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Walle R, Petitbon A, Fois GR, Varin C, Montalban E, Hardt L, Contini A, Angelo MF, Potier M, Ortole R, Oummadi A, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Adan RA, Giros B, Chaouloff F, Ferreira G, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Ducrocq F, Georges F, Trifilieff P. Nucleus accumbens D1- and D2-expressing neurons control the balance between feeding and activity-mediated energy expenditure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2543. [PMID: 38514654 PMCID: PMC10958053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to dysregulations of the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) in eating disorders (ED), however its precise contribution to ED symptomatic dimensions remains unclear. Using chemogenetic manipulations in male mice, we found that activity of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons of the NAc core subregion facilitated effort for a food reward as well as voluntary exercise, but decreased food intake, while D2-expressing neurons have opposite effects. These effects are congruent with D2-neurons being more active than D1-neurons during feeding while it is the opposite during running. Chronic manipulations of each subpopulations had limited effects on energy balance. However, repeated activation of D1-neurons combined with inhibition of D2-neurons biased behavior toward activity-related energy expenditure, whilst the opposite manipulations favored energy intake. Strikingly, concomitant activation of D1-neurons and inhibition of D2-neurons precipitated weight loss in anorexia models. These results suggest that dysregulations of NAc dopaminoceptive neurons might be at the core of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Walle
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Anna Petitbon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giulia R Fois
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR5293 F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Varin
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lola Hardt
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrea Contini
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Mylène Potier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, F-, 33175, Gradignan, France
| | - Rodrigue Ortole
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Asma Oummadi
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Roger A Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Giros
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Université de Paris Cité, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS; F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alban de Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabien Ducrocq
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Pierre Trifilieff
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Martínez-Herrada A, de Paz A, Pellón R. Socialization, and its modulation by sex, on the development and recovery of activity-based anorexia in rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114271. [PMID: 37328022 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The activity-based anorexia (ABA) animal model has been used in the laboratory to study the role of excessive physical activity in the manifestation of anorexia nervosa (AN) in humans. Factors of social context are crucial in human health and the emergence of many psychological disorders, which have also been observed in studies using different mammal species that, like human beings, set their lives in groups. In the present study, the animals' social condition was manipulated to observe the effect of socialization in ABA development, and the possible different influence of the variable sex on the phenomenon. Eighty Wistar Han rats were distributed into four male and four female groups with 10 subjects each, manipulating social conditions (group housing or social isolation) and physical activity (access or not to a running wheel). Throughout the procedure, all groups had food restricted to 1 h/day during the light period. Furthermore, ABA experimental groups with access to the running wheel had two periods of access to the wheel of 2 h each, one before and the other after the food period. In this experiment, socialized rats were less vulnerable to weight loss during the procedure, although there were no differences between the ABA groups. Moreover, social enrichment was shown to be an enabling variable of the animals' recovery after their withdrawal from the procedure, with this effect being more pronounced in females. The results in this study suggest the need to further in the analysis of the role of socialization in the development of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Herrada
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de Paz
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Garcia-Burgos D, Wilhelm P, Vögele C, Munsch S. Food Restriction in Anorexia Nervosa in the Light of Modern Learning Theory: A Narrative Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020096. [PMID: 36829325 PMCID: PMC9952578 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements in the clinical management of anorexia nervosa (AN) are urgently needed. To do so, the search for innovative approaches continues at laboratory and clinical levels to translate new findings into more effective treatments. In this sense, modern learning theory provides a unifying framework that connects concepts, methodologies and data from preclinical and clinical research to inspire novel interventions in the field of psychopathology in general, and of disordered eating in particular. Indeed, learning is thought to be a crucial factor in the development/regulation of normal and pathological eating behaviour. Thus, the present review not only tries to provide a comprehensive overview of modern learning research in the field of AN, but also follows a transdiagnostic perspective to offer testable explanations for the origin and maintenance of pathological food rejection. This narrative review was informed by a systematic search of research papers in the electronic databases PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science following PRISMA methodology. By considering the number and type of associations (Pavlovian, goal-directed or habitual) and the affective nature of conditioning processes (appetitive versus aversive), this approach can explain many features of AN, including why some patients restrict food intake to the point of life-threatening starvation and others restrict calorie intake to lose weight and binge on a regular basis. Nonetheless, it is striking how little impact modern learning theory has had on the current AN research agenda and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia-Burgos
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Psychobiology, The “Federico Olóriz” Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claus Vögele
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Spadini S, Ferro M, Lamanna J, Malgaroli A. Activity-based anorexia animal model: a review of the main neurobiological findings. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:123. [PMID: 34600568 PMCID: PMC8487535 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genesis of anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe eating disorder with a pervasive effect on many brain functions such as attention, emotions, reward processing, cognition and motor control, has not yet been understood. Since our current knowledge of the genetic aspects of AN is limited, we are left with a large and diversified number of biological, psychological and environmental risk factors, called into question as potential triggers of this chronic condition with a high relapse rate. One of the most valid and used animal models for AN is the activity-based anorexia (ABA), which recapitulates important features of the human condition. This model is generated from naïve rodents by a self-motivated caloric restriction, where a fixed schedule food delivery induces spontaneous increased physical activity. AIM In this review, we sought to provide a summary of the experimental research conducted using the ABA model in the pursuit of potential neurobiological mechanism(s) underlying AN. METHOD The experimental work presented here includes evidence for neuroanatomical and neurophysiological changes in several brain regions as well as for the dysregulation of specific neurochemical synaptic and neurohormonal pathways. RESULTS The most likely hypothesis for the mechanism behind the development of the ABA phenotype relates to an imbalance of the neural circuitry that mediates reward processing. Evidence collected here suggests that ABA animals show a large set of alterations, involving regions whose functions extend way beyond the control of reward mechanisms and eating habits. Hence, we cannot exclude a primary role of these alterations from a mechanistic theory of ABA induction. CONCLUSIONS These findings are not sufficient to solve such a major enigma in neuroscience, still they could be used to design ad hoc further experimental investigation. The prospect is that, since treatment of AN is still challenging, the ABA model could be more effectively used to shed light on the complex AN neurobiological framework, thus supporting the future development of therapeutic strategies but also the identification of biomarkers and diagnostic tools. Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder with a dramatic effect on many functions of our brain, such as attention, emotions, cognition and motion control. Since our current knowledge of the genetic aspects behind the development of AN is still limited, many biological, psychological and environmental factors must be taken into account as potential triggers of this condition. One of the most valid animal models for studying AN is the activity-based anorexia (ABA). In this model, rodents spontaneously limit food intake and start performing increased physical activity on a running wheel, a result of the imposition of a fixed time schedule for food delivery. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the experimental research conducted using the ABA model, which includes extended evidence for changes in the anatomy and function of the brain of ABA rodents. The hope is that such integrated view will support the design of future experiments that will shed light on the complex brain mechanisms behind AN. Such advanced knowledge is crucial to find new, effective strategies for both the early diagnosis of AN and for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spadini
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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Medrano M, Hurel I, Mesguich E, Redon B, Stevens C, Georges F, Melis M, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F. Exercise craving potentiates excitatory inputs to ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12967. [PMID: 33021007 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise, which can be addictogenic on its own, is considered a therapeutic alternative for drug craving. Exercise might thus share with drugs the ability to strengthen excitatory synapses onto ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurones, as assessed by the ratio of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) to NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated EPSCs. As did acute cocaine, amphetamine, or Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) pretreatments, an acute 1-h wheel-running session increased the AMPAR/NMDAR ratio in VTA dopaminergic neurones. To dissect the respective influences of wheel-running seeking and performance, mice went through an operant protocol wherein wheel-running was conditioned by nose poking under fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. Conditioned wheel-running increased the AMPAR/NMDAR ratio to a higher extent than free wheel-running, doing so although running performance was lower in the former paradigm than in the latter. Thus, the cue-reward association, rather than reward consumption, played a major role in this increase. The AMPAR/NMDAR ratio returned to baseline levels in mice that had extinguished the cued-running motivated task, but it increased after a cue-induced reinstatement session. The amplitude of this increase correlated with the intensity of exercise craving, as assessed by individual nose poke scores. Finally, cue-induced reinstatement of running seeking proved insensitive to acute cocaine or THC pretreatments. Our study reveals for the first time that the drive for exercise bears synaptic influences on VTA dopaminergic neurones which are reminiscent of drug actions. Whether these influences play a role in the therapeutic effects of exercise in human drug craving remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria‐Carmen Medrano
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation NeuroCentre INSERM U1215 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Imane Hurel
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation NeuroCentre INSERM U1215 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Emma Mesguich
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation NeuroCentre INSERM U1215 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Bastien Redon
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation NeuroCentre INSERM U1215 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Christopher Stevens
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation NeuroCentre INSERM U1215 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
- Pathophysiology of Declarative Memory NeuroCentre INSERM U1215 Bordeaux France
| | - François Georges
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine CNRS UMR 5293 Bordeaux France
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation NeuroCentre INSERM U1215 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation NeuroCentre INSERM U1215 Bordeaux France
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
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Hurel I, Muguruza C, Redon B, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F. Cannabis and exercise: Effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on preference and motivation for wheel-running in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110117. [PMID: 32971218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent surveys have revealed close links between cannabis and exercise. Specifically, cannabis usage before and/or after exercise is an increasingly common habit primarily aimed at boosting exercise pleasure, motivation, and performance whilst facilitating post-exercise recovery. However, whether these beliefs reflect the true impact of cannabis on these aspects of exercise is unknown. This study has thus examined the effects of cannabis' main psychoactive ingredient, namely Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), on (i) mouse wheel-running preference and performance and (ii) running motivation and seeking behaviour. Wheel-running preference and performance were investigated using a T-maze with free and locked wheels located at the extremity of either arm. Running motivation and seeking were assessed by a cued-running operant task wherein wheel-running was conditioned by nose poking. Moreover, because THC targets cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors, i.e. receptors previously documented to control running motivation, this study also assessed the role of these receptors in running preference, performance, and craving-like behaviour. Whilst acute blockade or genetic deletion of CB1 receptors decreased running preference and performance in the T-maze, THC proved ineffective on either variable. The failure of THC to affect running variables in the T-maze extended to running motivation, as assessed by cued-running under a progressive ratio (PR) reinforcement schedule. This ineffectiveness of THC was not related to the treatment protocol because it successfully increased motivation for palatable food. Although craving-like behaviour, as indexed by a cue-induced reinstatement of running seeking, was found to depend on CB1 receptors, THC again proved ineffective. Neither running motivation nor running seeking were affected when CB1 receptors were further stimulated by increasing the levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. These results, which suggest that the drive for running is insensitive to the acute stimulation of CB1 receptors, raise the hypothesis that cannabis is devoid of effect on exercise motivation. Future investigation using chronic administration of THC, with and without other cannabis ingredients (e.g. cannabidiol), is however required before conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Hurel
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carolina Muguruza
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Bastien Redon
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
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Scharner S, Stengel A. Animal Models for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:596381. [PMID: 33551774 PMCID: PMC7854692 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.596381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image which usually leads to low caloric intake and hyperactivity. The underlying mechanism and pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa is still poorly understood. In order to learn more about the underlying pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and to find further possible treatment options, several animal models mimicking anorexia nervosa have been developed. The aim of this review is to systematically search different databases and provide an overview of existing animal models and to discuss the current knowledge gained from animal models of anorexia nervosa. For the systematic data search, the Pubmed—Medline database, Embase database, and Web of Science database were searched. After removal of duplicates and the systematic process of selection, 108 original research papers were included in this systematic review. One hundred and six studies were performed with rodents and 2 on monkeys. Eighteen different animal models for anorexia nervosa were used in these studies. Parameters assessed in many studies were body weight, food intake, physical activity, cessation of the estrous cycle in female animals, behavioral changes, metabolic and hormonal alterations. The most commonly used animal model (75 of the studies) is the activity-based anorexia model in which typically young rodents are exposed to time-reduced access to food (a certain number of hours a day) with unrestricted access to a running wheel. Of the genetic animal models, one that is of particular interest is the anx/anx mice model. Animal models have so far contributed many findings to the understanding of mechanisms of hunger and satiety, physical activity and cognition in an underweight state and other mechanisms relevant for anorexia nervosa in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scharner
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Zhang J, Dulawa SC. The Utility of Animal Models for Studying the Metabo-Psychiatric Origins of Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711181. [PMID: 34721100 PMCID: PMC8551379 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder that primarily affects young women and girls, and is characterized by abnormal restrictive feeding and a dangerously low body-mass index. AN has one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder, and no approved pharmacological treatments exist. Current psychological and behavioral treatments are largely ineffective, and relapse is common. Relatively little basic research has examined biological mechanisms that underlie AN compared to other major neuropsychiatric disorders. A recent large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed that the genetic architecture of AN has strong metabolic as well as psychiatric origins, suggesting that AN should be reconceptualized as a metabo-psychiatric disorder. Therefore, identifying the metabo-psychiatric mechanisms that contribute to AN may be essential for developing effective treatments. This review focuses on animal models for studying the metabo-psychiatric mechanisms that may contribute to AN, with a focus on the activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm. We also highlight recent work using modern circuit-dissecting neuroscience techniques to uncover metabolic mechanisms that regulate ABA, and encourage further work to ultimately identify novel treatment strategies for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie C Dulawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Duriez P, Eddarkaoui S, Blum D, Dickson SL, Gorwood P, Tolle V, Viltart O. Does physical activity associated with chronic food restriction alleviate anxiety like behaviour, in female mice? Horm Behav 2020; 124:104807. [PMID: 32544401 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, persistent food restriction and inappropriate physical activity relative to declining energy balance. The comorbidity with depression and/or anxiety disorders might contribute to the "chronicization" of the disease. We aimed here to question first the link between physical activity and anxiety from a clinical investigation of AN patients (n = 206). Then, using a rodent model mimicking numerous physiological and metabolic alterations commonly seen in AN patients, we examined whether 1) chronic food restriction increased anxiety-like behaviour and 2) physical activity plays a role in regulating anxiety levels. To this end, we exposed young female mice to a chronic food restriction (FR, n = 8) paradigm combined or not with access to a running wheel (FRW, n = 8) for two weeks. The mice were compared to a group of mice fed ad libitum without (AL, n = 6) or with running wheel access (ALW, n = 8). We explored anxiety-like behaviour of all mice in the following tests: hyponeophagia, marble burying, elevated plus maze, open field, and the light and dark box. On the last day, we used a restraint test of 30 min duration and measured their stress reactivity by assaying plasma corticosterone. In the open field and the elevated plus-maze, we found that FRW mice behaved similarly to AL and ALW mice whereas FR mice did not express anxiety-like behaviour. The FRW mice displayed the lowest latency to reach the food in the hyponeophagia test. Regarding stress reactivity, FRW mice exhibited corticosterone reactivity after acute stress that was similar to the control mice, while FR mice did not fully return to basal corticosterone at one hour after the restraint stress. Taken together, these data demonstrate a differential reactivity to acute stress in FR conditions and a beneficial effect of running wheel activity in ALW and FRW conditions. Moreover, we report the absence of a typical anxiety-like behaviour associated with the food restriction (FR and FRW groups). We conclude that this model (FR and FRW mice) did not express typical anxiety-like behaviour, but that physical activity linked to food restriction improved coping strategies in an anxiogenic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP) INSERM U1266, "Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders", F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP) INSERM U1266, "Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders", F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP) INSERM U1266, "Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders", F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP) INSERM U1266, "Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders", F-75014 Paris, France; Université de Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Chaouloff F, Redon B, Hurel I, Scocard A, Marsicano G. A paradigm to specifically assess the respective drives for exercise and feeding in a reward-choice test in mice: Influence of adolescent stress. NUTR CLIN METAB 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Redon B, Violleau C, Georges F, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F. The ergogenic impact of the glucocorticoid prednisolone does not translate into increased running motivation in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 111:104489. [PMID: 31706198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, such as prednisolone, are considered sport doping agents owing to their ergogenic properties. These are accounted for by peripheral mechanisms associated with energetic and anti-inflammatory processes. However, because glucocorticoids target brain tissues, it is likely that these ergogenic impacts are associated with central effects. One of these might be reward motivation, which relies on glucocorticoid receptor-expressing mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons. In keeping with this possibility, this study has explored in mice whether repeated prednisolone administration (5 or 15 μg/ml of drinking water for 10 days) affected intrinsic motivation for running, a strong reinforcer in rodents. Running motivation was assessed by means of a cued-reward motivated instrumental task wherein wheel-running was conditioned by prior nose poke responses under fixed (FR), and then progressive (PR), ratio reinforcement schedules. Sub-chronic ingestion of prednisolone decreased the running distance covered during each rewarded sequence under FR schedules. This finding did not extend to wheel-running performances in mice provided free (i.e. unconditioned) wheel-running opportunities. Running motivation, as estimated under a PR reinforcement schedule, was found to be decreased (lowest concentration) or to remain unaffected (highest concentration) by prednisolone concentration. Lastly, an inter-individual analysis of the respective effects of prednisolone on muscular endurance (as assessed in the wire grid-hanging test) and on running motivation indicated that the former was not predictive of the latter. This observation suggests that prednisolone ergogenic impacts might occur without any concomitant increase in intrinsic exercise motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Redon
- Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Violleau
- Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Georges
- Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute, CNRS UMR 5293, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
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Redon B, Hurel I, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F. An Operant Conditioning Task to Assess the Choice between Wheel Running and Palatable Food in Mice. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3381. [PMID: 33654877 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheel running, especially in the homecage, has been widely used to study the neurobiology of exercise because animal tends to use it voluntarily. However, as for each reward, its consumption (in the present case, running performance) does not specifically provide information on its incentive value, i.e., the extent to which animals are motivated to run independently from their consumption of that reward. This is a major drawback, especially when focusing on the neurobiology governing the pathological imbalances between exercise and e.g., feeding (obesity, anorexia nervosa). Yet, few studies have shown that operant conditioning wherein wheel-running is used as a reinforcer that can be "consumed" after nose-poking or lever-pressing allows to distinguish motivation from consumption. Thus, nose-poking or lever-pressing under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement in animals trained under fixed ratio reinforcement schedules provides, through the so-called breakpoint, an index of running motivation. As compared to wheel-running, numerous studies have used food as a reinforcer, which helped to uncover the neurobiology of feeding. However, to our knowledge, there is no paradigm allowing the assessment of the choice between running and feeding when presented in concurrence, with the possibility to measure a priori the motivation for each reward. Herein, we describe a protocol that first permits to measure the drive for each of these two rewards before it allows to measure the preference for one over the other in a reward choice setting. This paradigm could help to better characterize the neurobiology underlying pathological imbalances between physical activity and feeding, which is the core feature of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Redon
- Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Team Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, Bordeaux F33077, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33077, France
| | - Imane Hurel
- Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Team Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, Bordeaux F33077, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33077, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Team Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, Bordeaux F33077, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33077, France
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Team Endocannabinoids & NeuroAdaptation, Bordeaux F33077, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33077, France
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