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Wei XY, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Fu WZ, Zhong LG, Pan YD, Sun J, Liao XP, Liu YH, Zhou YF. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of gamithromycin against rabbit pasteurellosis. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:147. [PMID: 38643185 PMCID: PMC11031915 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamithromycin is an effective therapy for bovine and swine respiratory diseases but not utilized for rabbits. Given its potent activity against respiratory pathogens, we sought to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles, antimicrobial activity and target pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) exposures associated with therapeutic effect of gamithromycin against Pasteurella multocida in rabbits. RESULTS Gamithromycin showed favorable PK properties in rabbits, including high subcutaneous bioavailability (86.7 ± 10.7%) and low plasma protein binding (18.5-31.9%). PK analysis identified a mean plasma peak concentration (Cmax) of 1.64 ± 0.86 mg/L and terminal half-life (T1/2) of 31.5 ± 5.74 h after subcutaneous injection. For P. multocida, short post-antibiotic effects (PAE) (1.1-5.3 h) and post-antibiotic sub-inhibitory concentration effects (PA-SME) (6.6-9.1 h) were observed after exposure to gamithromycin at 1 to 4× minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Gamithromycin demonstrated concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and the PK/PD index area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC24h)/MIC correlated well with efficacy (R2 > 0.99). The plasma AUC24h/MIC ratios of gamithromycin associated with the bacteriostatic, bactericidal and bacterial eradication against P. multocida were 15.4, 24.9 and 27.8 h in rabbits, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous administration of 6 mg/kg gamithromycin reached therapeutic concentrations in rabbit plasma against P. multocida. The PK/PD ratios determined herein in combination with ex vivo activity and favorable rabbit PK indicate that gamithromycin may be used for the treatment of rabbit pasteurellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yantai Fushan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Fushan, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Fu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long-Gen Zhong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Duo Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Kuchiishi SS, Ramos Prigol S, Bresolin E, Fernandes Lenhard B, Pissetti C, García-Iglesias MJ, Gutiérrez-Martín CB, Martínez-Martínez S, Kreutz LC, Frandoloso R. Brazilian Clinical Strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida: Capsular Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility ( In Vitro) and Proof of Concept for Prevention of Natural Colonization by Multi-Doses Protocol of Tildipirosin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1658. [PMID: 38136692 PMCID: PMC10740920 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and sixty Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida serogroup A (PmA) isolates were recovered from porcine pneumonic lungs collected from eight central or southern states of Brazil between 2014 and 2018 (App) or between 2017 and 2021 (PmA). A. pleuropneumoniae clinical isolates were typed by multiplex PCR and the most prevalent serovars were 8, 7 and 5 (43, 25% and 18%, respectively). In addition, three virulence genes were assessed in P. multocida isolates, all being positive to capA (PmA) and kmt1 genes, all negative to capD and toxA, and most of them (85%) negative to pfhA gene. The susceptibility of both pathogens to tildipirosin was investigated using a broth microdilution assay. The percentage of isolates susceptible to tildipirosin was 95% for App and 73.3% for PmA. The MIC50 values were 0.25 and 1 μg/mL and the MIC90 values were 4 and >64 μg/mL for App and PmA, respectively. Finally, a multiple-dose protocol of tildipirosin was tested in suckling piglets on a farm endemic for both pathogens. Tildipirosin was able to prevent the natural colonization of the tonsils by App and PmA and significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the burden of Glaesserella parasuis in this tissue. In summary, our results demonstrate that: (i) tildipirosin can be included in the list of antibiotics to control outbreaks of lung disease caused by App regardless of the capsular type, and (ii) in the case of clinical strains of App and PmA that are sensitive to tildipirosin based on susceptibility testing, the use of this antibiotic in eradication programs for A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida can be strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Satomi Kuchiishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil; (S.S.K.); (E.B.); (B.F.L.); (L.C.K.)
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Sanidade Animal—CEDISA, Concórdia 89727-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Eduarda Bresolin
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil; (S.S.K.); (E.B.); (B.F.L.); (L.C.K.)
- AFK Imunotech, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil;
| | - Bianca Fernandes Lenhard
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil; (S.S.K.); (E.B.); (B.F.L.); (L.C.K.)
| | - Caroline Pissetti
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Sanidade Animal—CEDISA, Concórdia 89727-000, Brazil;
| | - María-José García-Iglesias
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain; (M.-J.G.-I.); (C.-B.G.-M.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - César-Bernardo Gutiérrez-Martín
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain; (M.-J.G.-I.); (C.-B.G.-M.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Sonia Martínez-Martínez
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain; (M.-J.G.-I.); (C.-B.G.-M.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Luiz Carlos Kreutz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil; (S.S.K.); (E.B.); (B.F.L.); (L.C.K.)
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil; (S.S.K.); (E.B.); (B.F.L.); (L.C.K.)
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Cai Q, Li Y, Chang YF, Tang Z, Zhang H, Xie Q. Pasteurella multocida causes liver injury in ducks by mediating inflammatory, apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106336. [PMID: 37683832 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida.(PM) infection is a major cause of avian cholera, but the pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to further understand the host response to infection by using a duck model of PM, 20 female ducks were divided into two groups (n = 10). One group was infected with PM, while the other served as an uninfected control group. The ducks were observed after infection and samples were collected for testing. In this study, we report the mechanism of PM-induced inflammation to further mediate apoptosis and autophagic signaling pathways in liver cells. Our results demonstrated that PM infection initially induces hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in the liver tissue of duck, promoting inflammasome assembly and release, triggering inflammation. The TLR4/NF-κB axis activated and interacted with multiple inflammation-related proteins, including TNF-α and IL-1β, which affected apoptosis and autophagy. Tumor necrosis factor induced hepatocyte apoptosis was implicated in a wide range of liver diseases; the release of TNF-α and activation with NF-κB further incite apoptotic pathways,such as Bax/BCL2/caspase to promote apoptotic genes APAF1, Bax, Caspase3, BCL-2, p53, and Cytc expression. Finally, PM-induced autophagy suppressed liver injury by promoting the Beclin-1, LC3B, p62, and mTOR. Thus, liver injury caused by PM via promoting autophagy was induced. In conclusion, we analyzed the liver injury of ducks infected with PM, and confirmed that inflammation appeared in the liver; this was followed by the intricate interplay between inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy signaling pathways. The observed results provided a reference basis for studying pathogenic mechanisms of PM-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Pharmacokinetics of tildipirosin in horses after intravenous and intramuscular administration and its potential muscle damage. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:20-25. [PMID: 35908422 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tildipirosin is a novel semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic exclusively used in veterinary practice to treat respiratory infections. There are no pharmacokinetic or safety information available regarding the use of tildipirosin after intramuscular administration in horses. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the disposition kinetics of tildipirosin after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration in horses and its potential muscle damage and cardiotoxicity. Six mature, Spanish-breed horses were used in a crossover study with a washout period of 30 days. Tildipirosin (18%) was administered at single doses by IV (2 mg/kg) and IM (4 mg/kg) routes. Tildipirosin plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC assay with ultraviolet detection. Muscle damage and inflammation were assessed by creatine kinase (CK) and haptoglobin (Hp), respectively. Creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) and troponin (Tn) were used to evaluate cardiotoxicity. Tildipirosin in horses reached peak concentrations (Cmax = 1.13 μg/mL) at 0.60 h (tmax) after IM administration with an absolute bioavailability of 109.2%. Steady-state volume of distribution and clearance were 3.31 ± 0.57 L/kg and 0.22 ± 0.02 L/h/kg, respectively. Tildipirosin did not cause cardiotoxicity since CK-MB and Tn basal levels were not significantly different from those obtained after several days post-administration. Mild local reactions were observed after IM administration. This local inflammation was associated with mild myolysis (CK 239-837 UI/L), which was detectable for 48 h. In brief, tildipirosin could help to treat respiratory infections in horses because it showed extensive distribution, high bioavailability and did not provoke general adverse reactions.
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Combination Therapy with TCM Preparation Kumu Injection and Azithromycin against Bacterial Infection and Inflammation: In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8533005. [PMID: 35341154 PMCID: PMC8942630 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8533005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Azithromycin (AZM) is one of the most common broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, drug resistance is increasing and combination therapy has attracted great attention. AZM is usually combined with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations with heat-clearing and detoxifying effects, including Kumu injection (KM) made from Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. Purpose The present study aimed to investigate synergistic antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of KM plus AZM with the aim of understanding the mechanism of clinical efficacy of combination regimens. Methods Seven common bacterial clinical isolates and LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were used for assay of in vitro potency. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each drug, followed by synergy testing through the checkerboard method and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) for quantifying combined antibacterial effects. The rat model of Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced pneumonia was developed and subjected to various drug treatments, namely, AZM, KM, or AZM plus KM, intravenously administered at 75 mg/kg once a day for one week. The combination effects then were evaluated according to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic assessments. Results KM-AZM combination synergistically inhibits in vitro growth of all the test standard strains except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also the drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Despite an additive effect against NO, KM plus AZM at an equal dose could synergistically suppress overrelease of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The combination significantly inhibited the proliferation of K. pneumoniae in the rat lungs, mainly by inactivating MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. KM-AZM combination caused a onefold increase in apparent distribution volume of AZM, along with a significant decrease of AZM level in the livers and heart for pharmacokinetics. Conclusion KM-AZM combination displayed synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects beneficial to the therapeutic potential against bacterial infection.
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Huang A, Wang S, Guo J, Gu Y, Li J, Huang L, Wang X, Tao Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Hao H. Prudent Use of Tylosin for Treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Based on Its Clinical Breakpoint and Lung Microbiota Shift. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712473. [PMID: 34566919 PMCID: PMC8458857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the prudent use of tylosin for the treatment of chronic respiratory infectious diseases in chickens caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and its effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established based on the wild-type/epidemiological cutoff value (COWT/ECV), pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) cutoff value (COPD), and clinical cutoff value (COCL) of tylosin against MG. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tylosin against 111 MG isolates was analyzed and the COWT was 2 μg/ml. M17 with MIC of 2 μg/ml was selected as a representative strain for the PK-PD study. The COPD of tylosin against MG was 1 μg/ml. The dosage regimen formulated by the PK-PD study was 3 days administration of tylosin at a dose of 45.88 mg/kg b.w. with a 24-h interval. Five different MIC MGs were selected for clinical trial, and the COCL of tylosin against MG was 0.5 μg/ml. According to the CLSI decision tree, the CBP of tylosin against MG was set up as 2 μg/ml. The effect of tylosin on lung microbiota of MG-infected chickens was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Significant change of the lung microbiota was observed in the infection group and treatment group based on the principal coordinate analysis and the Venn diagrams of the core and unique OTU. The phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria showed difference after MG infection and treatment. This study established the CBP of tylosin against MG. It also provided scientific data for the prudent use of tylosin based on the evaluation of MG infection and tylosin treatment on the lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxiong Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuge Wang
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Mi K, Li M, Sun L, Hou Y, Zhou K, Hao H, Pan Y, Liu Z, Xie C, Huang L. Determination of Susceptibility Breakpoint for Cefquinome against Streptococcus suis in Pigs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080958. [PMID: 34439008 PMCID: PMC8389024 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis), a zoonotic pathogen, causes severe diseases in both pigs and human beings. Cefquinome can display excellent antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this study was to derive an optimal dosage of cefquinome against S. suis with a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration model in the target infection site and to investigate the cutoffs monitoring the changes of resistance. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution of cefquinome against 342 S. suis strains was determined. MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.06 and 0.25 μg/mL, respectively. The wild-type cutoff was calculated as 1 μg/mL. A two-compartmental model was applied to calculate the main pharmacokinetic parameters after 2 mg/kg cefquinome administered intramuscularly. An optimized dosage regimen of 3.08 mg/kg for 2-log10 CFU reduction was proposed by ex vivo PK/PD model of infected swine. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic cutoff was calculated as 0.06 μg/mL based on PK/PD targets. Based on the clinical effectiveness study of pathogenic MIC isolates, the clinical cutoff was calculated as 0.5 μg/mL. A clinical breakpoint was proposed as 1 μg/mL. In conclusion, the results offer a reference for determining susceptibility breakpoint of cefquinome against S. suis and avoiding resistance emergence by following the optimal dosage regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.M.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Mei Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.M.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Lei Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.M.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Yixuan Hou
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.M.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (C.X.)
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.M.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (C.X.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Changqing Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.M.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (C.X.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.M.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (C.X.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (Y.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Mi K, Sun D, Li M, Hao H, Zhou K, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Huang L. Evidence for Establishing the Clinical Breakpoint of Cefquinome against Haemophilus Parasuis in China. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020105. [PMID: 33498972 PMCID: PMC7912692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis can cause high morbidity and mortality in swine. Cefquinome possesses excellent antibacterial activity against pathogens causing diseases of the respiratory tract. This study aimed to establish the clinical breakpoint (CBP) of cefquinome against H. parasuis and to monitor the resistance change. Referring to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution of cefquinome against 131 H. parasuis isolates, the MIC50 and MIC90 were determined to be 0.125 and 1 μg/mL, respectively. And the epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) value was 1 μg/mL. HPS42 was selected as a representative strain for the pharmacodynamic (PD) experiment, pharmacokinetic (PK) experiment and clinical experiments. The PK/PD index values, area under concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC, of the bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacterial elimination effects were 23, 41, and 51 h, respectively. The PK/PD cutoff was calculated as 0.125 μg/mL by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and the clinical cutoff was 0.25−4 μg/mL by WindoW. Combing these three values, the CBP of cefquinome against H. parasuis was found to be 1 μg/mL. In conclusion, this was the first study to integrate various cutoffs to establish the CBP in the laboratory. It is helpful to distinguish wild type H. parasuis and reduce the probability of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Da Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Mei Li
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Toutain PL, Pelligand L, Lees P, Bousquet-Mélou A, Ferran AA, Turnidge JD. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic paradigm for antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine: Recent advances and critical appraisal. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:172-200. [PMID: 33089523 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling is the initial step in the semi-mechanistic approach for optimizing dosage regimens for systemically acting antimicrobial drugs (AMDs). Numerical values of PK/PD indices are used to predict dose and dosing interval on a rational basis followed by confirmation in clinical trials. The value of PK/PD indices lies in their universal applicability amongst animal species. Two PK/PD indices are routinely used in veterinary medicine, the ratio of the area under the curve of the free drug plasma concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (fAUC/MIC) and the time that free plasma concentration exceeds the MIC over the dosing interval (fT > MIC). The basic concepts of PK/PD modelling of AMDs were established some 20 years ago. Earlier studies have been reviewed previously and are not reconsidered in this review. This review describes and provides a critical appraisal of more recent, advanced PK/PD approaches, with particular reference to their application in veterinary medicine. Also discussed are some hypotheses and new areas for future developments.First, a brief overview of PK/PD principles is presented as the basis for then reviewing more advanced mechanistic considerations on the precise nature of selected indices. Then, several new approaches to selecting PK/PD indices and establishing their numerical values are reviewed, including (a) the modelling of time-kill curves and (b) the use of population PK investigations. PK/PD indices can be used for dose determination, and they are required to establish clinical breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A particular consideration is given to the precise nature of MIC, because it is pivotal in establishing PK/PD indices, explaining that it is not a "pharmacodynamic parameter" in the usual sense of this term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Aude A Ferran
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - John D Turnidge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Pharmacokinetics of Tildipirosin in Ewes after Intravenous, Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081332. [PMID: 32752202 PMCID: PMC7460420 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pneumonia is a significant cause of death in sheep flocks. Thus, antibiotics are essential for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia to reduce morbidity and mortality, but few drugs are specifically labeled for clinical use in sheep. Many of the antimicrobial clinical prescriptions that occur in sheep are classified as extra-label use, with dosage, administration frequency, indications, and drug withdrawal times usually being extrapolated from information reported in other species. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the disposition kinetics of tildipirosin after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration in sheep. Throughout the experiment, all ewes were healthy and no adverse reactions were recorded. The apparent volume of distribution was high, indicating a wide distribution in the body, which can be attributed to a significant fraction of tildipirosin inside the cells, and its expected activity against intracellular bacteria. Following intramuscular administration, tildipirosin was rapidly absorbed even to a greater extent when compared to subcutaneous administration. Most of the adsorbed tildipirosin after intramuscular and subcutaneous administrations were available in the body (>70%). In brief, the excellent tolerability of this formulation and the suitable disposition of tildipirosin in the body makes it an alternative for sheep use, in conditions where the administration of antibiotics is needed to observe desired effects with the benefits of scant manipulation of animals. Abstract A single-dose disposition kinetics for tildipirosin was evaluated in clinically healthy ewes (n = 6) after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administration of a commercial formulation. Tildipirosin concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Plasma concentration-time data was calculated by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic methods. The apparent volume of distribution (Vz) of tildipirosin after IV administration was 5.36 ± 0.57 L/kg suggesting a wide distribution in tissues and inside the cells. The elimination half-life (t½λz) was 17.16 ± 2.25, 23.90 ± 6.99 and 43.19 ± 5.17 h after IV, IM and SC administration, respectively. Following IM administration, tildipirosin was rapidly absorbed (tmax = 0.62 ± 0.10 h) even to a greater extent than after SC administration. Time to reach peak concentration (tmax) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) differed significantly, but both parameters showed a more significant variability after SC than after IM administration. Bioavailabilities after extravascular administration were high (>70%). Therefore, given general adverse reactions that were not observed in any ewe and favourable pharmacokinetics, tildipirosin could be effective in treating bacterial infections in sheep.
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11
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Xiong J, Xu Y, He S, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang S, Jiang H. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tildipirosin in rabbits following single-dose intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:448-453. [PMID: 32542744 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tildipirosin in rabbits after a single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injection at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Twelve white New Zealand rabbits were assigned to a randomized, parallel trial design. Blood samples were collected prior to administration and up to 14 days postadministration. Plasma concentrations of tildipirosin were quantified using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental model in WinNonlin 5.2 software. Following i.v. and i.m. administration, the elimination half-life (T1/2λ ) was 81.17 ± 9.28 and 96.68 ± 15.37 hr, respectively, and the mean residence time (MRTlast ) was 65.44 ± 10.89 and 67.06 ± 10.49 hr, respectively. After i.v. injection, the plasma clearance rate (Cl) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss ) were 0.28 ± 0.10 L kg-1 h-1 and 17.78 ± 5.15 L/kg, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax ) after i.m. administration were 836.2 ± 117.9 ng/ml and 0.33 ± 0.17 hr, respectively. The absolute bioavailability of i.m. administration was 105.4%. Tildipirosin shows favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics in rabbits, with fast absorption, extensive distribution, and high bioavailability. These findings suggest that tildipirosin might be a potential drug for the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Xiong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuliang Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuang He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zile Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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12
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Zhou YF, Bu MX, Liu P, Sun J, Liu YH, Liao XP. Epidemiological and PK/PD cutoff values determination and PK/PD-based dose assessment of gamithromycin against Haemophilus parasuis in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:81. [PMID: 32138735 PMCID: PMC7059257 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gamithromycin is a macrolide approved for the treatment of bovine and swine respiratory diseases. Our study aims to establish the clinical breakpoint and optimum dose regimen for gamithromycin against Haemophilus parasuis in piglets. Results Gamithromycin was well absorbed and fully bioavailable (87.2–101%) after intramuscular and subcutaneous administrations. The MICs of gamithromycin for 192 clinical H. parasuis isolates ranged from 0.008 to 128 mg/L and the epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) was calculated as 1.0 mg/L. A large potentiation effect of serum on in vitro susceptibility of gamithromycin was observed for H. parasuis, with broth/serum ratios of 8.93 for MICs and 4.46 for MBCs, respectively. The postantibiotic effects were 1.5 h (1 × MIC) and 2.4 h (4 × MIC), and the postantibiotic sub-MIC effects ranged from 2.7 to 4.3 h. Gamithromycin had rapid and concentration-dependent killing against H. parasuis, and the AUC24h/MIC ratio correlated well with ex vivo efficacy (R2 = 0.97). The AUC24h/MIC targets in serum associated with bacteriostatic, bactericidal and eradication activities were 15.8, 30.3 and 41.2, respectively. The PK/PD-based population dose prediction indicated a probability of target attainment (PTA) for the current marketed dose (6 mg/kg) of 88.9% against H. parasuis. The calculated gamithromycin dose for a PTA ≥ 90% was 6.55 mg/kg. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, the PK/PD cutoff (COPD) was determined to be 0.25 mg/L. Conclusion The determined cutoffs and PK/PD-based dose prediction will be of great importance in gamithromycin resistance surveillance and serve as an important step in the establishment of optimum dose regimen and clinical breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Xiao Bu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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13
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Khaliq H, Cao J, He Q. Resistant cutoff values and optimal scheme establishments for florfenicol against Escherichia coli with PK-PD modeling analysis in pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:324-335. [PMID: 30801741 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Florfenicol, a structural analog of thiamphenicol, has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic cutoff, and the optimal scheme of florfenicol against Escherichia coli (E. coli) with PK-PD integrated model in the target infectious tissue. 220 E. coli strains were selected to detect the susceptibility to florfenicol, and a virulent strain P190, whose minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was similar to the MIC50 (8 μg/ml), was analyzed for PD study in LB and ileum fluid. The MIC of P190 in the ileum fluid was 0.25 times lower than LB. The ratios of MBC/MIC were four both in the ileum and LB. The characteristics of time-killing curves also coincided with the MBC determination. The recommended dosages (30 mg/kg·body weight) were orally administrated in healthy pigs, and both plasma and ileum fluid were collected for PK study. The main pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters including AUC24 hr , AUC0-∞ , Tmax , T1/2 , Cmax , CLb, and Ke were 49.83, 52.33 μg*h/ml, 1.32, 10.58 hr, 9.12 μg/ml, 0.50 L/hr*kg, 0.24 hr-1 and 134.45, 138.71 μg*hr/ml, 2.05, 13.01 hr, 16.57 μg/ml, 0.18 L/hr*kg, 0.14 hr-1 in the serum and ileum fluid, respectively. The optimum doses for bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination activities were 29.81, 34.88, and 36.52 mg/kg for 50% target and 33.95, 39.79, and 42.55 mg/kg for 90% target, respectively. The final sensitive breakpoint was defined as 16 μg/ml. The current data presented provide the optimal regimens (39.79 mg/kg) and susceptible breakpoint (16 μg/ml) for clinical use, but these predicted data should be validated in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Qianying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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