier and leads to congestion, swelling and even apoptosis of neurons. T-2 toxin poisoning can directly lead to clinical symptoms (anti-feeding reaction and decline of learning and memory function in humans and animals). Maternal T-2 toxin exposure also exerted toxic effects on the central nervous system of offspring. Oxidative stress is the core neurotoxicity mechanism underlying T-2 toxin poison. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial oxidative damage and inflammation are all involved in the neurotoxicity induced by T-2 toxin. Thus, alleviating oxidative stress has become a potential target for relieving the neurotoxicity induced by T-2 toxin. Future efforts should be devoted to revealing the neurotoxic molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin and exploring effective therapeutic drugs to alleviate T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Peilin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Zeao Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China.
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Cao Y, Shan Y, Wang G, Wu Z, Wang H, Wu S, Yin Z, Wei J, Bao W. Integrated of multi-omics and molecular docking reveal PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH in the serine synthetic pathway as potential targets of T-2 toxin exposure in pig intestinal tract. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126647. [PMID: 37678681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T-2) with a molecular weight of 466.52 g/mol is an inevitable mycotoxin in food products and feeds, posing a significant threat to human and animal health. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the cytotoxic effects of T-2 exposure on porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of T-2 exposure on IPEC-J2 through the detection of cell viability, cell morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS, apoptosis and autophagy. Further transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of IPEC-J2 upon T-2 exposure were performed by using RNA-seq and TMT techniques. A total of 546 differential expressed genes (DEGs) and 269 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected. Among these, 24 common DEGs/DEPs were involved in IPEC-J2 upon T-2 exposure. Interestingly, molecular docking analysis revealed potential interactions between T-2 and three key enzymes (PHGDP, PSAT1, and PSPH) in the serine biosynthesis pathway. Besides, further experimental showed that PSAT1 knockdown exacerbated T-2-induced oxidative damage. Together, our findings indicated that the serine biosynthesis pathway including PHGDP, PSAT1, PSPH genes probably acts critical roles in the regulation of T-2-induced cell damage. This study provided new insights into the global molecular effects of T-2 exposure and identified the serine biosynthesis pathway as molecular targets and potential treatment strategies against T-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiyi Shan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guangzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haifei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Julong Wei
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit 48202, United States
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Guo J, Ye X, Zhao Y, Huang D, Wu Q, Ihsan A, Wang X. NRF-2α and mitophagy underlie enhanced mitochondrial functions and biogenesis induced by T-2 toxin in GH3 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113687. [PMID: 36863559 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a natural contaminant in grain cereals produced by species of Fusarium. Studies indicate that T-2 toxin can positively affect mitochondrial function, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we examined the role of nuclear respiratory factor 2α (NRF-2α) in T-2 toxin-activated mitochondrial biogenesis and the direct target genes of NRF-2α. Furthermore, we investigated T-2 toxin-induced autophagy and mitophagy, and the role of mitophagy in changes in mitochondrial function and apoptosis. It was found that T-2 toxin significantly increased NRF-2α levels and nuclear localization of NRF-2α was induced. NRF-2α deletion significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), abrogated T-2 toxin-induced increases in ATP and mitochondrial complex I activity, and inhibited the mitochondrial DNA copy number. Meanwhile, With chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), various novel NRF-2α target genes were identified, such as mitochondrial iron-sulphur subunits (Ndufs 3,7) and mitochondrial transcription factors (Tfam, Tfb1m, and Tfb2m). Some target genes were also involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission (Drp1), mitochondrial translation (Yars2) and splicing (Ddx55), and mitophagy. Further studies showed that T-2 toxin induced Atg5 dependent autophagy and Atg5/PINK1-dependent mitophagy. In addition, mitophagy defects increase ROS production, inhibit ATP levels and the expression of genes related to mitochondrial dynamics, and promote apoptosis in the presence of T-2 toxins. Altogether, these results suggest that NRF-2α plays a critical role in promoting mitochondrial function and biogenesis through regulation of mitochondrial genes, and, interestingly, mitophagy caused by T-2 toxin positively affected mitochondrial function and protected cell survival against T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaochun Ye
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongxia Zhao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Deyu Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus, Pakistan
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Aisyah R, Sadewa AH, Patria SY, Wahab A. The PPARGC1A Is the Gene Responsible for Thrifty Metabolism Related Metabolic Diseases: A Scoping Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1894. [PMID: 36292779 PMCID: PMC9601628 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis has thus far described the relationship between specific genes and the population's resilience to food scarcity circumstances, but its link to the widespread prevalence of genetic diseases and metabolic syndrome has not been adequately mapped. The purpose of the study was to discover genes responsible for thrifty metabolism. A systematic search with keywords was performed for relevant titles. This study used the article's database published by Pubmed, Proquest, and EBSCO from January, 2009 to September, 2022. Out of 418 papers screened for eligibility, the final evaluation determined that five studies should be included in the analysis. Results indicated that PPARGC1A Gly482Ser led to high BMI in the Tongans population but was unrelated to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but this was not the case in the Maori population. Significantly differing frequencies of PPAR C1431T and Pro12Ala gene polymorphisms were observed in the Iranian population. GWAS identification of additional genes in Asian and European populations did not produce consistent findings. As a summary, PPARGC1A Gly482Ser addresses as the gene responsible for thrifty metabolism in the Pacific population although some studies show inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riandini Aisyah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta 57169, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Hamim Sadewa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Suryono Yudha Patria
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Song Y, Wang M, Zhao S, Tian Y, Zhang C. Matrine promotes mitochondrial biosynthesis and reduces oxidative stress in experimental optic neuritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:936632. [PMID: 36238552 PMCID: PMC9552203 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.936632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON), characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), is one of the leading causes of blindness in patients. Given that RGC, as an energy-intensive cell, is vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction, improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress could protect these cells. Matrine (MAT), an alkaloid derived from Sophoraflavescens, has been shown to regulate immunity and protect neurons in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis and ON. However, the protective mechanism of MAT on RGCs is largely unknown. In this study, we show that MAT treatment significantly reduced the degree of inflammatory infiltration and demyelination of the optic nerve and increased the survival rate of RGCs. The expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a member of an evolutionarily conserved gene family (sirtuins), was upregulated, as well as its downstream molecules Nrf2 and PGC-1α. The percentage of TOMM20-positive cells was also increased remarkably in RGCs after MAT treatment. Thus, our results indicate that MAT protects RGCs from apoptosis, at least in part, by activating SIRT1 to regulate PGC-1α and Nrf2, which, together, promote mitochondrial biosynthesis and reduce the oxidative stress of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengru Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suyan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanjie Tian,
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Idrees M, Kumar V, Khan AM, Joo MD, Uddin Z, Lee KW, Kong IK. Hesperetin activated SIRT1 neutralizes cadmium effects on the early bovine embryo development. Theriogenology 2022; 189:209-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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NRF2/PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 451:116167. [PMID: 35842139 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The T-2 toxin is a highly toxic trichothecene mycotoxin that would cause serious toxicity in humans and animals. Recent studies suggest that the central nervous system (CNS) is susceptible to T-2 toxin, which can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, accumulate in brain tissues, and cause neurotoxicity. The growing evidence indicates that oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction play a critical role in T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity, but the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Our present study showed that T-2 toxin decreased cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. T-2 toxin elicited prominent oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, as evidenced by the promotion of cellular reactive oxygen species generation, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, depletion of glutathione and reduction of the cellular ATP content. T-2 toxin impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, including decreased mitochondrial DNA copy number and affected the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NRF2) / peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) pathway by upregulating NRF2 mRNA and protein expression while inhibiting the expression of PGC-1α, nuclear respiratory factor (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). NRF2 knockdown was found to significantly exacerbate T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as aggravate mitochondrial biogenesis impairment. NRF2 knockdown compromised T-2 toxin-induced upregulation of NRF2, but augmented the inhibition of PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM by T-2 toxin. Taken together, these findings suggest that T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells, at least in part by, NRF2/PGC-1α pathway-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Dai C, Das Gupta S, Wang Z, Jiang H, Velkov T, Shen J. T-2 toxin and its cardiotoxicity: New insights on the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113262. [PMID: 35792220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic and common trichothecene mycotoxins, and can cause various cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge-base and challenges as it relates to T-2 toxin related cardiotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms and potential treatment approaches were also discussed. Pathologically, T-2 toxin-induced cardiac toxicity is characterized by cell injury and death in cardiomyocyte, increased capillary permeability, necrosis of cardiomyocyte, hemorrhage, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the heart. T-2 toxin exposure can cause cardiac fibrosis and finally lead to cardiac dysfunction. Mechanistically, T-2 toxin exposure-induced cardiac damage involves the production of ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling pathway, endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)/smad family member 2/3 (Smad2/3) signaling pathway, and autophagy and inflammatory responses. Antioxidant supplementation (e.g., catalase, vitamin C, and selenium), induction of autophagy (e.g., rapamycin), blockade of inflammatory signaling (e.g., methylprednisolone) or treatment with PPAR-γ agonists (e.g., pioglitazone) may provide protective effects against these detrimental cardiac effects caused by T-2 toxin. We believe that our review provides new insights in understanding T-2 toxin exposure-induced cardiotoxicity and fuels effective prevention and treatment strategies against this important food-borne toxin-induced health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Subhajit Das Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75230, USA
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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Wang G, Qin S, Zheng Y, Xia C, Zhang P, Zhang L, Yao J, Yi Y, Deng L. T-2 Toxin Induces Ferroptosis by Increasing Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Downregulating Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 (SLC7A11). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15716-15727. [PMID: 34918923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin commonly found in animal feed and agricultural products. Evidence indicates that T-2 toxin induces apoptosis and autophagy. This study investigated the role of ferroptosis in T-2 toxin cytotoxicity. RAS-selective lethal compound 3 (RSL3) and Erastin were applied to initiate ferroptosis. RSL3- and Erastin-initiated cell death were enhanced by T-2 toxin. Treatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 markedly restored the sensitizing effect of T-2 toxin to RSL3- or Erastin-initiated apoptosis, suggesting that ferroptosis plays a vital role in T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, T-2 toxin promoted ferroptosis by inducing lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), as N-acetyl-l-cysteine significantly blocked T-2 toxin-induced ferroptosis. Moreover, T-2 toxin decreased the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and failed to further enhance ferroptosis in SLC7A11-deficient cells. SLC7A11 overexpression significantly rescued the enhanced ferroptosis caused by T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin induces ferroptosis by downregulating SLC7A11 expression. Ferroptosis mediates T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity by increasing ROS and downregulating SLC7A11 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Senlin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yining Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linxuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanglei Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Gao L, Sun J, Wang L, Fan Q, Zhu G, Guo H, Sun X. Highly sensitive real-time detection of intracellular oxidative stress and application in mycotoxin toxicity evaluation based on living single-cell electrochemical sensors. Analyst 2021; 146:1444-1454. [PMID: 33410840 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell electrochemical sensor is widely used in the local selective detection of single living cells because of its high spatial-temporal resolution and sensitivity, as well as its ability to obtain comprehensive cellular physiological states and processes with increased accuracy. Functionalized nanoprobes can detect the oxidative stress response of cells in single-cell electrochemical sensors. Moreover, the T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic mycotoxins and widely occurs in field crops. T-2 toxin can cause mitochondrial damage in cells and increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cells. As the most representative free radical of intracellular ROS, H2O2 can effectively reflect the toxic effects of intracellular T-2 toxin. In this study, a functionalized gold nanoprobe was used to dynamically monitor the production of H2O2 in a single live human hepatoma cell HepG2 stimulated by mycotoxin T-2. The concentration of H2O2 produced by HepG2 cells stimulated by T-2 toxin at 1 ppb-1 ppm was linearly correlated, R2 = 0.99055, and LOD = 0.13807 ng mL-1. Sample spiking experiments were conducted, and the recovery rate of spiking was 81.19%-130.17%. A comparative analysis of differences in the current produced by multiple toxins, HT-29 cells, as well as single cells in cell populations, was performed. This method can be applied in real-time monitoring of mycotoxin toxicity during food processing in living cells and provides a novel idea for enhancing food quality and safety in a nanoenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China.
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An update on T-2 toxin and its modified forms: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism, and human exposure assessment. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3645-3669. [PMID: 32910237 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most toxic trichothecene mycotoxin, and it exerts potent toxic effects, including immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Recently, several novel metabolites, including 3',4'-dihydroxy-T-2 toxin and 4',4'-dihydroxy-T-2 toxin, have been uncovered. The enzymes CYP3A4 and carboxylesterase contribute to T-2 toxin metabolism, with 3'-hydroxy-T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin as the corresponding primary products. Modified forms of T-2 toxin, including T-2-3-glucoside, exert their immunotoxic effects by signaling through JAK/STAT but not MAPK. T-2-3-glucoside results from hydrolyzation of the corresponding parent mycotoxin and other metabolites by the intestinal microbiota, which leads to enhanced toxicity. Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy, hypoxia-inducible factors, and exosomes are involved in T-2 toxin-induced immunotoxicity. Autophagy promotes the immunosuppression induced by T-2 toxin, and a complex crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy exists. Very recently, "immune evasion" activity was reported to be associated with this toxin; this activity is initiated inside cells and allows pathogens to escape the host immune response. Moreover, T-2 toxin has the potential to trigger hypoxia in cells, which is related to activation of hypoxia-inducible factor and the release of exosomes, leading to immunotoxicity. Based on the data from a series of human exposure studies, free T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and HT-2-4-glucuronide should be considered human T-2 toxin biomarkers in the urine. The present review focuses on novel findings related to the metabolism, immunotoxicity, and human exposure assessment of T-2 toxin and its modified forms. In particular, the immunotoxicity mechanisms of T-2 toxin and the toxicity mechanism of its modified form, as well as human T-2 toxin biomarkers, are discussed. This work will contribute to an improved understanding of the immunotoxicity mechanism of T-2 toxin and its modified forms.
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Ren Z, He H, Zuo Z, Xu Z, Wei Z, Deng J. ROS: Trichothecenes’ handy weapon? Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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The interplay between oxidative stress and bioenergetic failure in neuropsychiatric illnesses: can we explain it and can we treat it? Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5587-5620. [PMID: 32564227 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitro-oxidative stress and lowered antioxidant defences play a key role in neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The first part of this paper details mitochondrial antioxidant mechanisms and their importance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, including details of NO networks, the roles of H2O2 and the thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin system, and the relationship between mitochondrial respiration and NADPH production. The second part highlights and identifies the causes of the multiple pathological sequelae arising from self-amplifying increases in mitochondrial ROS production and bioenergetic failure. Particular attention is paid to NAD+ depletion as a core cause of pathology; detrimental effects of raised ROS and reactive nitrogen species on ATP and NADPH generation; detrimental effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress on the glutathione and thioredoxin systems; and the NAD+-induced signalling cascade, including the roles of SIRT1, SIRT3, PGC-1α, the FOXO family of transcription factors, Nrf1 and Nrf2. The third part discusses proposed therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating such pathology, including the use of the NAD+ precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside, both of which rapidly elevate levels of NAD+ in the brain and periphery following oral administration; coenzyme Q10 which, when given with the aim of improving mitochondrial function and reducing nitro-oxidative stress in the brain, may be administered via the use of mitoquinone, which is in essence ubiquinone with an attached triphenylphosphonium cation; and N-acetylcysteine, which is associated with improved mitochondrial function in the brain and produces significant decreases in oxidative and nitrosative stress in a dose-dependent manner.
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Taroncher M, Pigni MC, Diana MN, Juan-García A, Ruiz MJ. Does low concentration mycotoxin exposure induce toxicity in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress? Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:417-426. [PMID: 32306886 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1757000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to low concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and patulin (PAT) in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) exerts toxic effects through mechanisms related to oxidative stress, and how cells deal with such exposure. Cell viability was determined by the MTT and protein content (PC) assays over 24, 48 and 72 h. The IC50 values detected ranged from >10 to 2.53 ± 0.21 μM (DON), 0.050 ± 0.025 to 0.034 ± 0.007 μM (T-2) and 2.66 ± 0.66 to 1.17 ± 0.21 µM (PAT). The key players in oxidative stress are the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) dysfunction. The results obtained showed that PAT, DON and T-2 did not significantly increase LPO or ROS production with respect to the controls. Moreover, PAT and DON did not alter MMP, though T-2 increased MMP at the higher concentrations tested (17 and 34 nM). In conclusion, the exposure of HepG2 cells to nontoxic concentrations of T-2 condition them against subsequent cellular oxidative conditions induced by even higher concentrations of mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Taroncher
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Chiari Pigni
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Natalia Diana
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Jose Ruiz
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Lung Circadian Clock Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21083013. [PMID: 32344623 PMCID: PMC7215637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian oscillations are regulated at both central and peripheral levels to maintain physiological homeostasis. The central circadian clock consists of a central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus that is entrained by light dark cycles and this, in turn, synchronizes the peripheral clock inherent in other organs. Circadian dysregulation has been attributed to dysregulation of peripheral clock and also associated with several diseases. Components of the molecular clock are disrupted in lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and IPF. Airway epithelial cells play an important role in temporally organizing magnitude of immune response, DNA damage response and acute airway inflammation. Non-coding RNAs play an important role in regulation of molecular clock and in turn are also regulated by clock components. Dysregulation of these non-coding RNAs have been shown to impact the expression of core clock genes as well as clock output genes in many organs. However, no studies have currently looked at the potential impact of these non-coding RNAs on lung molecular clock. This review focuses on the ways how these non-coding RNAs regulate and in turn are regulated by the lung molecular clock and its potential impact on lung diseases.
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Tran VN, Viktorova J, Augustynkova K, Jelenova N, Dobiasova S, Rehorova K, Fenclova M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Vitek L, Hajslova J, Ruml T. In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E148. [PMID: 32121188 PMCID: PMC7150870 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins found in randomly selected commercial milk thistle dietary supplement were evaluated for their toxicity in silico and in vitro. Using in silico methods, the basic physicochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of the mycotoxins were predicted using ACD/Percepta. The in vitro cytotoxicity of individual mycotoxins was determined in mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7), human hepatoblastoma (HepG2), and human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells. In addition, we studied the bioavailability potential of mycotoxins and silibinin utilizing an in vitro transwell system with differentiated human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) simulating mycotoxin transfer through the intestinal epithelial barrier. The IC50 values for individual mycotoxins in studied cells were in the biologically relevant ranges as follows: 3.57-13.37 nM (T-2 toxin), 5.07-47.44 nM (HT-2 toxin), 3.66-17.74 nM (diacetoxyscirpenol). Furthermore, no acute toxicity was obtained for deoxynivalenol, beauvericin, zearalenone, enniatinENN-A, enniatin-A1, enniatin-B, enniatin-B1, alternariol, alternariol-9-methyl ether, tentoxin, and mycophenolic acid up to the 50 nM concentration. The acute toxicity of these mycotoxins in binary combinations exhibited antagonistic effects in the combinations of T-2 with DON, ENN-A1, or ENN-B, while the rest showed synergistic or additive effects. Silibinin had a significant protective effect against both the cytotoxicity of three mycotoxins (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS) and genotoxicity of AME, AOH, DON, and ENNs on HEK 293T. The bioavailability results confirmed that AME, DAS, ENN-B, TEN, T-2, and silibinin are transported through the epithelial cell layer and further metabolized. The bioavailability of silibinin is very similar to mycotoxins poor penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Jitka Viktorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Katerina Augustynkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Nikola Jelenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Simona Dobiasova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Katerina Rehorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Marie Fenclova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (M.S.-Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Milena Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (M.S.-Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Libor Vitek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12108 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Faculty General Hospital, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (M.S.-Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Tomas Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
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Dai C, Xiao X, Sun F, Zhang Y, Hoyer D, Shen J, Tang S, Velkov T. T-2 toxin neurotoxicity: role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3041-3056. [PMID: 31570981 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly diverse secondary metabolites produced in nature by a wide variety of fungi. Mycotoxins cause animal feed and food contamination, resulting in mycotoxicosis. T-2 toxin is one of the most common and toxic trichothecene mycotoxins. For the last decade, it has garnered considerable attention due to its potent neurotoxicity. Worryingly, T-2 toxin can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) to cause neurotoxicity. This review covers the current knowledge base on the molecular mechanisms of T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the CNS. In vitro and animal data have shown that induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress plays a critical role during T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and cascade signaling pathways including p53, MAPK, Akt/mTOR, PKA/CREB and NF-κB contribute to T-2 toxin-induced neuronal cell death. T-2 toxin exposure can also result in perturbations of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and mitochondrial biogenesis. T-2 toxin exposure decreases the mitochondria unfolded protein response and dampens mitochondrial energy metabolism. Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and autophagy have been shown to provide a protective effect against these detrimental effects. Clearly, translational research and the discovery of effective treatment strategies are urgently required against this common food-borne threat to human health and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 5323, USA.
| | - Xilong Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Chen R, Jiang J, Hu Z, Ye W, Yuan Q, Li M, Wen J, Deng Y. Coordinated Transcriptional Regulation of Cytochrome P450 3As by Nuclear Transcription Factor Y and Specificity Protein 1. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:507-518. [PMID: 30782853 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 3A subfamily plays vital roles in the metabolism of endogenous chemicals and xenobiotics. Understanding the basal expression of CYP3A in humans and pigs is crucial for drug evaluation. In this study, we demonstrated that the basal transcriptional regulation of CYP3A genes in hepatocytes is evolutionarily conserved between humans and pigs. The basal expression of CYP3A genes is transactivated by two cis-acting elements, the CCAAT and GC boxes, located a constant distance apart in the proximal promoter region of six CYP3A genes. Mutation analysis of these two cis-acting elements suggested that they play important roles in mediating basal expression, but to different extents because of the nucleotide variations in the elements. Two transcription factors, nuclear transcription factor Y (NF-Y) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1), directly bind to these cis-acting elements in CYP3A proximal promoters in HepG2 cells and porcine hepatocytes. Furthermore, changing the distance between the NF-Y and Sp1 binding sites resulted in decreases in the promoter activity of CYP3A genes. Conclusively, our results show that human and porcine CYP3A genes are regulated by NF-Y and Sp1 in a coordinated manner, and that the distance between these two cis-acting elements is crucial for constitutive CYP3A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangsheng Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Wan H, Li J, Liao H, Liao M, Luo L, Xu L, Yuan K, Zeng Y. Nicotinamide induces liver regeneration and improves liver function by activating SIRT1. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:555-562. [PMID: 30483782 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‑Feng Wan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jia‑Xin Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hao‑Tian Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ming‑Heng Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ke‑Fei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Li X, Mu P, Qiao H, Wen J, Deng Y. JNK-AKT-NF-κB controls P-glycoprotein expression to attenuate the cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol in mammalian cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:120-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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