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An H, Li Y, Li Y, Gong S, Zhu Y, Li X, Zhou S, Wu Y. Advances in Metabolism and Metabolic Toxicology of Quinoxaline 1,4-Di-N-oxides. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:528-539. [PMID: 38507288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxides (QdNOs) have been used as synthetic antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and aquaculture. The metabolism and potential toxicity have been also concerns in recently years. The metabolism investigations showed that there were 8 metabolites of Carbadox (CBX), 34 metabolites of Cyadox (CYA), 33 metabolites of Mequindox (MEQ), 35 metabolites of Olaquindox (OLA), and 56 metabolites of Quinocetone (QCT) in different animals. Among them, Cb3 and Cb8, M6, and O9 are metabolic residual markers of CBX, MEQ and OLA, which are associated with N → O reduction. Toxicity studies revealed that QdNOs exhibited severe tumorigenicity, cytotoxicity, and adrenal toxicity. Metabolic toxicology showed that toxicity of QdNOs metabolites might be related to the N → O group reduction, and some metabolites exhibited higher toxic effects than the precursor, which could provide guidance for further research on the metabolic toxicology of QdNOs and provide a wealth of information for food safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxian An
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanmin Gong
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya'ning Zhu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, People's Republic of China
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Afolabi OB, Olasehinde OR, Olanipon DG, Mabayoje SO, Familua OM, Jaiyesimi KF, Agboola EK, Idowu TO, Obafemi OT, Olaoye OA, Oloyede OI. Antioxidant evaluation and computational prediction of prospective drug-like compounds from polyphenolic-rich extract of Hibiscus cannabinus L. seed as antidiabetic and neuroprotective targets: assessment through in vitro and in silico studies. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:203. [PMID: 37337198 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports have implicated diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) as some of the global persistent health challenges with no lasting solutions, despite of significant inputs of modern-day pharmaceutical firms. This study therefore, aimed to appraise the in vitro antioxidant potential, enzymes inhibitory activities, and as well carry out in silico study on bioactive compounds from polyphenolic-rich extract of Hibiscus cannabinus seed (PEHc). METHODS In vitro antioxidant assays were performed on PEHc using standard methods while the identification of phytoconstituents was carried out with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For the in silico molecular docking using Schrodinger's Grid-based ligand docking with energetics software, seven target proteins were retrieved from the database ( https://www.rcsb.org/ ). RESULTS HPLC technique identified twelve chemical compounds in PEHc, while antioxidant quantification revealed higher total phenolic contents (243.5 ± 0.71 mg GAE/g) than total flavonoid contents (54.06 ± 0.09 mg QE/g) with a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of ABTS (IC50 = 218.30 ± 0.87 µg/ml) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals (IC50 = 227.79 ± 0.74 µg/ml). In a similar manner, the extract demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50 = 256.88 ± 6.15 µg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 183.19 ± 0.23 µg/ml) as well as acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 262.95 ± 1.47 µg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 189.97 ± 0.82 µg/ml), respectively. Furthermore, In silico study showed that hibiscetin (a lead) revealed a very strong binding affinity energies for DPP-4, (PDB ID: 1RWQ) and α-amylase (PDB ID: 1SMD), gamma-tocopherol ( for peptide-1 receptor; PDB ID: 3C59, AChE; PDB ID: 4EY7 and BChE; PDB ID: 7B04), cianidanol for α-glucosidase; PDB ID: 7KBJ and kaempferol for Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1); PDB ID: 6BHV, respectively. More so, ADMET scores revealed drug-like potentials of the lead compounds identified in PEHc. CONCLUSION As a result, the findings of this study point to potential drug-able compounds in PEHc that could be useful for the management of DM and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle Bamikole Afolabi
- Phytomedicine and Toxicology Unit, Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe-Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwaseun Ruth Olasehinde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Damilola Grace Olanipon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Samson Olatunde Mabayoje
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Michael Familua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Kikelomo Folake Jaiyesimi
- Phytomedicine and Toxicology Unit, Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe-Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Esther Kemi Agboola
- Phytomedicine and Toxicology Unit, Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe-Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Olajumoke Idowu
- Medicinal Plant Unit, Chemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe-Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado- Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olabisi Tajudeen Obafemi
- Phytomedicine and Toxicology Unit, Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe-Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Oyindamola Adeniyi Olaoye
- Phytomedicine and Toxicology Unit, Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe-Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Omotade Ibidun Oloyede
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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A Novel Metabolite as a Hapten to Prepare Monoclonal Antibodies for Rapid Screening of Quinoxaline Drug Residues. Foods 2022; 11:3305. [PMCID: PMC9602011 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxalines (Qx) are chemically synthesized antibacterial drugs with strong antibacterial and growth-promoting effects. Qx is heavily abused by farmers, resulting in large residues in animal-derived foods, which pose a serious threat to human health. Desoxyquinoxalines (DQx), which have the highest residue levels, have been identified as the major toxicant and have become a new generation of residue markers. In this study, we prepared monoclonal antibodies (mAb) based on a new generation metabolite (desoxymequindox, DMEQ) and establish an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) for the rapid determination of Qx residues in food. The mAb exhibited high sensitivity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and a linear range of 2.84 µg/L and 0.8–12.8 µg/L, respectively. Additionally, the cross-reactivity (CR) of the mAb showed that it recognized multiple DQx to varying levels. The limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), and recoveries for the ic-ELISA assay of pork, swine liver, swine kidney, chicken, and chicken liver were 0.48–0.58 µg/kg, 0.61–0.90 µg/kg, and 73.7–107.8%, respectively, and the coefficients of variation (CV) were less than 11%. The results of the ic-ELISA showed a good correlation with LC–MS/MS in animal-derived foods. This suggests that this analytical method can be used for the rapid screening of QX residues.
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Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides: a review of the importance of their structure in the development of drugs against infectious diseases and cancer. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Transcriptional regulation of seven cyadox-related genes mainly activated by PI3K and NF-кB signaling pathways in PK-15 cells. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:232-243. [PMID: 32417693 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyadox, a new antibacterial agent as the quinoxaline-1, 4-dioxides, has a good antibacterial and growth-promoting effect, and has the advantages of lower toxicity, adequate safety and faster absorption. Seven differential expressed genes (DEGs) induced by cyadox were screened in swine liver tissues, including Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), the Defender Against Apoptotic Death 1 (DAD1), Complement Component 3 (C3), Transketolase (TK) and cyadox-related novel gene (CRNG). To elucidate the signal mechanism that cyadox altered these genes expression, the time-effect relationship and signaling pathways related to 7 DEGs induced by cyadox were determined in Porcine Kidney-15 (PK-15) cells by RT-qPCR and the application of various signal pathway inhibitors. The phosphorylation levels of signal factors in PK-15 cells were detected by Western blot. The analyses demonstrated that, the mRNA expressions of 7 DEGs were significantly enhanced by cyadox mainly through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-кB) signaling pathways in PK-15 cells. Furthermore, EGF might be the early response gene of cyadox to activate downstream signaling pathways and regulates the expression of other related genes or directly exerting biological effects. In brief, cyadox mainly regulates the expression of these 7 genes by PI3K and NF-кB signaling pathways to exert it's antibacterial and growth-promoting activity in PK-15 cells.
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Chen S, Liu Q, Dou H, Zhang L, Pei L, Huang R, Shu G, Yuan Z, Lin J, Zhang W, Peng G, Zhong Z, Yin L, Zhao L, Fu H. Solubility and dissolution thermodynamic properties of Mequindox in binary solvent mixtures. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li Y, Sun M, Mao X, Li J, Sumarah MW, You Y, Wang Y. Tracing major metabolites of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides in abalone with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem positive-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5550-5557. [PMID: 31115054 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the comprehensive application of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides (QdNOs) in aquaculture, QdNOs and metabolites are often detected in marine food, including abalone. QdNOs are reported to exhibit cytotoxicity, photoallergy, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity activities. To monitor for contamination of QdNOS in abalone and assess dietary exposure, a simple and reliable analytical method for the detection of QdNOs and their major metabolites was developed. RESULTS This work is the first to present a simple and fast pretreatment procedure coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem positive-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for tracing of major metabolites of QdNOs in abalone. Extraction steps were simplified by the use of methanol and ethyl acetate containing 0.1% formic acid instead of more complicated acidolysis and enzymolysis pretreatment procedures. High-sensitive characters were obtained with limits of detection ranged from 0.16 to 2.1 μg kg-1 for QdNOs and their major metabolites. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the LC-MS/MS method developed could be applied for QdNOs and major metabolites detection in actual samples. Considering the large production and consumption of abalone in Shandong Province, China, this work will also contribute to the further understanding of the often-ignored exposure pathway of QdNOs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- Department of Marine Product Quality and Safety Inspection Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Mingxue Sun
- Department of Marine Product Quality and Safety Inspection Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Marine Product Quality and Safety Inspection Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yanli You
- Department of Marine Product Quality and Safety Inspection Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Wang
- Department of Marine Product Quality and Safety Inspection Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
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Liu Q, Lei Z, Gu C, Guo J, Yu H, Fatima Z, Zhou K, Shabbir MAB, Maan MK, Wu Q, Xie S, Wang X, Yuan Z. Mequindox induces apoptosis, DNA damage, and carcinogenicity in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:270-279. [PMID: 30922968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mequindox (MEQ) is a synthetic antibacterial agent. Recent studies showed that MEQ and its primary metabolites exhibit strong genotoxicity to mammalian cells, and MEQ induced carcinogenicity in mice. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to MEQ could lead to an increased risk of cancer later in life. In the present study, four groups of Wistar rats (55 rats/sex/group) were fed with diets containing MEQ (0, 25, 55, and 110 mg/kg) for 2 years. The results showed that the hematological system, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands, as well as the developmental and reproductive systems, were the main targets for MEQ. Liver toxicity mediated by MEQ was associated with apoptosis and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In addition, MEQ increased the incidence of tumors in rats. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) is identified as a biomarker of cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Our data demonstrated that γ-H2AX expression was significantly increased in tumors. Thus, high levels of DSB might be responsible for carcinogenesis in rats, and further investigation is absolutely required to clarify the exact molecular mechanisms for carcinogenicity caused by MEQ in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Changqin Gu
- A Department of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jingchao Guo
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huiru Yu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zainab Fatima
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad A B Shabbir
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Kashif Maan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Shuyu Xie
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Signaling pathways involved in the expression of SZNF and the target genes binding with SZNF related to cyadox. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1879-1893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Liu Q, Lei Z, Zhou K, Yu H, Liu S, Sun Q, Wang X, Dai M, Yuan Z. N-O Reduction and ROS-Mediated AKT/FOXO1 and AKT/P53 Pathways Are Involved in Growth Promotion and Cytotoxicity of Cyadox. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1219-1229. [PMID: 30265530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyadox is a novel derivative of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides (QdNOs) with the potential to be developed as a feed additive. However, the pharmacological and toxicological bioactive molecules of cyadox and the molecular mechanism of its pharmacological and toxic actions remain unclear. In the present study, cyadox and its main metabolites of cy1, cy4, cy6, and cy12 were selected; the growth promotion characteristic was indicated by the mRNA level of EGF; and the cytotoxicity of cyadox was determined by methylthiazol tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit with flow cytometry. The intracellular ROS, cyclin D1, and Akt/P53/FOXO1 signaling pathway were also investigated. Our data suggested that cyadox showed relatively higher activity than its metabolites, and the ROS was generated from N-O reduction of cyadox. Moreover, cyadox (2 μM) activated the Akt and increased the EGF, cyclin D1, and FOXO1 expression levels. Cyadox (100 μM) induced cytotoxicity in L02 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, the activated P53 pathway, hyperactivated Akt, and apoptosis were found in L02 cells after incubation with 100 μM cyadox. Our data demonstrated that Akt promoted cell survival when it was mildly activated by cyadox at 2 μM, and Akt leads to apoptosis when it was severely activated by cyadox at 100 μM. Thus, the present study revealed that N-O reduction of cyadox and ROS-mediated AKT/FOXO1 and AKT/P53 pathways were involved in growth promotion and cytotoxicity of cyadox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaixiang Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Huiru Yu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Shenhe Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Qiliang Sun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Xu Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Menghong Dai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
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Liu Q, Lei Z, Wu Q, Awais I, Shabbir MAB, Ahmed S, Fatima Z, Wang X, Pan Y, Xie S, Yuan Z. The Reproductive Toxicity of Mequindox in a Two-Generation Study in Wistar Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30186160 PMCID: PMC6113877 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mequindox (MEQ), belonging to quinoxaline-di-N-oxides (QdNOs), has been extensively used as a synthetic antibacterial agent. To evaluate the reproductive toxicity of MEQ, different concentrations of MEQ were administered to Wistar rats by feeding diets containing 0, 25, 55, 110, and 275 mg/kg, respectively. Each group consisting of 25 males and 25 females (F0) was treated with different concentrations of MEQ for 12-week period time, prior to mating and during mating, gestation, parturition and lactation. At weaning, 25 males and 25 females of F1 generation weanlings per group were randomly selected as parents for the F2 generation. Selected F1 weanlings were exposed to the same diet and treatment as their parents. The number of live litter and indexes of mating and fertility were significantly decreased in the F1 and F2 generation at 110 and 275 mg/kg groups. Significant decrease in pup vitality during lactation was observed in F1 litter at 275 mg/kg group, in F2 litter at 55, 110, and 275 mg/kg groups. A downward trend in the body weights was observed in F1 pups at 55, 110, and 275 mg/kg MEQ groups, and in F2 pups at 110 and 275 mg/kg MEQ groups. The changed levels of ALT, AST, CREA, BUN, UA, Na, and K were noted in the serum of rats. The histopathologic examination showed that MEQ induced toxicity in the liver, kidney, adrenal, uterus and testis. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for reproduction toxicity of MEQ was 25 mg/kg diet. The malformations and severe maternal toxicity of MEQ caused adverse effects on the conceptus and embryo, which result in fetal malformations and fetal deaths. In summary, the present study showed that MEQ induced maternal, embryo and reproductive toxicities as well as teratogenicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Wu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ihsan Awais
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad A B Shabbir
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zainab Fatima
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, China
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