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Qi Y, Xu X, Mao C, Chen H, Tang Y, Lin S. Evaluation of In Vivo Folic Acid Bioavailability in Different Mouse Strains Using Enzymatic Digestion Combined with Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2229-2239. [PMID: 38230629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
By analyzing the folic acid content of various mouse strains through the use of in vivo studies, this study sought to determine whether folic acid bioavailability varies between hosts. In order to examine the stability of folic acid in the gastrointestinal tract, the rate at which it enters the blood, its retention in the organs, and its entry into the brain, folic acid was gavaged for 10 days into male and female mice of the following four strains: C57BL/6, BALB/c, ICR, and Kunming. Folic acid was extracted from eight groups of mice via solid phase extraction and triple enzyme extraction; the folic acid was subsequently quantified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography. In contrast to the other groups, female C57BL/6 mice exhibited substantially greater bioavailability as well as variations in organ retention and blood entry rates, as indicated by the experimental findings. This finding indicated that using female C57BL/6 mice to evaluate the bioavailability of folic acid is more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Special Dietary Food, The Education Department of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Chuwen Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Hunan Chen
- Ganzhou Quanbiao Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Ganzhou 341100, P. R. China
| | - Yue Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Special Dietary Food, The Education Department of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Songyi Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Food, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Special Dietary Food, The Education Department of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
- Ganzhou Quanbiao Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Ganzhou 341100, P. R. China
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Johnson S, Karpova Y, Guo D, Ghatak A, Markov DA, Tulin AV. PARG suppresses tumorigenesis and downregulates genes controlling angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and immune cell recruitment. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:557. [PMID: 35585513 PMCID: PMC9118775 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are highly expressed in tumor microenvironment and play a critical role in all aspects of tumorigenesis, including the recruitment of tumor-promoting immune cells, activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, angiogenesis, metastasis, and growth. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a multi-target transcription regulator with high levels of poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) being reported in a variety of cancers. Furthermore, poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), an enzyme that degrades pADPr, has been reported to be downregulated in tumor tissues with abnormally high levels of pADPr. In conjunction to this, we have recently reported that the reduction of pADPr, by either pharmacological inhibition of PARP or PARG's overexpression, disrupts renal carcinoma cell malignancy in vitro. Here, we use 3 T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts, a universal model for malignant transformation, to follow the effect of PARG upregulation on cells' tumorigenicity in vivo. We found that the overexpression of PARG in mouse allografts produces significantly smaller tumors with a delay in tumor onset. As downregulation of PARG has also been implicated in promoting the activation of pro-inflammatory genes, we also followed the gene expression profile of PARG-overexpressing 3 T3 cells using RNA-seq approach and observed that chemokine transcripts are significantly reduced in those cells. Our data suggest that the upregulation of PARG may be potentially useful for the tumor growth inhibition in cancer treatment and as anti-inflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Yaroslava Karpova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - Danping Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Atreyi Ghatak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Dmitriy A. Markov
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
| | - Alexei V. Tulin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
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Aimi F, Moch H, Schraml P, Hottiger MO. Cytoplasmic ADP-ribosylation levels correlate with markers of patient outcome in distinct human cancers. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1468-1477. [PMID: 33742140 PMCID: PMC8295037 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation (ADPR) is a posttranslational modification whose importance in oncology keeps increasing due to frequent use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) to treat different tumor types. Due to the lack of suitable tools to analyze cellular ADPR levels, ADPR's significance for cancer progression and patient outcome is unclear. In this study, we assessed ADPR levels by immunohistochemistry using a newly developed anti-ADP-ribose (ADPr) antibody, which is able to detect both mono- and poly-ADPR. Tissue microarrays containing brain (n = 103), breast (n = 1108), colon (n = 236), lung (n = 138), ovarian (n = 142), and prostate (n = 328) cancers were used to correlate ADPR staining intensities to clinico-pathological data, including patient overall survival (OS), tumor grade, tumor stage (pT), lymph node status (pN), and the presence of distant metastasis (pM). While nuclear ADPR was detected only in a minority of the samples, cytoplasmic ADPR (cyADPR) staining was observed in most tumor types. Strong cyADPR intensities were significantly associated with better overall survival in invasive ductal breast cancer (p < 0.0001), invasive lobular breast cancer (p < 0.005), and high grade serous ovarian cancer patients (p < 0.01). Furthermore, stronger cytoplasmic ADPR levels significantly correlated with early tumor stage in colorectal and in invasive ductal breast adenocarcinoma (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively) and with the absence of regional lymph node metastasis in colorectal adenocarcinoma (p < 0.05). No correlation to cyADPR was found for prostate and lung cancer or brain tumors. In conclusion, our new anti-ADP-ribose antibody revealed heterogeneous ADPR staining patterns with predominant cytoplasmic ADPR staining in most tumor types. Different cyADPR staining patterns could help to better understand variable response rates to PARP inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aimi
- University of Zurich (UZH), Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schraml
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- University of Zurich (UZH), Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hopp AK, Hottiger MO. Uncovering the Invisible: Mono-ADP-ribosylation Moved into the Spotlight. Cells 2021; 10:680. [PMID: 33808662 PMCID: PMC8003356 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent post-translational modification that is found on proteins as well as on nucleic acids. While ARTD1/PARP1-mediated poly-ADP-ribosylation has extensively been studied in the past 60 years, comparably little is known about the physiological function of mono-ADP-ribosylation and the enzymes involved in its turnover. Promising technological advances have enabled the development of innovative tools to detect NAD+ and NAD+/NADH (H for hydrogen) ratios as well as ADP-ribosylation. These tools have significantly enhanced our current understanding of how intracellular NAD dynamics contribute to the regulation of ADP-ribosylation as well as to how mono-ADP-ribosylation integrates into various cellular processes. Here, we discuss the recent technological advances, as well as associated new biological findings and concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael O. Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Harrision D, Gravells P, Thompson R, Bryant HE. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) vs. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) - Function in Genome Maintenance and Relevance of Inhibitors for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:191. [PMID: 33005627 PMCID: PMC7485115 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) subunits onto themselves and other acceptor proteins. PARPs are known to function in a large range of cellular processes including DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription and modulation of chromatin structure. Inhibition of PARP holds great potential for therapy, especially in cancer. Several PARP1/2/3 inhibitors (PARPi) have had success in treating ovarian, breast and prostate tumors harboring defects in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, especially BRCA1/2 mutated tumors. However, treatment is limited to specific sub-groups of patients and resistance can occur, limiting the use of PARPi. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) reverses the action of PARP enzymes, hydrolysing the ribose-ribose bonds present in poly(ADP-ribose). Like PARPs, PARG is involved in DNA replication and repair and PARG depleted/inhibited cells show increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. They also display an accumulation of perturbed replication intermediates which can lead to synthetic lethality in certain contexts. In addition, PARG is thought to play an important role in preventing the accumulation of cytoplasmic PAR and therefore parthanatos, a caspase-independent PAR-mediated type of cell death. In contrast to PARP, the therapeutic potential of PARG has been largely ignored. However, several recent papers have demonstrated the exciting possibilities that inhibitors of this enzyme may have for cancer treatment, both as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy. This article discusses what is known about the functions of PARP and PARG and the potential future implications of pharmacological inhibition in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Harrision
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Reduced Tumorigenicity of Mouse ES Cells and the Augmented Anti-Tumor Therapeutic Effects under Parg Deficiency. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041056. [PMID: 32344695 PMCID: PMC7226256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PolyADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins, and poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase (PARP) family proteins synthesize PAR using NAD as a substrate. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) functions as the main enzyme for the degradation of PAR. In this study, we investigated the effects of Parg deficiency on tumorigenesis and therapeutic efficacy of DNA damaging agents, using mouse ES cell-derived tumor models. To examine the effects of Parg deficiency on tumorigenesis, Parg+/+ and Parg−/− ES cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. The results showed that Parg deficiency delays early onset of tumorigenesis from ES cells. All the tumors were phenotypically similar to teratocarcinoma and microscopic findings indicated that differentiation spectrum was similar between the Parg genotypes. The augmented anti-tumor therapeutic effects of X-irradiation were observed under Parg deficiency. These results suggest that Parg deficiency suppresses early stages of tumorigenesis and that Parg inhibition, in combination with DNA damaging agents, may efficiently control tumor growth in particular types of germ cell tumors.
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Almatroodi SA, Alrumaihi F, Alsahli MA, Alhommrani MF, Khan A, Rahmani AH. Curcumin, an Active Constituent of Turmeric Spice: Implication in the Prevention of Lung Injury Induced by Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP) in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030724. [PMID: 32046055 PMCID: PMC7037262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a well-known carcinogen and enhances oxidative stress and apoptosis and also alters several molecular pathways. Curcumin is an active ingredient of Curcuma longa, and it has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity that defends cells from oxidative stress and cell death. The objectives of the present study were to explore the protective effects of curcumin against long-term administration of BaP induced disturbances in lungs of rats. Male rats were randomly divided into four groups: saline control, BaP only, BaP + curcumin, and curcumin only. Lung histopathology, electron microscopy, inflammatory cytokine release, antioxidant levels, apoptosis, and cell cycle were examined. Instillation of BaP significantly increased infiltration of inflammatory cells in alveolar space and inflammatory cytokine in blood. BaP induced lung tissue alterations including mild bronchitis, scant chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate in the wall of the respiratory bronchiole, and mild intra-alveolar haemorrhage. However, these alterations were found to be significantly less as mild inflammatory cell infiltrate in curcumin plus BaP treated group. Furthermore, electron microscopy results also showed necrotic changes and broken cell membrane of Type-II epithelial cell of alveoli in BaP group, which was reduced after adding curcumin treatment. In addition, we found BaP plus curcumin treatment effectively reduced inflammatory cytokines Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in blood serum. Moreover, the levels of tunnel staining and p53 expression were significantly increased by BaP, whereas these changes were noticeably modulated after curcumin treatment. BaP also interferes in normal cell cycle, which was significantly improved with curcumin treatment. Overall, our findings suggest that curcumin attenuates BaP -induced lung injury, probably through inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in lung epithelial cells, and improving cell proliferation and antioxidants level. Thus, curcumin may be an alternative therapy for improving the outcomes of Benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A. Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (F.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (F.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mohammed A. Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (F.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mazen Fahad Alhommrani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (F.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (F.A.); (M.A.A.); (M.F.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3800050 (ext. 4835)
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) mediated by poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Suppression of PARylation by PARP inhibitors impairs DNA damage repair and induces apoptosis of tumor cells with repair defects. Thus, PARP inhibitors have been approved by the US FDA for various types of cancer treatment. However, recent studies suggest that dePARylation also plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Instead of antagonizing PARylation, dePARylation acts as a downstream step of PARylation in DNA damage repair. Moreover, several types of dePARylation inhibitors have been developed and examined in the preclinical studies for cancer treatment. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress on the role of dePARylation in DNA damage repair and cancer suppression. We expect that targeting dePARylation could be a promising approach for cancer chemotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Ahmad Kassab
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Lily L. Yu
- Westridge School, 324 Madeline Dr., Pasadena, CA 91105 USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bottom sediments of Elburgon River—Kenya: precursors for cancer. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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