1
|
Khan T, Vadivel G, Ramasamy B, Murugesan G, Sebaey TA. Biodegradable Conducting Polymer-Based Composites for Biomedical Applications-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1533. [PMID: 38891481 PMCID: PMC11175044 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have increasingly directed their focus toward the biomedical field, driven by the goal of engineering polymer systems that possess a unique combination of both electrical conductivity and biodegradability. This convergence of properties holds significant promise, as it addresses a fundamental requirement for biomedical applications: compatibility with biological environments. These polymer systems are viewed as auspicious biomaterials, precisely because they meet this critical criterion. Beyond their biodegradability, these materials offer a range of advantageous characteristics. Their exceptional processability enables facile fabrication into various forms, and their chemical stability ensures reliability in diverse physiological conditions. Moreover, their low production costs make them economically viable options for large-scale applications. Notably, their intrinsic electrical conductivity further distinguishes them, opening up possibilities for applications that demand such functionality. As the focus of this review, a survey into the use of biodegradable conducting polymers in tissue engineering, biomedical implants, and antibacterial applications is conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabrej Khan
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gayathri Vadivel
- Department of Physics, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balan Ramasamy
- Department of Physics, Government Arts and Science College, Mettupalayam 641104, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowtham Murugesan
- Department of Physics, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tamer A. Sebaey
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Sharkia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fırlak Demirkan M, Öztürk D, Çifçibaşı ZS, Ertan F, Hardy JG, Nurşeval Oyunlu A, Darıcı H. Controlled Sr(ii) ion release from in situ crosslinking electroactive hydrogels with potential for the treatment of infections. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4324-4334. [PMID: 38304567 PMCID: PMC10828636 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of electrochemical stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems is of both academic and industrial interest due to the ease with which it is possible to trigger payload release, providing drug delivery in a controllable manner. Herein, the preparation of in situ forming hydrogels including electroactive polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) where Sr2+ ions are electrochemically loaded for electrically triggered release of Sr2+ ions is reported. The hydrogels were characterized by a variety of techniques including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), etc. The cytocompatibility towards human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts were also studied. The Sr2+ ion loaded PEC-ALD/CS/PPy-NPs hydrogel showed no significant cytotoxicity towards human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts. Sr2+ ions were electrochemically loaded and released from the electroactive hydrogels, and the application of an electrical stimulus enhanced the release of Sr2+ ions from gels by ca. 2-4 fold relative to the passive release control experiment. The antibacterial activity of Sr2+ ions against E. coli and S. aureus was demonstrated in vitro. Although these prototypical examples of Sr2+ loaded electroactive gels don't release sufficient Sr2+ ions to show antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, we believe future iterations with optimised physical properties of the gels will be capable of doing so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilek Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli 41400 Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Ertan
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli 41400 Turkey
| | | | | | - Hakan Darıcı
- HD Bioink Biotechnology Corp. İstanbul Turkey
- 3D Bioprinting Design & Prototyping R&D Center, Istinye University Istanbul Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Histology & Embryology, Istinye University Istanbul Turkey
- Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering R&D Center, Istinye University Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma M, Zeng H, Yang P, Xu J, Zhang X, He W. Drug Delivery and Therapy Strategies for Osteoporosis Intervention. Molecules 2023; 28:6652. [PMID: 37764428 PMCID: PMC10534890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of the aging society, osteoporosis (OP) risk increases yearly. Currently, the clinical usage of anti-OP drugs is challenged by recurrent side effects and poor patient compliance, regardless of oral, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration. Properly using a drug delivery system or formulation strategy can achieve targeted drug delivery to the bone, diminish side effects, improve bioavailability, and prolong the in vivo residence time, thus effectively curing osteoporosis. This review expounds on the pathogenesis of OP and the clinical medicaments used for OP intervention, proposes the design approach for anti-OP drug delivery, emphatically discusses emerging novel anti-OP drug delivery systems, and enumerates anti-OP preparations under clinical investigation. Our findings may contribute to engineering anti-OP drug delivery and OP-targeting therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (M.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huiling Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (M.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Pei Yang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China;
| | - Jiabing Xu
- Taizhou Institute for Drug Control, Taizhou 225316, China;
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaushal S, Priyadarshi N, Garg P, Singhal NK, Lim DK. Nano-Biotechnology for Bacteria Identification and Potent Anti-bacterial Properties: A Review of Current State of the Art. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2529. [PMID: 37764558 PMCID: PMC10536455 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a critical disease caused by the abrupt increase of bacteria in human blood, which subsequently causes a cytokine storm. Early identification of bacteria is critical to treating a patient with proper antibiotics to avoid sepsis. However, conventional culture-based identification takes a long time. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is not so successful because of the complexity and similarity in the genome sequence of some bacterial species, making it difficult to design primers and thus less suitable for rapid bacterial identification. To address these issues, several new technologies have been developed. Recent advances in nanotechnology have shown great potential for fast and accurate bacterial identification. The most promising strategy in nanotechnology involves the use of nanoparticles, which has led to the advancement of highly specific and sensitive biosensors capable of detecting and identifying bacteria even at low concentrations in very little time. The primary drawback of conventional antibiotics is the potential for antimicrobial resistance, which can lead to the development of superbacteria, making them difficult to treat. The incorporation of diverse nanomaterials and designs of nanomaterials has been utilized to kill bacteria efficiently. Nanomaterials with distinct physicochemical properties, such as optical and magnetic properties, including plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles, have been extensively studied for their potential to efficiently kill bacteria. In this review, we are emphasizing the recent advances in nano-biotechnologies for bacterial identification and anti-bacterial properties. The basic principles of new technologies, as well as their future challenges, have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimayali Kaushal
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Nitesh Priyadarshi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, Mohali 140306, India; (N.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Priyanka Garg
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, Mohali 140306, India; (N.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Nitin Kumar Singhal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, Mohali 140306, India; (N.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feng Z, Su X, Wang T, Sun X, Yang H, Guo S. The Role of Microsphere Structures in Bottom-Up Bone Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020321. [PMID: 36839645 PMCID: PMC9964570 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects have caused immense healthcare concerns and economic burdens throughout the world. Traditional autologous allogeneic bone grafts have many drawbacks, so the emergence of bone tissue engineering brings new hope. Bone tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary biomedical engineering method that involves scaffold materials, seed cells, and "growth factors". However, the traditional construction approach is not flexible and is unable to adapt to the specific shape of the defect, causing the cells inside the bone to be unable to receive adequate nourishment. Therefore, a simple but effective solution using the "bottom-up" method is proposed. Microspheres are structures with diameters ranging from 1 to 1000 µm that can be used as supports for cell growth, either in the form of a scaffold or in the form of a drug delivery system. Herein, we address a variety of strategies for the production of microspheres, the classification of raw materials, and drug loading, as well as analyze new strategies for the use of microspheres in bone tissue engineering. We also consider new perspectives and possible directions for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China; (Z.F.); (X.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China; (Z.F.); (X.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China; (Z.F.); (X.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110002, China; (Z.F.); (X.S.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Li K, Du Y, Tang X, Liu C, Cao S, Zhao B, Huang H, Zhao H, Kong W, Xu T, Shao C, Shao J, Zhang G, Lan H, Xi Y. Dual-Nozzle 3D Printed Nano-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold Loaded with Vancomycin Sustained-Release Microspheres for Enhancing Bone Regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:307-322. [PMID: 36700146 PMCID: PMC9868285 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s394366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Successful treatment of infectious bone defect remains a major challenge in the orthopaedic field. At present, the conventional treatment for infectious bone defects is surgical debridement and long-term systemic antibiotic use. It is necessary to develop a new strategy to achieve effective bone regeneration and local anti-infection for infectious bone defects. Methods Firstly, vancomycin / poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) sustained release microspheres (VAN/PLGA-MS) were prepared. Then, through the dual-nozzle 3D printing technology, VAN/PLGA-MS was uniformly loaded into the pores of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds printed in a certain proportion, and a composite scaffold (VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA) was designed, which can not only promote bone repair but also resist local infection. Finally, the performance of the composite scaffold was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro biological evaluation. Results The in vitro release test of microspheres showed that the release of VAN/PLGA-MS was relatively stable from the second day, and the average daily release concentration was about 15.75 μg/mL, which was higher than the minimum concentration specified in the guidelines. The bacteriostatic test in vitro showed that VAN/PLGA-MS had obvious inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-29213. Biological evaluation of VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffolds in vitro showed that it can promote the proliferation of adipose stem cells. In vivo biological evaluation showed that VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffold could significantly promote bone regeneration. Conclusion Our research shows that VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffolds have satisfying biomechanical properties, effectively inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, with good biocompatibility, and effectiveness on repairing bone defects. The VAN/MS-PLA/n-HA scaffold provide the clinic with an application prospect in bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keke Li
- Yantai Campus of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yukun Du
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Tang
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenjing Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shannan Cao
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baomeng Zhao
- Yantai Campus of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Huang
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongri Zhao
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Kong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongshuai Xu
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Shao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiale Shao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Lan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China,Hongbo Lan, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yongming Xi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yongming Xi, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People’s Republic of China, Email
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Q, Chang B, Dong H, Liu X. Functional microspheres for tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater 2022; 25:485-499. [PMID: 37056261 PMCID: PMC10087113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new type of injectable biomaterials, functional microspheres have attracted increasing attention in tissue regeneration because they possess some advantageous properties compared to other biomaterials, including hydrogels. A variety of bio-inspired microspheres with unique structures and properties have been developed as cellular carriers and drug delivery vehicles in recent years. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the progress of functional and biodegradable microspheres that have been used for tissue regeneration over the last two decades. First, we briefly introduce the biomaterials and general methods for microsphere fabrication. Next, we focus on the newly developed technologies for preparing functional microspheres, including macroporous microspheres, nanofibrous microspheres, hollow microspheres, core-shell structured microspheres, and surface-modified functional microspheres. After that, we discuss the application of functional microspheres for tissue regeneration, specifically for bone, cartilage, dental, neural, cardiac, and skin tissue regeneration. Last, we present our perspectives and future directions of functional microspheres as injectable carriers for the future advancement of tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
8
|
Antibacterial and Cytocompatible: Combining Silver Nitrate with Strontium Acetate Increases the Therapeutic Window. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158058. [PMID: 35897634 PMCID: PMC9331456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection and insufficient tissue formation are considered to be the two main causes of dental implant failure. Novel studies have focused on designing dual-functional strategies to promote antibacterial properties and improve tissue cell response simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and strontium acetate (SrAc) in a mono-culture setup for dental application. Additionally, we defined the therapeutic window between the minimum inhibitory concentration against pathogenic bacteria and maximum cytocompatible dose in the case of combined applications in a co-culture setup. Antibacterial properties were screened using Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and cell response experiments were performed with osteoblastic cells (MC3T3) and fibroblastic cells (NIH3T3). The osteoinductive behavior was investigated separately on MC3T3 cells using alizarin red staining. A therapeutic window for AgNO3 as well as SrAc applications could be defined in the case of MC3T3 cells while the cytocompatibility of NIH3T3 cells was compromised for all concentrations with an antibacterial effect. However, the combined application of AgNO3/SrAc caused an enhanced antibacterial effect and opened a therapeutic window for both cell lines. Enhanced mineralization rates could be observed in cultures containing SrAc. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate that adding SrAc to AgNO3 not only intensifies antibacterial properties but also exhibits bone inductive characteristics, thereby offering a promising strategy to combat peri-implantitis and at the same time improve osseointegration in implant therapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Svarca A, Grava A, Dubnika A, Ramata-Stunda A, Narnickis R, Aunina K, Rieksta E, Boroduskis M, Jurgelane I, Locs J, Loca D. Calcium Phosphate/Hyaluronic Acid Composite Hydrogels for Local Antiosteoporotic Drug Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:917765. [PMID: 35866026 PMCID: PMC9294454 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.917765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the bone ability of self-regeneration, large bone defects require surgical intervention. Likewise, when it comes to osteoporotic bone fractures, new approaches should be considered a supportive mechanism for the surgery. In recent years, more and more attention has been attracted to advanced drug delivery systems for local osteoporosis treatment, combining appropriate biomaterials with antiosteoporotic drugs, allowing simultaneously to regenerate the bone and locally treat the osteoporosis. Within the current research, hyaluronic acid/strontium ranelate (HA/SrRan), HA/calcium phosphate nanoparticles (HA/CaP NPs), and HA/CaP NPs/SrRan hydrogels were prepared. The effect of CaP and SrRan presence in the composites on the swelling behavior, gel fraction, molecular structure, microstructure, and SrRan and Sr2+ release, as well as in vitro cell viability was evaluated. Obtained results revealed that the route of CaP nanoparticle incorporation into the HA matrix had a significant effect on the hydrogel gel fraction, rheological properties, swelling behavior, and microstructure. Nevertheless, it had a negligible effect on the release kinetics of SrRan and Sr2+. The highest cell (3T3) viability (>80%) was observed for HA hydrogels, with and without SrRan. Moreover, the positive effect of SrRan on 3T3 cells was also demonstrated, showing a significant increase (up to 50%) in cell viability if the used concentrations of SrRan were in the range of 0.05–0.2 μg/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alise Svarca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andra Grava
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Ramata-Stunda
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Raimonds Narnickis
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristine Aunina
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Eleonora Rieksta
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Boroduskis
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inga Jurgelane
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Locs
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dagnija Loca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- *Correspondence: Dagnija Loca,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shariati A, Chegini Z, Ghaznavi-Rad E, Zare EN, Hosseini SM. PLGA-Based Nanoplatforms in Drug Delivery for Inhibition and Destruction of Microbial Biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:926363. [PMID: 35800390 PMCID: PMC9253276 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.926363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biofilm community of microorganisms has been identified as the dominant mode of microbial growth in nature and a common characteristic of different microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The biofilm structure helps in the protection from environmental threats including host immune system and antimicrobial agents. Thus, the biofilm community has led to a higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains in recent years. In this regard, the use of a new class of antibiotics, natural compounds, and anti-biofilm enzymes has been considered for the destruction of the microbial biofilm. However, different drawbacks such as low penetration, high susceptibility to degradation, instability, and poor solubility in aqueous solutions limit the use of anti-biofilm agents (ABAs) in a clinical setting. As such, recent studies have been using poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based nanoplatforms (PLGA NPFs) for delivery of ABAs that have reported promising results. These particles, due to proper drug loading and release kinetics, could suppress microbial attachment, colonization, and biofilm formation for a long time. Additionally, PLGA NPFs, because of the high drug-loading efficiencies, hydrophilic surface, negative charge, and electrostatic interaction, lead to effective penetration of antibiotics to the deeper layer of the biofilm, thereby eliminating the microbial biofilm. Thus, PLGA NPFs could be considered as a potential candidate for coating catheters and other medical material surfaces for inhibition and destruction of the microbial biofilm. However, the exact interaction of PLGA NPFs and the microbial biofilm should be evaluated in animal studies. Additionally, a future goal will be to develop PLGA formulations as systems that can be used for the treatment of the MDR microbial biofilm, since the exact interactions of PLGA NPFs and these biofilm structures are not elucidated. In the present review article, we have discussed various aspects of PLGA usage for inhibition and destruction of the microbial biofilm along with different methods and procedures that have been used for improving PLGA NPF efficacy against the microbial biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Seyed Mostafa Hosseini,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin SJ, Huang CC. Strontium Peroxide-Loaded Composite Scaffolds Capable of Generating Oxygen and Modulating Behaviors of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116322. [PMID: 35683001 PMCID: PMC9181728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of bone defects remains challenging. The utilization of bone autografts, although quite promising, is limited by several drawbacks, especially substantial donor site complications. Recently, strontium (Sr), a bioactive trace element with excellent osteoinductive, osteoconductive, and pro-angiogenic properties, has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for bone repair. Herein, a strontium peroxide (SrO2)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-gelatin scaffold system was developed as an implantable bone substitute. Gelatin sponges serve as porous osteoconductive scaffolds, while PLGA not only reinforces the mechanical strength of the gelatin but also controls the rate of water infiltration. The encapsulated SrO2 can release Sr2+ in a sustained manner upon exposure to water, thus effectively stimulating the proliferation of osteoblasts and suppressing the formation of osteoclasts. Moreover, SrO2 can generate hydrogen peroxide and subsequent oxygen molecules to increase local oxygen tension, an essential niche factor for osteogenesis. Collectively, the developed SrO2-loaded composite scaffold shows promise as a multifunctional bioactive bone graft for bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu S, Sun T, Liu W, Yang L, Gong H, Chen X, Li J, Weng J. PLGA Cage‐like Structures Loaded with Sr/Mg‐doped Hydroxyapatite for Repairing Osteoporotic Bone Defects. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200092. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangke Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Tong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Hanwen Gong
- College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
- College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P.R. China
| | - Jie Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
- College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao X, Zhu L, Fan C. Sequential alendronate delivery by hydroxyapatite-coated maghemite for enhanced bone fracture healing. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Jenjob R, Nguyen HP, Kim MK, Jiang Y, Kim JJ, Yang SG. Bisphosphonate-Conjugated Photo-Crosslinking Polyanionic Hyaluronic Acid Microbeads for Controlled BMP2 Delivery and Enhanced Bone Formation Efficacy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4138-4145. [PMID: 34347453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we designed bisphosphonate-conjugated polyanionic hyaluronic acid (HA) microbeads (MBs) for the controlled delivery of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). MBs were prepared via the photo-crosslinking of bisphosphonate (alendronate)-conjugated methacrylated HA (Alen-MHA). The polyanionic Alen-MHA MBs actively absorbed cationic BMP2 up to 91.0% of the loading efficacy and displayed a sustained release of BMP2 for 10 days. BMP2/Alen-MHA MBs induced osteogenic-related genes in cellular experiments and showed the highly increased bone formation efficacy in thigh muscle injection and rat spinal fusion animal models. Thus, BMP2/Alen-MHA MBs provide a promising opportunity to improve the delivery efficiency of BMP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratchapol Jenjob
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Hong-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea.,Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Min-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Yixin Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea.,Inha Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, South Korea
| | - Jung Joo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Su-Geun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, South Korea.,Inha Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Patel M, Jha A, Patel R. Potential application of PLGA microsphere for tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
16
|
Chang LC, Chung CY, Chiu CH, Lin MHC, Yang JT. The Effect of Polybutylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles as a Protos Delivery Vehicle on Dental Bone Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4873. [PMID: 34062952 PMCID: PMC8125394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental implants are commonly used for missing teeth, for which success depends heavily on the quality of the alveolar bone. The creation of an ideal implant site is a key component in shortening the treatment time, which remains clinically challenging. Strontium ranelate (Protos) is an anti-osteoporotic agent which has previously been used to promote bone formation, however the systemic use of Protos has been linked to serious cardiovascular and venous thromboembolic events, thus local delivery strategies may be better suited for this purpose. In this study, a biodegradable, and biocompatible nanocarrier "polybutylcyanoacrylate" (PBCA) loaded with strontium was constructed and its ability to promote bone formation was assessed. METHODOLOGY PBCA nanoparticles loaded with strontium (PBCA-Sr NPs) were synthesized using the emulsion polymerization method, and their physical properties (zeta potential, size and shape) and entrapment efficiency were characterized. Committed MSCs (osteoblasts) were derived from the differentiation of cultured rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which were tested with the PBCA-Sr NPs for cytotoxicity, inflammatory response, bone formation and mineralization. Scanning electron microscopy was performed following a 7-day treatment of PBCA-Sr NPs on decellularized procaine mandibular bone blocks grafted with osteoblasts. RESULTS Spherical PBCA-Sr NPs of 166.7 ± 2.3 nm, zeta potential of -1.15 ± 0.28 mV with a strontium loading efficiency of 90.04 ± 3.27% were constructed. The presence of strontium was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Rat committed MSCs incubated in PBCA-Sr NPs for 24 hrs showed viabilities in excess of 90% for concentrations of up to 250 ug/mL, the cellular expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were 1.4 and 1.3 times higher than the untreated control, and significantly higher than those treated with strontium alone. Bone formation was evident following osteoblast engraftment on the decellularized procaine mandibular bone block with PBCA-Sr NPs, which appeared superior to those treated with strontium alone. CONCLUSION Treatment of committed MSCs with PBCA-Sr NPs showed higher expression of markers of bone formation when compared with strontium alone and which corresponded to greater degree of bone formation observed on the 3-dimensinal decellularized procaine mandibular bone block. Further quantitative analysis on the extent of new bone formation is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ching Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yen Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, 6, Sec. West, Chai-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Health-Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan 33303, Taiwan;
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Martin Hsiu-Chu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, 6, Sec. West, Chai-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, 6, Sec. West, Chai-Pu Road, Pu-Tz City, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jinga SI, Anghel AM, Brincoveanu SF, Bucur RM, Florea AD, Saftau BI, Stroe SC, Zamfirescu AI, Busuioc C. Ce/Sm/Sr-Incorporating Ceramic Scaffolds Obtained via Sol-Gel Route. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061532. [PMID: 33800992 PMCID: PMC8003880 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three different inorganic scaffolds were obtained starting from the oxide system SiO2‒P2O5‒CaO‒MgO, to which Ce4+/Sm3+/Sr2+ cations were added in order to propose novel materials with potential application in the field of hard tissue engineering. Knowing the beneficial effects of each element, improved features in terms of mechanical properties, antibacterial activity and cellular response are expected. The compositions were processed in the form of scaffolds by a common sol-gel method, followed by a thermal treatment at 1000 and 1200 °C. The obtained samples were characterized from thermal, compositional, morphological and mechanical point of view. It was shown that each supplementary component triggers the modification of the crystalline phase composition, as well as microstructural details. Moreover, the shrinkage behavior is well correlated with the attained compression strength values. Sm was proven to be the best choice, since in addition to a superior mechanical resistance, a clear beneficial influence on the viability of 3T3 fibroblast cell line was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorin-Ion Jinga
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.A.); (S.-F.B.); (R.-M.B.); (A.-D.F.); (B.-I.S.); (S.-C.S.); (A.-I.Z.)
| | - Ana-Maria Anghel
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.A.); (S.-F.B.); (R.-M.B.); (A.-D.F.); (B.-I.S.); (S.-C.S.); (A.-I.Z.)
| | - Silvia-Florena Brincoveanu
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.A.); (S.-F.B.); (R.-M.B.); (A.-D.F.); (B.-I.S.); (S.-C.S.); (A.-I.Z.)
| | - Raluca-Maria Bucur
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.A.); (S.-F.B.); (R.-M.B.); (A.-D.F.); (B.-I.S.); (S.-C.S.); (A.-I.Z.)
| | - Andrei-Dan Florea
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.A.); (S.-F.B.); (R.-M.B.); (A.-D.F.); (B.-I.S.); (S.-C.S.); (A.-I.Z.)
| | - Bianca-Irina Saftau
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.A.); (S.-F.B.); (R.-M.B.); (A.-D.F.); (B.-I.S.); (S.-C.S.); (A.-I.Z.)
| | - Stefania-Cristina Stroe
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.A.); (S.-F.B.); (R.-M.B.); (A.-D.F.); (B.-I.S.); (S.-C.S.); (A.-I.Z.)
| | - Andreea-Ioana Zamfirescu
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.A.); (S.-F.B.); (R.-M.B.); (A.-D.F.); (B.-I.S.); (S.-C.S.); (A.-I.Z.)
| | - Cristina Busuioc
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Osteoinductive potential and antibacterial characteristics of collagen coated iron oxide nanosphere containing strontium and hydroxyapatite in long term bone fractures. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
19
|
Kim KH, Park TS, Cho BW, Kim TM. Nanoparticles from Equine Fetal Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Enhance the Survival of Injured Chondrocytes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101723. [PMID: 32977476 PMCID: PMC7598183 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reports on the potential of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating equine degenerative joint diseases have been increasing over the past few years, in spite of limitations such as uncontrolled differentiation, immunogenicity, and tumorigenicity. We elucidated an allogenic alternative, where equine bone marrow-derived cells (BMC)-derived nanoparticles (BMC-NPs) can be used to promote the growth of chondrocytes, and simultaneously reduce their cytokine-induced apoptosis. The role of BMC-NPs in activation of signaling pathway molecules was also established. Abstract Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can play a restorative role against degenerative joint diseases in horses. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether fetal bone marrow-derived cells (BMC)-derived nanoparticles (BMC-NPs) can stimulate the survival of equine chondrocytes. Equine fetal BMCs were isolated and characterized, and the role of BMC-NPs s in equine chondrocytes undergoing inflammatory cell death was examined. BMCs have several characteristics, such as the potential to differentiate into chondrocytes and osteocytes. Additionally, BMCs expressed immunoregulatory genes in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). We found that BMC-NPs were taken up by equine chondrocytes. Functionally, BMC-NPs promoted the growth of chondrocytes, and reduced apoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we observed that BMC-NPs upregulated the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) in the presence of IL-1β, and reduced the phosphorylation of TNF-α-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the chondrocytes. Cumulatively, our study demonstrated that equine fetal BMC-NPs have the potential to stimulate the survival of chondrocytes damaged by inflammatory cytokines. Thus, BMC-NPs may become an alternative cell-free allogenic therapeutic for degenerative joint diseases in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea; (K.H.K.); (T.S.P.)
| | - Tae Sub Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea; (K.H.K.); (T.S.P.)
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Samnangin-ro 1268-50, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Korea;
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea; (K.H.K.); (T.S.P.)
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-339-5896
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fouad-Elhady EA, Aglan HA, Hassan RE, Ahmed HH, Sabry GM. Modulation of bone turnover aberration: A target for management of primary osteoporosis in experimental rat model. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03341. [PMID: 32072048 PMCID: PMC7011045 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal degenerative disease characterised by abnormal bone turnover with scant bone formation and overabundant bone resorption. The present approach was intended to address the potency of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), chitosan/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites (nCh/HA) and silver/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nAg/HA) to modulate bone turnover deviation in primary osteoporosis induced in the experimental model. Characterisation techniques such as TEM, zeta-potential, FT-IR and XRD were used to assess the morphology, the physical as well as the chemical features of the prepared nanostructures. The in vivo experiment was conducted on forty-eight adult female rats, randomised into 6 groups (8 rats/group), (1) gonad-intact, (2) osteoporotic group, (3) osteoporotic + nHA, (4) osteoporotic + nCh/HA, (5) osteoporotic + nAg/HA and (6) osteoporotic + alendronate (ALN). After three months of treatment, serum sclerostin (SOST), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) levels were quantified using ELISA. Femur bone receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and cathepsin K (CtsK) mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, alizarin red S staining was applied to determine the mineralisation intensity of femur bone. Findings in the present study indicated that treatment with nHA, nCh/HA or nAg/HA leads to significant repression of serum SOST, BALP and BSP levels parallel to a significant down-regulation of RANKL and CtsK gene expression levels. On the other side, significant enhancement in the calcification intensity of femur bone has been noticed. The outcomes of this experimental setting ascertained the potentiality of nHA, nCh/HA and nAg/HA as promising nanomaterials in attenuating the excessive bone turnover in the primary osteoporotic rat model. The mechanisms behind the efficacy of the investigated nanostructures involved the obstacle of serum and tissue indices of bone resorption besides the strengthening of bone mineralisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enas A Fouad-Elhady
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hadeer A Aglan
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,Stem Cells Lab, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha E Hassan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,Stem Cells Lab, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gilane M Sabry
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zare EN, Jamaledin R, Naserzadeh P, Afjeh-Dana E, Ashtari B, Hosseinzadeh M, Vecchione R, Wu A, Tay FR, Borzacchiello A, Makvandi P. Metal-Based Nanostructures/PLGA Nanocomposites: Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Their Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3279-3300. [PMID: 31873003 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among the different synthetic polymers developed for biomedical applications, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has attracted considerable attention because of its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Nanocomposites based on PLGA and metal-based nanostructures (MNSs) have been employed extensively as an efficient strategy to improve the structural and functional properties of PLGA polymer. The MNSs have been used to impart new properties to PLGA, such as antimicrobial properties and labeling. In the present review, the different strategies available for the fabrication of MNS/PLGA nanocomposites and their applications in the biomedical field will be discussed, beginning with a description of the preparation routes, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity concerns of MNS/PLGA nanocomposites. The biomedical applications of these nanocomposites, such as carriers and scaffolds in tissue regeneration and other therapies are subsequently reviewed. In addition, the potential advantages of using MNS/PLGA nanocomposites in treatment illnesses are analyzed based on in vitro and in vivo studies, to support the potential of these nanocomposites in future research in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rezvan Jamaledin
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Naples 80125 , Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering , University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80125 , Italy
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Shahdad Ronak Commercialization Company (SPE No 10320821698) , Pasdaran Street , Tehran 1947 , Iran
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 1985717443 , Iran
| | - Elham Afjeh-Dana
- Shahdad Ronak Commercialization Company (SPE No 10320821698) , Pasdaran Street , Tehran 1947 , Iran
- Radiation Biology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14496-14535 , Iran
| | - Behnaz Ashtari
- Radiation Biology Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14496-14535 , Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14496-14535 , Iran
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Health Management and Economics Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14496-14535 , Iran
- Computer Science , University of Human Development , Sulaymaniyah , Iraq
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Naples 80125 , Italy
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Bioprinting Research Group, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- College of Graduate Studies , Augusta University , Augusta , Georgia 30912 , United States
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials (IPCB) , National Research Council (CNR) , Naples 80125 , Italy
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 14496-14535 , Iran
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials (IPCB) , National Research Council (CNR) , Naples 80125 , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rocha JC, Sihn LM, Uchiyama MK, Ribeiro MA, Franco MP, Braga AAC, Silveira AT, Toma HE. On the Amazing Reactivity of the Ranelate Ion: New Applications of an Old Antiosporotic Drug. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Rocha
- Department of chemistryInstitute of ChemistryUniv. São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luca M. Sihn
- Department of chemistryInstitute of ChemistryUniv. São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mayara K. Uchiyama
- Department of chemistryInstitute of ChemistryUniv. São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Maurício P. Franco
- Department of chemistryInstitute of ChemistryUniv. São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ataualpa A. C. Braga
- Department of chemistryInstitute of ChemistryUniv. São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alceu T. Silveira
- Department of chemistryInstitute of ChemistryUniv. São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Henrique E. Toma
- Department of chemistryInstitute of ChemistryUniv. São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Structural modification of nanohydroxyapatite Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2 related to Eu 3+ and Sr 2+ ions doping and its spectroscopic and antimicrobial properties. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110884. [PMID: 31683129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Eu3+ and Sr2+ ions co-doped hydroxyapatite nanopowders (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) were synthesized via a precipitation method and post heat-treated at 500 °C. The concentration of Eu3+ ions was established in the range of 0.5-5 mol% to investigate the site occupancy preference. The concentration of Sr2+ ions was set at 5 mol%. The structural and morphological properties of the obtained materials were studied by an X-ray powder diffraction, a transmission electron microscopy techniques and infrared spectroscopy. As synthesized nanoparticles were in the range of 11-17 nm and annealed particles were in the range of 20-26 nm. The luminescence properties in dependence of the dopant concentration and applied temperature were investigated. The 5D0 → 7F0 transition shown the abnormally strong intensity for annealed materials connected with the increase of covalency character of Eu3+-O2- bond, which arise as an effect of charge compensation mechanism. The Eu3+ ions occupied three possible crystallographic sites in these materials revealed in emission spectra: one Ca(1) site with C3 symmetry and two Ca(2) sites with Cs symmetry arranged as cis and trans symmetry. The antibacterial properties of Eu3+ and Sr2+ ions doped and co-doped hydroxyapatite nanopowders were also determined against Gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Obtained results suggest that both europium and strontium ions may implement antibacterial properties for hydroxyapatites. In the most cases, better antibacterial effect we noticed for dopants at 5 mol% ratio. However, the effect is strongly species- and strain-dependent feature.
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu G, Li Y, Yang S, Zhao Y, Lu T, Jia W, Ji X, Luo Y. DOPA-IGF-1 Coated HA/PLGA Microspheres Promoting Proliferation and Osteoclastic Differentiation of Rabbit Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-9007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
25
|
Qiao H, Song G, Huang Y, Yang H, Han S, Zhang X, Wang Z, Ma J, Bu X, Fu L. Si, Sr, Ag co-doped hydroxyapatite/TiO 2 coating: enhancement of its antibacterial activity and osteoinductivity. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13348-13364. [PMID: 35519590 PMCID: PMC9063874 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multifaceted coating with favourable cytocompatibility, osteogenic activity and antibacterial properties would be of great significance and value due to its capability for improving osseointegration and alleviating prosthesis loosening. This study marks the first report on the coating of TiO2 nanotubular (TNT) arrays with Sr-and-Si-substituted hydroxyapatite (SSHA) endowed with antibacterial characteristics using silver ions. This TNT layer coated with Ag-substituted SSHA (SSAgHA) formed a composite coating with an interconnected microporous structure and a homogeneous distribution of Sr, Si and Ag; such a coating promoted cell adhesion and osteogenic potential. The anchoring effect of the TNT layer improved the adhesion strength of the SSAgHA/TNT coating to 16.9 ± 3.1 MPa, which was higher than the 15 MPa set in the ISO standard 13 779-4:2002. Moreover, the bio-corrosion resistance of the underlying Ti substrate was greatly enhanced by the composite coating. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and SSAgHA coatings provided a suitable environment for the adhesion, spreading and proliferation of mouse osteoblasts. The SSAgHA coating excellently inhibited bacterial activity and enhanced osteoinductivity with higher osteogenic differentiation compared with the HA coating. Sr and Si dopants increased the expression levels of the genes related to osteogenesis and successfully offset the potential cytotoxicity of Ag ions. Super-osteoinductivity was attributed to the rough and superhydrophilic surface of the composite coating. Therefore, the present study demonstrated the potential of the electrodeposited SSAgHA/TNT composite coating as a promising metallic implant with great intrinsic antibacterial activity and osteointegration ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Qiao
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University Zhangjiakou 075000 China +86 313 4029270
| | - Guiqin Song
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University Zhangjiakou 075000 China +86 313 4029270
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University Zhangjiakou 075000 China +86 313 4029270
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 China
| | - Shuguang Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University Zhangjiakou 075000 China +86 313 4029270
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- No. 81st Group Military Hospital of PLA Army Zhangjiakou 075000 China
| | - Jing Ma
- No. 81st Group Military Hospital of PLA Army Zhangjiakou 075000 China
| | - Xiaopei Bu
- No. 81st Group Military Hospital of PLA Army Zhangjiakou 075000 China
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou 310018 China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li Y, Zhang Q, Xie X, Xiao D, Lin Y. Review of craniofacial regeneration in China. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 47 Suppl 1:107-117. [PMID: 30868603 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Tissue engineering has been recognised as one of the most effective means to form a new viable tissue for medical purpose. Tissue engineering involves a combination of scaffolds, cells, suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors, and engineering and materials methods. This review covered some biomedicine, such as biomaterials, bioactive factors, and stem cells, and manufacturing technologies used in tissue engineering in the oral maxillofacial region, especially in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data for this review were identified by searches of Web of Science and PubMed, and references from relevant articles using the search terms "biomaterials", "oral tissue regeneration", "bioactive factors" and "stem cells". Only articles published in English between 2013 and 2018 were included. CONCLUSION The combination of stem cells, bioactive factors and 3D scaffolds could be of far-reaching significance for the future therapies in tissue repair or tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the review also mentions issues that need to be solved in the application of these biomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wei PF, Yuan ZY, Jing W, Guan BB, Liu ZH, Zhang X, Mao JP, Chen DF, Cai Q, Yang XP. Regenerating infected bone defects with osteocompatible microspheres possessing antibacterial activity. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:272-286. [PMID: 30467569 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of infected bone defects still remains a formidable clinical challenge, and the design of bone implants with both anti-bacterial activity and osteogenesis effects is nowadays regarded as a powerful strategy for infection control and bone healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
| | - Wei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Guan
- Department of Stomatology
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
- Tianjin 300052
- P.R. China
| | - Zi-Hao Liu
- Department of Endodontics
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Endodontics
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Mao
- Department of Spine Surgery
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
- Beijing 100035
- P.R. China
| | - Da-Fu Chen
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering
- Beijing Research institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
- Beijing 100035
- P.R. China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles: Future of Nanomaterials. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16534-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
29
|
Development of local strontium ranelate delivery systems and long term in vitro drug release studies in osteogenic medium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16754. [PMID: 30425295 PMCID: PMC6233163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized that the operative stabilization of osteoporotic fractures should be followed up with an appropriate osteoporosis treatment in order to decrease the risk of repeated fractures. Despite the good clinical results of strontium ranelate (SrRan) towards the osteoporosis treatment, high drug doses and long treatment period cause an increased risk of serious side effects. Novel local SrRan/poly(lactic acid) (SrRan/PLA) delivery systems containing from 3.57 ± 0.28 wt% to 24.39 ± 0.91 wt% of active substance were developed. In order to resemble the naturally occurring processes, osteogenic media (OM) was used as a release medium for long term (121 days) in vitro drug release studies and UV/VIS method for the determination of SrRan content in OM was developed and validated. Biomimetic calcium phosphate precipitates were found on the surface and in the pores of prepared delivery system after microcapsule exposure to OM for 121 days as well as SrRan particles, indicating that the release of the drug have not been completed within 121 days. In vitro cell viability evaluation approved no cytotoxic effects of microcapsule suspensions and extracts.
Collapse
|