Comparison of Long-Term Clinical Implications of Beta-Blockade in Patients With Obstructive Airway Diseases Exposed to Beta-Blockers With Different β1-Adrenoreceptor Selectivity: An Italian Population-Based Cohort Study

AI-based disease risk score for community-acquired pneumonia hospitalization

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute infection involving the parenchyma of the lungs, which is acquired outside of the hospital. Population-wide real-world data and artificial intelligence (AI) were used to develop a disease risk score for CAP hospitalization among older individuals. The source population included residents in Denmark aged 65 years or older in the period January 1, 1996, to July 30, 2018. 137344 individuals were hospitalized for pneumonia during the study period for which, 5 controls were matched leading to a study population of 620908 individuals. The disease risk had an average accuracy of 0.79 based on 5-fold cross-validation in predicting CAP hospitalization. The disease risk score can be useful in clinical practice to identify individuals at higher risk of CAP hospitalization and intervene to minimize their risk of being hospitalized for CAP.

Beta-Blocker Use in Older Hospitalized Patients Affected by Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Italian Survey From the REPOSI Register

Beta (β)-blockers (BB) are useful in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nevertheless, the use of BBs could induce bronchoconstriction due to β2-blockade. For this reason, both the ESC and GOLD guidelines strongly suggest the use of selective β1-BB in patients with HF and COPD. However, low adherence to guidelines was observed in multiple clinical settings. The aim of the study was to investigate the BBs use in older patients affected by HF and COPD, recorded in the REPOSI register. Of 942 patients affected by HF, 47.1% were treated with BBs. The use of BBs was significantly lower in patients with HF and COPD than in patients affected by HF alone, both at admission and at discharge (admission, 36.9% vs. 51.3%; discharge, 38.0% vs. 51.7%). In addition, no further BB users were found at discharge. The probability to being treated with a BB was significantly lower in patients with HF also affected by COPD (adj. OR, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.37–0.67), while the diagnosis of COPD was not associated with the choice of selective β1-BB (adj. OR, 95% CI: 1.33, 0.76–2.34). Despite clear recommendations by clinical guidelines, a significant underuse of BBs was also observed after hospital discharge. In COPD affected patients, physicians unreasonably reject BBs use, rather than choosing a β1-BB. The expected improvement of the BB prescriptions after hospitalization was not observed. A multidisciplinary approach among hospital physicians, general practitioners, and pharmacologists should be carried out for better drug management and adherence to guideline recommendations.

Cardioselective Versus Nonselective β-Blockers After Myocardial Infarction in Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

OBJECTIVE

To investigate which types of β-blockers have better efficacy and safety profiles in patients with concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and myocardial infarction (MI) to address concerns about use of β-blockers in COPD.

METHODS

We identified 65,699 patients with COPD prescribed β-blockers after first MI in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2013. Comparisons were performed using the inverse probability of treatment weighting method. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality; secondary outcomes were heart failure hospitalization, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE), and major adverse pulmonary event (MAPE).

RESULTS

A total of 14,789 patients prescribed β-blockers were enrolled, of whom 7247 (49.0%) used cardioselective β-blockers and 7542 (51.0%) used nonselective β-blockers. The cardioselective group had lower incidence rates of mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89 to 0.96), MACCE (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93 to 0.998), heart failure hospitalization (subdistribution HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.91), and MAPE (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90 to 0.98) at the end of follow-up after weighting. Similar results were also found in subgroup analysis between those prescribed bisoprolol and those prescribed carvedilol.

CONCLUSION

Patients prescribed a cardioselective β-blocker may have a lower incidence of all-cause mortality, MACCE, heart failure hospitalization, and MAPE than those prescribed a nonselective β-blocker. Cardioselective β-blocker treatment during hospitalization and continuing after discharge appears to be superior to nonselective β-blocker treatment in patients with COPD after MI.

[Possibilities and limitations of the use of beta-blockers in patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

In medical literature, increasing attention is paid to comorbidities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In clinical practice, physicians often hesitate to prescribe beta-blockers (β1-adrenoblockers) to COPD patients. This article summarized new results of using beta-blockers in patients with COPD. According to reports, the selective β1-blocker treatment considerably increases the survival rate of patients with COPD and ischemic heart disease, particularly after myocardial infarction (MI), and with chronic heart failure (CHF). The benefit of administering selective β1-blockers to patients with CHF and/or a history of MI overweighs a potential risk related with the treatment even in patients with severe COPD. Convincing data in favor of the β1-blocker treatment in COPD patients without the above-mentioned comorbidities are not available. At present, the selective β1-blocker treatment is considered safe for patients with cardiovascular diseases and COPD. For this reason, selective β1-blockers, such as bisoprolol, metoprolol or nebivolol can be used in managing this patient cohort. Nonselective β1-blockers may induce bronchospasm and are not recommended for COPD patients. For the treatment with β-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, the probability of bronchial obstruction in COPD patients is lower; however, drugs of this pharmaceutical group have not been compared with cardioselective beta-blockers. For safety reasons, the beta-blocker treatment should be started outside exacerbation of COPD and from a small dose. Careful monitoring is recommended for possible new symptoms, such as emergence/increase of shortness of breath, cough or changes in dosing of other drugs (for example, increased frequency of using short-acting bronchodilators).

Beta Blockers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Sum of Evidence

Approximately, half a century has passed since the discovery of beta blockers. Then, their prime therapeutic purpose was to treat angina and cardiac arrhythmias, nowadays, beta blockers' usage and effectiveness is extended to treat other cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease. Safety concerns were raised about beta blockers and their use for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with concurrent cardiovascular disease. After a thorough research of the literature, this review summarizes the evidence proving that beta blockers not only might be well tolerated in COPD patients, but they might also have a beneficial effect in this group of patients.

Covid-19 Kills More Men Than Women: An Overview of Possible Reasons

The high mortality observed in Covid-19 patients may be related to unrecognized pulmonary embolism, pulmonary thrombosis, or other underlying cardiovascular diseases. Recent data have highlighted that the mortality rate of Covid-19 seems to be higher in male patients compared to females. In this paper, we have analyzed possible factors that may underline this sex difference in terms of activity of the immune system and its modulation by sex hormones, coagulation pattern, and preexisting cardiovascular diseases as well as effects deriving from smoking and drinking habits. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effects of sex differences on the prevalence of infections, including Covid-19, its outcome, and the responses to antiviral treatments.

Metoprolol Versus Carvedilol in Patients With Heart Failure, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and Renal Failure

This study compared the survival and the risk of heart failure (HF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypoglycemia, and renal failure (RF) hospitalizations in geriatric patients exposed to carvedilol or metoprolol. Data sources were Danish administrative registers. Patients aged ≥65 and having HF, COPD, and DM were followed for 1 year from the first β-blocker prescription redemption. Patients' characteristics were used to 1:1 propensity score match carvedilol and metoprolol users. A Cox regression model was used to compute the hazard ratio (HR) of study outcomes. For statistically significant associations, a conditional inference tree was used to assess predictors most associated with the outcome. In total, 1,424 patients were included. No statistically significant differences were observed for survival (HR 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67 to 1.11, p = 0.240) between carvedilol/metoprolol users. The same applied to COPD (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.75 to 1.05, p = 0.177), DM (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.82 to 1.10, p = 0.485), hypoglycemia (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.67, p = 0.707), and RF (HR 1.25; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.69, p = 0.142) hospitalizations. Carvedilol users had a 38% higher hazard then metoprolol users of HF hospitalization during the follow-up period (HR 1.38; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.60, p <0.001). Artificial intelligence identified carvedilol exposure as the most important predictor for HF hospitalization. In conclusion, we found an increased risk of HF hospitalization for carvedilol users with this triad of diseases but no statistically significant differences in survival or risk of COPD, DM, hypoglycemia, and RF hospitalizations.

Beta-blocker choice and exchangeability in patients with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an Italian register-based cohort study

Clinical guidelines suggest that for patients with heart failure and concurrent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), metoprolol/bisoprolol/nebivolol should be preferred over carvedilol. However, studies suggest a high proportion of carvedilol usage that remains unexplained. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the predictors of carvedilol choice in patients with heart failure and COPD that were naïve to carvedilol or metoprolol/bisoprolol/nebivolol. Caserta Local Health Unit databases (Italy) were used as data sources. Age, sex, chronic/acute comorbidities, and co-medications were included in a logistic regression model to assess predictors of carvedilol choice. Chronic comorbidities include those defined in the Elixhauser comorbidity index and all hospitalizations within two years prior to the first beta-blocker prescription. Comedications include all redeemed prescriptions within one year prior to the beta-blocker prescription. Kernel density estimations were used to assess the overlap in propensity and preference scores distributions for receiving carvedilol and thereby potential beta-blocker exchangeability. Totally, 10091 patients composed the study population; 2011 were exposed to carvedilol. The overlapping of propensity scores distributions was 57%. Accordingly, the exchangeability was not reached. Atrioventricular block (Odds Ratio, OR 8.20; 95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI 1.30–51.80), cerebrovascular thrombosis (OR 7.06; 95% CI 1.14–43.68), chronic kidney disease (OR 4.32; 95% CI 1.16–16.02), and acute heart failure (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.28–3.03) hospitalizations were statistically significantly associated with carvedilol choice. Analogously, human insulin (OR 3.00; 95% CI 1.24–7.24), fondaparinux (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.17–5.21) or strontium ranelate (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.06–3.90) redeemed prescriptions. In conclusion, this study suggests the absence of beta-blockers exchangeability and a preferential choice of carvedilol in patients with heart failure, COPD and concurrent chronic kidney disease, atrioventricular block, cerebrovascular thrombosis, acute heart failure or redeeming human insulin, fondaparinux or strontium ranelate prescriptions. Therefore, it suggests that choice of prescribing carvedilol over metoprolol/bisoprolol/nebivolol is driven by differences in comorbidities and co-treatments.