Phytochemicals in Cancer Treatment: From Preclinical Studies to Clinical Practice

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Amomum nilgiricum leaf extracts: preparation, physicochemical characterization and ameliorative effect against human cancer cell lines

The present study to production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by leaf extracts of A. nilgiricum and to evaluate the activity of anticancer by using AgNPs against cancer cell lines such as MCF-7, HEPG2, H9C2, HEK293 and H1975. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, EDS, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, SEM and HRTEM with SAED patterns. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of AgNPs formed a peak centered at 427 nm by UV-Vis analysis. FTIR analysis reveals that existence of functional groups subjected to silver ions reduction to metallic silver. Crystalline form of the AgNPs was assessed by XRD analysis, four spectral peaks at 111, 200, 220, and 311 were formed and zeta potential peak was found at 28.5 mV indicating the higher stability. The size average diameter of the AgNPs was between 27 and 30 nm by TEM and SEM analysis was reveals the morphology of AgNPs as elongated, irregular and aggregated and some particles are spherical. EDX analysis confirmed the elemental composition of AgNPs with 81.43% Ag. The average diameter of AgNPs was found 21.49 nm in diameter and width was about 12.01 nm by DLS analysis. Cytotoxicity of AgNPs was investigated by using MTT, SRB assay and comet assay was performed as a genotoxicity. The results revealed that AgNPs decreased the viability of cancer cells in a concentration dependent pattern (50 to 350 µg/ml). The influence of AgNPs on cell cycle stop was studied on H1975, HEP-G2 and MCF-7 cells and found that AgNPs could induce sub G0 cell cycle arrest. The AgNPs was also induced DNA fragmentation confirms the DNA damage in nanoparticles treated cell lines. The anticancer action of nanoparticles was analyzed using proapoptotic and antiapoptotic caspase 8 and caspase 3 mRNA expression levels. Finally the results suggested that AgNPs is an effective anticancer agent which induces apoptosis in H1975, HEP-G2 and MCF-7 cells. Based on our studies, further identification of the major compounds of leaf extracts is acceptable.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-024-00674-7.

Advances in research on malignant tumors and targeted agents for TOP2A (Review)

The DNA topoisomerase isoform topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) is essential for the condensation and segregation of cellular mitotic chromosomes and the structural maintenance. It has been demonstrated that TOP2A is highly expressed in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and breast cancer (BC), associating with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior. Additionally, TOP2A has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy, with widespread clinical application of associated chemotherapeutic agents. The present study explored the impact of TOP2A on malignant tumor growth and the advancements in research on its targeted drugs. The fundamental mechanisms of TOP2A have been detailed, its specific roles in tumor cells are analyzed, and its potential as a biomarker for tumor prognosis and therapeutic targeting is highlighted. Additionally, the present review compiles findings from the latest clinical trials of relevant targeted agents, information on newly developed inhibitors, and discusses future research directions and clinical application strategies in cancer therapy, aiming to propose novel ideas and methods.

Repurposing Phytochemicals against Breast Cancer (MCF-7) using Classical Structure-Based Drug Design

BACKGROUND

The significant public health effect of breast cancer is demonstrated by its high global prevalence and the potential for severe health consequences. The suppression of the proliferative effects facilitated by the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the MCF-7 cell line is significant for breast cancer therapy.

OBJECTIVE

The current work involves in-silico techniques for identifying potential inhibitors of ERα.

METHODS

The method combines QSAR models based on machine learning with molecular docking to identify potential binders for the ERα. Further, molecular dynamics simulation studied the stability of the complexes, and ADMET analysis validated the compound's properties.

RESULTS

Two compounds (162412 and 443440) showed significant binding affinities with ERα, with binding energies comparable to the established binder RL4. The ADMET qualities showed advantageous characteristics resembling pharmaceutical drugs. The stable binding of these ligands in the active region of ERα during dynamic conditions was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. RMSD plots and conformational stability supported the ligands' persistent occupancy in the protein's binding site. After simulation, two hydrogen bonds were found within the protein-ligand complexes of 162412 and 443440, with binding free energy values of -27.32 kcal/mol and -25.00 kcal/mol.

CONCLUSION

The study suggests that compounds 162412 and 443440 could be useful for developing innovative anti-ERα medicines. However, more research is needed to prove the compounds' breast cancer treatment efficacy. This will help develop new treatments for ERα-associated breast cancer.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibit the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 and enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 in breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo

PURPOSE

Histone methyltransferases are enzymes that selectively methylate lysine or arginine residues on both histone and non-histone proteins, categorized into lysine methyltransferases and arginine methyltransferases. Notably, EZH2 and PRMT5 are known for catalyzing trimethylation of H3 at K27 and symmetric dimethylation of H4 at R3, respectively. These methylation events are recognized as characteristic histone-repressive marks in cancer. The over expression of PRMT5 and EZH2 were reported in various cancers and recognized as a drug target. The study aims to explore the inhibitory potential of phytocompound, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), against PRMT5 and EZH2 in the breast cancer model.

METHODS

Screening of an array of phytocompounds was conducted through a combination of in-silico and in-vitro assays. Interactions between EGCG and human PRMT5: MEP50 and EZH2 were evaluated using molecular docking. Binding efficiency was validated, by Surface Plasmon Resonance studies and inhibitory potential was accessed by in vitro methylation followed by western blots, ELISA, and cell-based assays. In-vivo efficacy of EGCG was carried on cell line derived mice xenograft model.

RESULTS

EGCG demonstrated robust interactions with PRMT5:MEP50 complex and EZH2, particularly within the SAM binding site. Surface Plasmon Resonance analysis revealed strong binding affinity in nanomolar concentrations, particularly with PRMT5-MEP50 compared to EZH2. In-vitro assays confirmed EGCG's ability to inhibit PRMT5 and EZH2, leading to a decrease in their catalytic products, namely H4R3me2s and H3K27me3, respectively. EGCG treatment induced both autophagy and apoptosis invitro. In-vivo studies demonstrated significant reductions in tumor size and the proliferation marker ki67, accompanied by a decrease in histone repressive marks.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that EGCG effectively inhibits PRMT5 and EZH2, underscoring its potential for combined therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.

Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolytic Derivatives: Promising Phytochemicals With Anticancer Potential

Recent research has increasingly focused on phytochemicals as promising anticancer agents, with glucosinolates (GSLs) and their hydrolytic derivatives playing a central role. These sulfur-containing compounds, found in plants of the Brassicales order, are converted by myrosinase enzymes into biologically active products, primarily isothiocyanates (ITCs) and indoles, which exhibit significant anticancer properties. Indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane, sulforaphane (SFN), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), benzyl isothiocyanate, and allyl isothiocyanate have shown potent anticancer effects in animal models, particularly in breast, prostate, lung, melanoma, bladder, hepatoma, and gastrointestinal cancers. Clinical studies further support the chemopreventive effects of SFN and PEITC, particularly in detoxifying carcinogens and altering biochemical markers in cancer patients. These compounds have demonstrated good bioavailability, low toxicity, and minimal adverse effects, supporting their potential therapeutic application. Their anticancer mechanisms include the modulation of reactive oxygen species, suppression of cancer-related signaling pathways, and direct interaction with tumor cell proteins. Additionally, semi-synthetic derivatives of GSLs have been developed to enhance anticancer efficacy. In conclusion, GSLs and their derivatives offer significant potential as both chemopreventive and therapeutic agents, warranting further clinical investigation to optimize their application in cancer treatment.

Molecular insights into epoxyazadiradione induced death in triple-negative breast cancer cells: A system biology approach

Epoxyazadiradione is an important limonoid with immense pharmacological potential. We have reported previously that epoxyazadiradione (EAD) induces apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB 231) by modulating diverse cellular targets. Here, we identify the key genes/pathways responsible for this effect through next-generation sequencing of the transcriptome from EAD treated cells and integrated molecular data analysis using bioinformatics. In silico analysis indicated that EAD displayed favourable drug-like properties and could target multiple macromolecules relevant to TNBC. RNA sequencing revealed that EAD treatment results in the differential expression of 1838 genes in MDA-MB 231 cells, with 752 downregulated and 1086 upregulated. Gene set enrichment analysis of these genes suggested that EAD disrupts protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) and potentially leading to cell death. EAD also induced oxidative stress and DNA damage, downregulated pathways linked to metabolism, cell cycle progression, pro-survival signalling, cell adhesion, motility and inflammatory response. The identification of protein cluster and hub genes were also done. The validation of the identified hub genes gave an inverse correlation between their expression in EAD treated cells and TNBC patient samples. Thus, the identified hub genes could be explored as therapeutic or diagnostic markers for TNBC. Hence, EAD appears to be a promising therapeutic candidate for TNBC by targeting various hallmarks of cancer, including cell death resistance, uncontrolled proliferation and metastasis. To conclude, the identified pathways and validated targets for EAD will provide a roadmap for further in vivo studies and preclinical/clinical validation required for potential drug development.

Ellagic Acid Induces DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Cancer Stem-like Cells and Overcomes Cisplatin Resistance

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for chemoresistance and tumor relapse in many solid malignancies, including lung and ovarian cancer. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenol, exhibits anticancer effects on various human malignancies. However, its impact and mechanism of action on cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) are only partially understood. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanism of EA isolated from tropical mango against CSLCs. Herein, we observed that EA treatment reduces the stem-like phenotypes in cancer cells, thereby lowering the cell survival and self-renewal potential of ovarian and lung CSLCs. Additionally, EA treatment limits the populations of lung and ovarian CSLCs characterized by CD133+ and CD44+CD117+, respectively. A mechanistic investigation showed that EA treatment induces ROS generation by altering mitochondrial dynamics, causing changes in the levels of Drp1 and Mfn2, which lead to an increased level of accumulation of DNA damage and eventually trigger apoptosis in CSLCs. Moreover, pretreatment with EA sensitizes CSLCs to cisplatin treatment by enhancing DNA damage accumulation and impairing the DNA repair ability of the CSLCs. Furthermore, EA pretreatment significantly reduces cisplatin-induced mutation frequency and improves drug retention in CSLCs, potentially suppressing the development of acquired drug resistance. Taken together, our results demonstrate an unreported finding that EA inhibits CSLCs by targeting mitochondrial function and triggering apoptosis. Thus, EA can be used either alone or in combination with other chemotherepeutic drugs for the management of cancer.

Evaluating the Anticancer Properties of Novel Piscidinol A Derivatives: Insights from DFT, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Studies

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spreading throughout the body. This study employed computational approaches to investigate 18 naturally derived anticancer piscidinol A derivatives (1-18) as potential therapeutics. By examining their interactions with 15 essential target proteins (HIF-1α, RanGAP, FOXM1, PARP2, HER2, ERα, NGF, FAS, GRP78, PRDX2, SCF complex, EGFR, Bcl-xL, ERG, and HSP70) and comparing them with established drugs such as camptothecin, docetaxel, etoposide, irinotecan, paclitaxel, and teniposide, compound 10 emerged as noteworthy. In molecular dynamics simulations, the protein with the strongest binding to the crucial 1A52 protein exceeded druglikeness criteria and displayed extraordinary stability within the enzyme's pocket over varied temperatures (300-320 K). Additionally, density functional theory was used to calculate dipole moments and molecular orbital characteristics, as well as analyze the thermodynamic stability of the putative anticancer derivatives. This finding reveals a well-defined, potentially therapeutic relationship supported by theoretical analysis, which is in good agreement with subsequent assessments of their potential in vitro cytotoxic effects of piscidinol A derivatives (6-18) against various cancer cell lines. Future in vivo and clinical studies are required to validate these findings further. Compound 10 thus emerges as an intriguing contender in the fight against cancer.

Rationally designed febuxostat-based hydroxamic acid and its pH-Responsive nanoformulation elicits anti-tumor activity

Attempts to furnish antitumor structural templates that can prevent the occurrence of drug-induced hyperuricemia spurred us to generate xanthine oxidase inhibitor-based hydroxamic acids and anilides. Specifically, the design strategy involved the insertion of febuxostat (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) as a surface recognition part of the HDAC inhibitor pharmacophore model. Investigation outcomes revealed that hydroxamic acid 4 elicited remarkable antileukemic effects mediated via HDAC isoform inhibition. Delightfully, the adduct retained xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, though xanthine oxidase inhibition was not the underlying mechanism of its cell growth inhibitory effects. Also, compound 4 demonstrated significant in-vivo anti-hyperuricemic (PO-induced hyperuricemia model) and antitumor activity in an HL-60 xenograft mice model. Compound 4 was conjugated with poly (ethylene glycol) poly(aspartic acid) block copolymer to furnish pH-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) in pursuit of circumventing its cytotoxicity towards the normal cell lines. SEM analysis revealed that NPs had uniform size distributions, while TEM analysis ascertained the spherical shape of NPs, indicating their ability to undergo self-assembly. HDAC inhibitor 4 was liberated from the matrix due to the polymeric nanoformulation's pH-responsiveness, and the NPs demonstrated selective cancer cell targeting ability.

Microneedles as an Emerging Platform for Transdermal Delivery of Phytochemicals

Phytochemicals, which are predominantly found in plants, hold substantial medicinal value. Despite their potential, challenges such as poor oral bioavailability and instability in the gastrointestinal tract have limited their therapeutic use. Traditional intra/transdermal drug delivery systems offer some advantages over oral administration but still suffer from issues such as limited penetration depth, slow drug release rates, and inconsistent drug absorption. In contrast, microneedles (MNs) represent a significant advancement in intra/transdermal drug delivery by providing precise control over phytochemical delivery and enhanced penetration capabilities. By circumventing skin barriers, MNs directly access dermal layers rich in blood vessels and lymphatics, thus facilitating efficient phytochemical delivery. This review extensively discusses the obstacles of traditional oral delivery and the benefits of intra/transdermal delivery routes with a particular focus on the transformative potential of MNs for phytochemical delivery. This review explores the complexities of delivering phytochemicals through intra/transdermal routes, the development and types of MNs as innovative delivery tools, and the optimal design and properties of MNs for effective phytochemical delivery. Additionally, this review examines the versatile applications of MN-mediated phytochemical delivery, including its role in administering phytophotosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, and concludes with insights into relevant patents and future perspectives.

Mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment and prevention of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide. Conventional treatments, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, often induce severe side effects and significant adverse reactions, and they may also result in drug resistance. Consequently, there is a critical need for the development of new therapeutic agents. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and natural products are being extensively researched due to their low toxicity, multi-targeted approaches, and diverse pathways. Scholars are increasingly focusing on identifying active anticancer components within TCM.

PURPOSE

This review aims to summarise research conducted over the past 14 years on the treatment of GC using TCM. The focus is on therapeutic targets, mechanisms, and efficacy of Chinese medicine and natural products, including monomer compounds, extracts or analogues, and active ingredients.

METHODS

Relevant articles on TCM and GC were retrieved from PubMed using appropriate keywords. The collected articles were screened and classified according to the types of TCM, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms underlying the treatment of GC.

RESULTS

The research on TCM indicates that TCM and natural products can effectively inhibit the metastasis, proliferation, and invasion of tumour cells. They can also induce apoptosis, autophagy and improve the chemosensitivity of drug-resistant cells. Additionally, injections derived from Chinese herbal medicine, when used as an adjunct to conventional chemotherapy, can significantly improve the prognosis of GC patients by reducing chemotherapy toxicity.

CONCLUSION

This review summarises the progress of TCM treatment of GC over the past 14 years, and discusses its therapeutic application of GC, which proves that TCM is a promising treatment strategy for GC in the future.

The emerging role of Fusobacteria in carcinogenesis

The Fusobacterium genus comprises Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria that typically reside in the periodontium of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. The association of Fusobacterial spp. with colorectal tumours is widely accepted, with further evidence that this pathogen may also be implicated in the development of other malignancies. Fusobacterial spp. influence malignant cell behaviours and the tumour microenvironment in various ways, which can be related to the multiple surface adhesins expressed. These adhesins include Fap2 (fibroblast-activated protein 2), CpbF (CEACAM binding protein of Fusobacteria), FadA (Fusobacterium adhesin A) and FomA (Fusobacterial outer membrane protein A). This review outlines the influence of Fusobacteria in promoting cancer initiation and progression, impacts of therapeutic outcomes and discusses potential therapeutic interventions where appropriate.

Wound healing effects of biogenic gold nanoparticles synthesized using red wine extracts

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using three red wine extracts (RW-Es); by varying temperature, pH, concentrations of RW-Es and gold salt. The RW-AuNPs were characterized by UV-vis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Their stability was evaluated in water, foetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) by UV-Vis. The effect of the RW-Es and RW-AuNPs on KMST-6 cell cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay; and their wound healing effects were monitored by scratch assay. RW-AuNPs synthesis was observed by colour change, and confirmed by UV-Vis spectrum, with an absorption peak around 550 nm. The hydrodynamic sizes of the RW-AuNPs ranged between 10 and 100 nm. Polyphenols, carboxylic acids, and amino acids are some of functional groups in the RW-Es that were involved in the reduction of RW-AuNPs. The RW-AuNPs were stable in test solutions and showed no cytotoxicity to the KMST-6 cells up to 72 h. AuNPs synthesized from Pinotage and Cabernet Sauvignon enhanced proliferation of KMST-6 cells and showed potential as wound healing agents. Further studies are required to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the potential wound-healing effect of the RW-AuNPs.

Methylsulfonylmethane induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines

BACKGROUND

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous ailment in both biological and clinical concepts. Numerous efforts have been devoted to discover natural compounds for combating cancer, which showed great potential in cancer management. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), an organosulfur dietary supplement, is utilized for improving various clinical conditions, particularly osteoarthritis. MSM can exert antitumor activity in a wide range of cancers.

OBJECTIVES

The molecular mechanisms of action underlying antileukemic activity of MSM remain unclear. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the anticancer properties of MSM on human AML cell lines (U937 and HL60) with focus on underlying cell death mechanism.

METHODS

Anticancer activity of the MSM was examined employing MTT assay, Annexin V-PE/7AAD staining, caspase3/7 activity test, and real-time qPCR. Both cell lines were treated with different concentrations (50-400 mM) of MSM for 24 h. Pretreatment of the cells with a caspase inhibitor (i.e., Z-VAD-fmk) was performed for the assessment of apoptosis induction.

RESULTS

The results of MTT assay revealed that in both cell lines, the MSM markedly reduced cell viability in comparison to the control cells. Additionally, findings of Annexin V-7AAD staining revealed that MSM induced apoptosis and activated caspase 3/7 in both cell lines markedly. Real-time quantitative PCR results also supported the induction of apoptosis in AML cells. MSM altered the expression levels of various apoptotic genes (BAX, BAD, and BIM).

CONCLUSION

Overall, our results indicated that MSM could induce apoptosis in AML cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, which therefore could be utilized as an antileukemic agent.

Reserpine, a novel N6-methyladenosine regulator, reverses Lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and a growing global health problem. Reserpine (Res), a plant-derived hypertension drug, has been reported to possess anti-tumor efficacy. However, the role and function of Res in N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulation and Lenvatinib (Len) resistance in HCC have not been clarified.

PURPOSE

To verify whether Res can be used as a natural small-molecule regulator of m6A to reverse Len resistance in HCC.

METHODS

Dot blotting, Western blotting and m6A quantification were used to compare and analyze the differential expression of m6A and its methyltransferase METTL3. Western blotting, Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking were used to explore the mechanism of interaction between Res and m6A. The effects of Res on the biological characteristics of Lenvatinib-resistant HCC cells were investigated through CCK-8, clone formation, and Transwell assays. Cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models were used to assess the ability of Res to reverse Len resistance in vivo. MeRIP m6A sequencing, PATHWAY analysis and Western blotting were used to analyze the downstream signaling pathways and genes involved in Res-mediated reversal of Len resistance.

RESULTS

Len resistance in HCC is related to the increased m6A level and the high expression of METTL3. Res affects the activity of METTL3 protein by binding to it, thereby downregulating the level of m6A. In vitro study showed that Res can sensitize HCC cells to the anti-tumor effects of Len treatment, including blocking proliferation, inhibiting migration, and inducing apoptosis. Len-resistant CDX and PDX models revealed that Res can reverse the resistant phenotype, with the tumor inhibition rates of 77.46 % and 62.1 %, respectively, when combined with Len treatment. Analysis of xenograft tissues showed that the combination of Res and Len down-regulates the m6A level, reduces proliferation biomarkers, and induces apoptosis, which is consistent with the in vitro data. Mechanistically, our preliminary results indicate that Res can up-regulate the SMAD3 level by down-regulating m6A in Len-resistant cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Reserpine, a small-molecule regulator of m6A, reverses Lenvatinib-resistant phenotypes, including proliferation, migration and anti-apoptosis, in vitro and in vivo by targeting SMAD3 and down-regulating the m6A level in HCC.

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Liver Diseases and Potential Phytochemical Treatments

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has brought about numerous challenges. One of these challenges is the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver. Although this virus primarily affects the lungs, it can induce elevated transaminase levels and the development of scar tissue in the liver, exacerbating preexisting liver conditions. Individuals with preexisting conditions, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-induced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, face an increased risk of mortality from COVID-19. However, drugs currently used to treat COVID-19 have undesirable side effects, which make them unsuitable for patients with preexisting liver conditions. In this review, we explore the potential of phytochemicals, such as apigenin, berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, resveratrol and silymarin, for treatment of the liver conditions, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-induced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. We also discuss significant associations between phytochemicals and COVID-19 by depicting their molecular interactions. Based on the discussed overlapping functions, it is important to assess the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals that possess hepatoprotective properties as potential alternative treatments for COVID-19.

Non-coding RNAs in oral cancer: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic frontier

Around the world, oral cancer (OC) is a major public health problem, resulting in a significant number of deaths each year. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Recent progress in DNA sequencing and transcriptome profiling has revealed extensive non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) transcription, underscoring their regulatory importance. NcRNAs influence genomic transcription and translation and molecular signaling pathways, making them valuable for various clinical applications. Combining spatial transcriptomics (ST) and spatial metabolomics (SM) with single-cell RNA sequencing provides deeper insights into tumor microenvironments, enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic precision for OC. Additionally, the exploration of salivary biomarkers offers a non-invasive diagnostic avenue. This article explores the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools for OC.

Phytochemicals as Novel Therapeutics for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Current Knowledge

Triple-negative breast cancer is a characteristic subtype of breast cancer that lacks the estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and progesterone receptor. Because of its highly diverse subtypes, increased metastasis capability, and poor prognosis, the risk of mortality for people with triple-negative breast cancers is high as compared with other cancers. Chemotherapy is currently playing a major role in treating triple-negative breast cancer patients; however, poor prognosis due to drug resistance is causing serious concern. Recent studies on several phytochemicals derived from various plants being used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Korean Medicine, Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine), and so on, have demonstrated to be a promising agent as a viable therapy against triple-negative breast cancer. Phytochemicals categorized as alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, phytosterols, and organosulfur compounds have been demonstrated to reduce cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by activating various molecular pathways, thereby reducing the spread of triple-negative breast cancer. This review analyzes the molecular mechanisms by which various phytochemicals fight triple-negative breast cancer and offers a perspective on the difficulties and potential prospects for treating triple-negative breast cancer with various phytochemicals.

Antioxidant and anticancer activities of hesperetin and its novel formulations in KB cells

This study aimed to formulate the hesperetin nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) containing oro-mucosal gel for its activity assessment on the KB cell line. NLCs were prepared with glyceryl monostearate, oleic acid, and lecithin using a modified constant-temperature emulsification technique. The particle size analysis, in vitro drug release studies, etc., of prepared NLCs were evaluated. The formulated gels were analyzed with respect to spreadability, extrudability, swelling index, texture analysis, etc. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and drug entrapment of nanocarriers were recorded to be 221.733 ± 61.536 nm, 0.381 ± 0.091, - 51.433 ± 4.143 mV, and 89.29%, respectively. The optimized NLCs in 24 h released 87.14 ± 6.62% of the drug. The round shape of NLCs was noticed with scanning electron microscopy. The pH, spreadability, extrudability, swelling index, content uniformity, and drug release studies of hesperetin NLCs-containing gel (HNG) were found to be 6.81 ± 0.04, 2.49 ± 0.04 cm.mg/s, 539.04 ± 32.88 g/cm2, 4.27 ± 0.47, 107.98 ± 1.93%, and 90.17 ± 6.67% (in 48 h), respectively. The developed formulations showed promising in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activities. HNP results authorize that the formulation may be beneficial for the treatment of oral cancer.

Chemical profiling and cytotoxicity screening of agarwood essential oil (Aquilaria sinensis) in brine shrimp nauplii and cancer cell lines

Agarwood essential oil (AEO) has gained attention from healthcare industries due to its numerous pharmacological properties. However, a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition and its cytotoxic property is lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical profile as well as the cytotoxic concentration range of AEO derived from Aquilaria sinensis agarwood. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify the AEO components. Results showed that sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids constitute 95.85% of the AEO. Among the major compounds identified are allo-aromadendrene (13.04%), dihydro-eudesmol (8.81%), α-eudesmol (8.48%), bulnesol (7.63%), τ-cadinol (4.95%), dehydrofukinone (3.83%), valerenol (3.54%), cis-nerolidol (2.75%), agarospirol (2.72%), dehydrojinkoh-eremol (2.53%), selina-3,11-dien-9-al (2.36%), guaiol (2.12%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.0%). The presence of volatile quality marker compounds such as 10-epi-ϒ-eudesmol, aromadendrane, β-agarofuran, α-agarofuran, γ-eudesmol, agarospirol and guaiol, with no contaminants detected, indicates that the extracted AEO is of high purity. Interestingly, the AEO displayed moderate to high toxicity in brine shrimp lethality test (BLST). All studied tumor cell lines (MDA-MB-231, HepG2, B16F10) exhibited varying degrees of sensitivity to AEO, which resulted in time and dose-dependent reduction of cell proliferation. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis revealed that AEO could induce apoptosis in treated HepG2 cells. Our findings showed that AEO contains bioactive components that may be exploited in future studies for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics.

Mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis; therapeutic targets and approaches

Doxorubicin plays a pivotal role in the treatment of various malignancies. Despite its efficacy, the cardiotoxicity associated with doxorubicin limits its clinical utility. The cardiotoxic nature of doxorubicin is attributed to several mechanisms, including its interference with mitochondrial function, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the subsequent damage to cardiomyocyte DNA, proteins, and lipids. Furthermore, doxorubicin disrupts the homeostasis of cardiac-specific transcription factors and signaling pathways, exacerbating cardiac dysfunction. Oxidative stress, cell death, and other severe changes, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of pro-oxidant enzymes, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and infiltration of immune cells in the heart after treatment with doxorubicin, may cause inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Fibrosis and inflammation can lead to a range of disorders in the heart, resulting in potential cardiac dysfunction and disease. Various adjuvants have shown potential in preclinical studies to mitigate these challenges associated with cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. Antioxidants, plant-based products, specific inhibitors, and cardioprotective drugs may be recommended to alleviate cardiotoxicity. This review explores the complex mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced heart inflammation and fibrosis, identifies possible cellular and molecular targets, and investigates potential substances that could help reduce these harmful effects.

Rosmarinic Acid: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Gastrointestinal Cancer Management-A Review

Gastrointestinal cancers are still the leading cause of death worldwide. This is related, among other things, to the non-specific symptoms, especially in the initial stages, and also to the limited possibilities for treatment. Therefore, research is still being conducted to improve the detection of this type of cancer and increase the effectiveness of therapy. The potential application of natural compounds in cancer management deserves special attention. In the group of such products, there are polyphenolic compounds that reveal, e.g., anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties. One of these polyphenols is rosmarinic acid, commonly found in plants such as the Boraginaceae and Nepetoideae subfamilies of the Lamiaceae (mint) family. A number of studies have considered the positive effects of rosmarinic acid in the treatment of many cancers, including gastrointestinal ones such as oral, stomach, pancreas, colon, and liver cancers. The main aim of this paper was to summarize the mechanisms of action of rosmarinic acid in gastrointestinal cancers.

The anti-obesity effects of polyphenols: a comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms and signal pathways in regulating adipocytes

Excess weight gain is a growing concern worldwide, fueled by increased consumption of calorie-dense foods and more sedentary lifestyles. Obesity in China is also becoming increasingly problematic, developing into a major public health concern. Obesity not only increases the risk of associated disease but also imposes a burden on health care systems, and it is thus imperative that an effective intervention approach be identified. Recent studies have demonstrated that the polyphenol-rich Mediterranean diet has considerable potential in this regard. Polyphenols can inhibit the production of adipocytes and reduce adverse reactions, such as inflammation, insulin resistance, and gut microflora imbalance. In this review, we examine four polyphenols (curcumin, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin) in terms of their potential as interventions targeting obesity. The mechanisms that help promote adipocyte browning, increase thermogenic factors, increase thermogenesis, and regulate adipocyte differentiation are summarized, and key signaling pathways, including PPARγ, C/EBP-, and others, are reviewed.

Harnessing bacterial metabolites for enhanced cancer chemotherapy: unveiling unique therapeutic potentials

Cancer poses a serious threat to health globally, with millions diagnosed every year. According to Global Cancer Statistics 2024, about 20 million new cases were reported in 2022, and 9.7 million people worldwide died of this condition. Advanced therapies include combination of one or more treatment procedures, depending on the type, stage, and particular genetic constitution of the cancer, which may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplant. Also, awareness about lifestyle changes, preventive measures and screening at early stages has reduced the incidence of the disease; still, there is a major failure in controlling the incidence of cancer because of its complex and multifaceted nature. With increasing interest in bacterial metabolites as possible novel and effective treatment options in cancer therapy, their main benefits include not only direct anticancer effects but also the modulation of the immune system and potential for targeted and combination therapies. They can therefore be used in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy to improve outcomes or reduce side effects. Furthermore, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have the potential to enhance the potency and safety of anticancer drugs by providing improved stability, targeted release, and controlled delivery.

Overview of Phytochemical Composition of Brassica oleraceae var. capitata Cultivars

The Brassicaceae family includes a wide range of horticultural crops of economic and traditional importance, consumed either fresh, cooked, or fermented. Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata) is one of the most important crops of the family. The present review analyzes the most important phytochemicals present in cabbage, focusing on variation of phytochemical composition between cultivars of B. oleraceae var. capitata f. alba, B. oleraceae var. capitata f. rubra, B. oleraceae var. capitata f. acuta, and B. oleraceae var. capitata f. sabauda. Cabbage form and cultivars significantly affect phytochemical compositions. B. oleraceae var. capitata f. rubra cultivars are generally great sources of phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, whereas B. oleraceae var. capitata f. alba cultivars display the highest concentration of glucosinolates; nevertheless, their levels are also dependent on the specific cultivar. B. oleraceae var. capitata f. acuta cultivars may be considered advantageous due to their high glucosinolate content and consistent phytochemical composition. Recognizing the benefits of specific cultivars can be valuable for consumers seeking a healthier lifestyle, as well as for scientists aiming to enhance cultivars through breeding programs or use plants' extracts to produce high quality pigments and dietary supplements.

Phytochemicals from Cactaceae family for cancer prevention and therapy

Cancer is a global health issue, increasingly prevalent and a leading cause of mortality. Despite extensive research, conventional treatments remain aggressive, often damaging healthy cells, and exhibit limited efficacy. Addressing drug resistance and enhancing treatment effectiveness are critical challenges in advancing cancer therapy. This review examines the potential of natural plant compounds, particularly phytochemicals and their derivatives, in developing novel anticancer agents. These metabolites have a long history in traditional medicine, with 42% of molecules approved for cancer treatment between 1981 and 2019 being either natural products or derivatives. The Cactaceae family, which comprises more than 1,500 species, represents a largely untapped source of potentially useful chemopreventive and anticancer agents. Although more than 3,000 plants and their derivatives have contributed to chemotherapeutic development, cactus species have received limited attention until recently. Emerging evidence highlights the anticancer potential of fruits, stems, and cladodes from various cactus species. This review provides a comprehensive and current overview of experimental studies on Cactaceae in cancer research, aiming to pave the way for the development of innovative, natural cancer therapeutics and contribute to the ongoing battle against this formidable disease.

Navigating the therapeutic landscape for breast cancer: targeting breast cancer stem cells

Breast cancer is a common and deadly malignancy that affects women globally, and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play an important role in tumorigenesis, development, metastasis, and recurrence. Traditional therapies often fail to eliminate BCSCs, leading to treatment resistance and relapse. This review explores the therapeutic strategies which are designed to target BCSCs, including inhibition of key signaling pathway and targeting receptor. This paper also explores the approaches to targeting BCSCs including chemotherapy, phytomedicines, and nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has gained a lot of importance in cancer therapy because of its ability to deliver therapeutic agents with more precision and minimal side effects. Various chemotherapeutic drugs, siRNAs, or gene editing tools are delivered efficiently with the use of nanocarriers which target pathways, receptors, and proteins associated with BCSCs. Over the past few years, stimuli-responsive and receptor-targeted nanocarriers have been explored for better therapeutic effects. In recent times, strategies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, ablation therapy, and cell-free therapies are explored for targeting these stem cells. This review provides a recent developmental overview of strategies to attack BCSCs from conventional chemotherapeutic agents to nanotechnological platforms such as polymeric, lipidic, and metal-based nanoparticles and advanced technologies like CAR T cell therapies.

Semisynthetic phytochemicals in cancer treatment: a medicinal chemistry perspective

Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells that invade other areas, spread to other organs, and cause metastases, which is the most common cause of death. A review of all FDA-approved new molecular entities (NMEs) shows that natural products and derivatives account for over one-third of all NMEs. Before 1940, unmodified products and derivatives accounted for 43% and 14% of NME registrations, respectively. Since then, the share of unmodified products has decreased to 9.5% of all approved NMEs, while the share of derivatives has increased to 28%. Since the 1940s, semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives of natural substances have gained importance, and this trend continues to date. In this study, we have discussed in detail isolated phytoconstituents with chemical modifications that are either FDA-approved or under clinical trials, such as podophyllotoxin, Taxol (paclitaxel, docetaxel), vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine), camptothecin, genistein, cephalotaxine, rohitukine, and many more, which may act as essential leads to the development of novel anticancer agents. Furthermore, we have also discussed recent developments in the most potent semisynthetic phytoconstituents, their unique properties, and their importance in cancer treatment.

Global Research Trends and Recent Advances in Medicinal Plant-Synthesized Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment

Worldwide, cancer ranks among the foremost contributors to mortality despite recent medical progress. Alternative approaches in controlling various forms of cancer are being highly explored by researchers. This study provides the global research trends in the utilization of medicinal plant-synthesized nanoparticles for cancer treatment over the span of 18 years using scientometric analysis. Recent research advances on medicinal plant-derived nanoparticles for cancer treatment and their possible mechanisms of action were described. Relevant articles published between 2005 and 2023 were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science and analyzed using RStudio and VOSViewer. Scientometric indicators were employed to analyze the results. The initial search returned 5695 articles, with a publication growth rate of 3.71% annually. Countries from Asia contributed the most (61.37%) to the total number of publications. The therapeutic effects of nanoparticles derived from medicinal plants can be attributed to various mechanistic pathways, including induced apoptosis from reactive oxygen species generation, as well as mitochondrial and cell membrane disruption, amongst others. Although some reported studies demonstrated promising safety and efficacy against certain cancer cells in vivo and in vitro, the little to no clinical data on medicinal plant-synthesized nanoparticles hinder the ability to make informed decisions about their clinical potential in cancer treatment.

Unveiling the anticancer potential of Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight& Arn.: Evidences from cytotoxicity studies, apoptosis analysis, and molecular docking

Anamirta cocculus, a woody climber, is extensively utilised in traditional Asian medicine. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of A. cocculus leaf extracts on various cancer cell lines as well as on a normal cell line. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited potent anticancer activity, with the highest cytotoxicity observed against ovarian cancer cell line (PA1) (IC50 = 8.30 ± 0.38 µg/mL) and colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29) (IC50 = 17.97 ± 0.63 µg/mL). Notably, the extract displayed low toxicity (18.72 ± 0.73%) on the normal human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, indicating selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. The acetone extract also demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines, including A498, MG63, PA1, and UM-SCC-83B. The ethyl acetate extract of A. cocculus demonstrated potent inhibition of colony formation in HT29 and PA1 cancer cell lines while inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. The number of late apoptotic cells increased with an increase in concentrations of ACLE. Molecular docking studies of compounds identified through GC-MS analysis revealed strong interactions with key apoptotic proteins, including caspase-8, p53, caspase-3, and caspase-9. Compounds such as vitamin E, epoxylathyrol, squalene, and phytol showed high binding affinity to these proteins, suggesting their role in apoptosis induction. The possibility of induction of apoptotic proteins through indirect interaction by binding to other proteins or receptors cannot be ruled out. The cytotoxic effects may result from individual, combined, or synergistic actions of these compounds. Among these, epoxylathyrol emerged as a particularly promising anticancer drug candidate based on ADME analysis and binding affinity assessments, warranting further investigation.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04096-2.

Enhanced anticancer activity of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) encapsulated NPs toward colon cancer cell lines

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol of green tea, has chemo-preventive effects against various cancer cells. Nanoparticles (NPs) carrying different ligands are able to specifically interact with their receptors on different cancer cells that can provide effective release of cytotoxic drugs. In the present study, we have prepared EGCG entrapped NPs using PLGA (poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and folic acid (FA) via double emulsion solvent evaporation (DESE) method obtained PLGA-EGCG (P-E), PLGA-PEG-EGCG (PP-E), and PLGA-PEG-FA-EGCG (PPF-E). Nanoformulations had been characterized with 1H NMR and FT-IR techniques, AFM, and DLS. PPF-E NPs showed an average size of 220 nm. Analysis of zeta potential confirmed the stability of NPs. HCT-116, HT-29, HCT-15, and HEK 293 cells were treated with both the prepared NPs and free EGCG (0-140 μM). Result showed PPF-E NPs had improved delivery, uptake and cell cytotoxicity toward human folic acid receptor-positive (FR+) colorectal cancer (CRC) cells as mainly on HCT-116 compared to HT-29, but not on the folic acid-negative cells (FR-) as HCT-15. PPF-E NPs enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in absence of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), elevated DNA fragmentation level, and increased apoptotic cell death at higher doses compared to other two NPs and free EGCG. In conclusion, PPF-E NPs exerted greater efficacy than PP-E, P-E, and free EGCG in HCT-116 cells.

Plant-Based Anticancer Compounds With a Focus on Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a common form of cancer among women characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the breast tissue. The most common treatments for this condition include chemotherapy, surgical intervention, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The primary issues associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy are their adverse events and significant financial burden among patients in underdeveloped countries. This highlights the need to explore and develop superior therapeutic options that are less detrimental and more economically efficient. Plants provide an abundant supply of innovative compounds and present a promising new avenue for investigating cancer. Plants and their derivations are undergoing a revolution due to their reduced toxicity, expediency, cost-effectiveness, safety, and simplicity in comparison to conventional treatment methods. Natural products are considered promising candidates for the development of anticancer drugs, due perhaps to the diverse pleiotropic effects on target events. The effects of plant-derived products are limited to cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected. Identification of compounds with strong anticancer properties and development of plant-based medications for cancer treatment might be crucial steps in breast cancer therapy. Although bioactive compounds have potent anticancer properties, they also have drawbacks that need to be resolved before their application in clinical trials and improved for the approved drugs. This study aims to give comprehensive information on known anticancer compounds, including their sources and molecular mechanisms of actions, along with opportunities and challenges in plant-based anticancer therapies.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial - Cytotoxic Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Quinolin-2-one Hydrazones Containing Nitrophenyl or Isonicotinoyl/Nicotinoyl Moiety

By applying the hybrid molecular strategy, in this study, we reported the synthesis of fifteen quinolin-2-one hydrazones containing nitrophenyl or nicotinonyl/isonicotinoyl moiety, followed by in vitro and in silico evaluations of their potential antimicrobial and anticancer activities. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of the target compounds on seven pathogenic strains, applying the broth microdilution method, revealed that compound 4a demonstrated the most potential antifungal activity against C. albicans (MIC 512 μg mL-1) and C. krusei (MIC 128 μg mL-1). In vitro cytotoxic evaluation of the target compounds on three human cancer cell lines, employing the MTT method, suggested that compound 5c exhibited the most potential cytotoxicities against HepG2 (IC50 10.19 μM), A549 (IC50 20.43 μM), and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 16.82 μM) cells. Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding characteristics of compounds 4a and 5c with fungal lanosterol 14α-demethylase and human topoisomerase I-II, respectively, thereby contributing to the elucidation of their in vitro antifungal and cytotoxic properties. Furthermore, compounds 4a and 5c, via SwissADME prediction, could exhibit favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of quinolin-2-one hydrazones as promising candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents in the future.

A Network Pharmacology Identified Metastasis Target for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Originating from Breast Cancer with a Potential Inhibitor from F. sargassaceae

This study aimed to identify specific therapeutic targets for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that metastasize from breast cancer (BC) by using network pharmacology. The Gene Expression Omnibus for OSCC and BC served as the source of gene expression datasets and their analysis. Upregulated genes and the common intersecting genes of these cancers were determined along with that of the phytochemicals of F. sargassum to predict the pharmacological targets. Further, gene enrichment analysis revealed that their metastasis signature and metastasis targets were determined via a protein interaction network. Molecular docking and pharmacokinetic screening determined the potential therapeutic phytochemicals against the targets. The interaction network of 39 genes thus identified encoding proteins revealed HIF1A as a prominent metastasis target due to its high degree of connectivity and its involvement in cancer-related pathways. Molecular docking showed a strong binding affinity of isonahocol D2, a sargassum-derived compound with HIF1A, presenting a binding energy of -7.1 kcal/mol. Further, pharmacokinetic screening showed favorable ADME properties and molecular dynamics simulations showed stable interactions between isonahocol D2 and HIF1A, with significant stability over 100 ns. This study's results emphasized that isonahocol D2 is a promising therapeutic candidate against HIF1A in OSCC metastasized from breast cancer in translational medicine.

Revisiting Luteolin Against the Mediators of Human Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma: A Biomolecular Approach

Metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC) is one of the prevalent subtypes of human cancers and is caused by the alterations of various lifestyle and diet-associated factors. β-catenin, GSK-3β, PI3K-α, AKT1, and NF-κB p50 are known to be the critical regulators of tumorigenesis and immunopathogenesis of mCRC. Unfortunately, current drugs have limited efficacy, side effects and can lead to chemoresistance. Therefore, searching for a nontoxic, efficacious anti-mCRC agent is crucial and of utmost interest. The present study demonstrates the identification of a productive and nontoxic anti-mCRC agent through a five-targets (β-catenin, GSK-3β, PI3K-α, AKT1, and p50)-based and three-tier (binding affinity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacophore) screening strategy involving a series of 30 phytocompounds having a background of anti-inflammatory/anti-mCRC efficacy alongside 5-fluorouracil (FU), a reference drug. Luteolin (a phyto-flavonoid) was eventually rendered as the most potent and safe phytocompound. This inference was verified through three rounds of validation. Firstly, luteolin was found to be effective against the different mCRC cell lines (HCT-15, HCT-116, DLD-1, and HT-29) without hampering the viability of non-tumorigenic ones (RWPE-1). Secondly, luteolin was found to curtail the clonogenicity of CRC cells, and finally, it also disrupted the formation of colospheroids, a characteristic of metastasis. While studying the mechanistic insights, luteolin was found to inhibit β-catenin activity (a key regulator of mCRC) through direct physical interactions, promoting its degradation by activating GSK3-β and ceasing its activation by inactivating AKT1 and PI3K-α. Luteolin also inhibited p50 activity, which could be useful in mitigating mCRC-associated proinflammatory milieu. In conclusion, our study provides evidence on the efficacy of luteolin against the critical key regulators of immunopathogenesis of mCRC and recommends further studies in animal models to determine the effectiveness efficacy of this natural compound for treating mCRC in the future.

Lespedeza bicolor root extract exerts anti-TNBC potential by regulating FAK-related signalling pathways

Lespedeza bicolor is a shrub plant that has been widely distributed in East Asia. The methanol extract from its LBR has been shown to exhibit anticancer and anti-bacterial effects. However, its anticancer efficacy in TNBC remains uncertain. This work aimed to study the anti-TNBC effect of LBR ethanol extract and its underlying mechanism. LBR triggered the cell death in TNBC through inhibiting cell proliferation, S-phase cell arrest, and induction of apoptosis. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the genes altered by LBR treatment were predominantly enriched in the cell adhesion. Notably, LBR inhibited phosphorylation and distribution of FAK. Furthermore, LBR demonstrated significant anticancer activity in xenograft tumors in mice through inhibiting cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis. This work demonstrated the anticancer efficiency of LBR in TNBC without causing significant adverse effect, which providing a foundation for developing LBR based chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer therapy.

Molecular mechanisms of Asparagus racemosus willd. and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal as chemotherapeutic adjuvants for breast cancer treatment

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Despite various treatment modalities, the progression and metastasis of breast cancer (BC) are grave concerns due to the alarming disease-free survival rate (DFS) and overall survival rate (OS) of affected patients. Over the years, many antibiotics, synthetic compounds, medicinal plant isolates and polyherbal combinations have been used as adjuvants in therapy for the management of primary and secondary tumors. Paclitaxel (PTX)-based chemotherapy for breast cancer causes multiple adverse side effects in patients. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS) and Asparagus racemosus Willd. (AR) as Ayurveda-inspired plant-based adjuvants were investigated for their anticancer effects on MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells in mouse model systems.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study focused on evaluating the adjuvant properties of WS and AR plant extracts with PTX and their effectiveness over PTX alone in terms of tumor inhibition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effects of WS and AR on DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), senescence induction and mitochondrial functions were evaluated in BC cells in vitro. The potential for cancer stem cell (CSC) inhibition was evaluated via mammosphere formation assays and CD44/CD24 immunostaining. In vivo tumor growth studies were conducted in athymic BALB/c mice for MDA-MB-231 cells and in BALB/c mice for 4T1 cells.

RESULTS

Induction of senescence was evident due to DSBs induced by the WS and AR extracts. Mammosphere formation and CD44/CD24 CSC markers were reduced after treatment with WS, AR or the combination of both in MCF-7 cells. WS or AR inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vivo studies demonstrated that tumor growth inhibition was more pronounced in the treated group than in the PTX alone group and the untreated control group.

CONCLUSION

Our study showed that the use of WS or AR plant hydroalcoholic extracts in combination with paclitaxel (PTX) has better effects on sensitivity and efficacy than PTX alone, as demonstrated in in vitro BC cells and mouse models with BC cell grafts. Hence, scheduling adjuvant therapy with WS or AR alone or combined with PTX can be advantageous for the management of triple-negative BC (TNBC). Further studies are warranted in human clinical conditions to ascertain the efficacy of these treatments.

Decursin Induces G1 Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis through Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells in In Vitro and Xenograft Models

Decursin, a coumarin isolated from Angelica gigas Nakai, possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer effects against human colorectal cancer (CRC) are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the biological activities of decursin in CRC in vitro and in vivo and to determine its underlying mechanism of action. Decursin exhibited anti-tumor activity in vitro, accompanied by an increase in G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCT-116 and HCT-8 CRC cells. Decursin also induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby activating the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress apoptotic pathway in CRC cells. Furthermore, the role of ROS in decursin-induced apoptosis was investigated using the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Inhibiting ROS production reversed decursin-induced ER stress. Moreover, decursin significantly suppressed tumor growth in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model of HCT-116 and HCT-8 CRC cells without causing host toxicity. Decursin also decreased cell proliferation, as documented by Ki-67, and partly increased cleaved caspase 3 expression in tumor tissues by activating ER stress apoptotic pathways. These findings suggest that decursin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human CRC cells via ROS-mediated ER stress, suggesting that decursin could be a therapeutic agent for CRC.

The Antitumor Potential of Sicilian Grape Pomace Extract: A Balance between ROS-Mediated Autophagy and Apoptosis

From the perspective of circular economy, it is extremely useful to recycle waste products for human health applications. Among the health-beneficial properties of bioactive phyto-compounds, grape pomace represents a precious source of bioactive molecules with potential antitumor properties. Here, we describe the effects of a Sicilian grape pomace hydroalcoholic extract (HE) in colon and breast cancer cells. The characterization of HE composition revealed the predominance of anthoxanthins and phenolic acids. HE treatment was more effective in reducing the viability of colon cancer cells, while breast cancer cells appeared more resistant. Indeed, while colon cancer cells underwent apoptosis, as shown by DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and PARP1 degradation, breast cancer cells seemed to not undergo apoptosis. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. Interestingly, ROS increased in both cell lines but, while in colon cancer, cells' ROS rapidly increased and progressively diminished over time, in breast cancer, cells' ROS increase was persistent up to 24 h. This effect was correlated with the induction of pro-survival autophagy, demonstrated by autophagosomes formation, autophagic markers increase, and protection by the antioxidant NAC. The autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 significantly increased the HE effects in breast cancer cells but not in colon cancer cells. Overall, our data provide evidence that HE efficacy in tumor cells depends on a balance between ROS-mediated autophagy and apoptosis. Therefore, inhibiting pro-survival autophagy may be a tool to target those cells that appear more resistant to the effect of HE.

Phytochemicals regulate cancer metabolism through modulation of the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cancer progression and metastasis, current therapeutic approaches lack efficacy and have significant adverse effects. Therefore, it is essential to establish novel strategies for combating cancer. Phytochemicals, which possess multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, anti-angiogenesis, and antimetastatic properties, can regulate cancer progression and interfere in various stages of cancer development by suppressing various signaling pathways.

METHODS

The current systematic and comprehensive review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria, using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct, until the end of December 2023. After excluding unrelated articles, 111 related articles were included in this systematic review.

RESULTS

In this current review, the major signaling pathways of cancer metabolism are highlighted with the promising anticancer role of phytochemicals. This was through their ability to regulate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. The AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism via targeting energy homeostasis and mitochondria biogenesis, glucose oxidation, and fatty acid oxidation, thereby generating ATP for cell growth. As a result, targeting this signaling pathway may represent a novel approach to cancer treatment. Accordingly, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpene/terpenoids, and miscellaneous phytochemicals have been introduced as promising anticancer agents by regulating the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Novel delivery systems of phytochemicals targeting the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in combating cancer are also highlighted in this review.

Discovery of colchicine aryne cycloadduct as a potent molecule for the abrogation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition via modulating cell cycle regulatory CDK-2 and CDK-4 kinases in breast cancer cells

In this study, we synthesized a new-generation library of colchicine derivatives via cycloaddition of colchicine utilizing position C-8 and C-12 diene system regioselectivity with aryne precursor to generate a small, focused library of derivatives. We assessed their anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines like MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, and PC-3. Normal human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 was used to determine the toxicity. Among these derivatives, silicon-tethered compound B-4a demonstrated the highest potency against breast cancer cells. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that B-4a effectively modulates cell cycle regulatory kinases (CDK-2 and CDK-4) and their associated cyclins (cyclin-B1, cyclin-D1), inducing apoptosis. Additionally, B-4a displayed a noteworthy impact on tubulin polymerization, compared to positive control flavopiridol hydrochloride in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly disrupted the vimentin cytoskeleton, contributing to G1 arrest in breast cancer cells. Moreover, B-4a exhibited substantial anti-metastatic properties by inhibiting breast cancer cell migration and invasion. These effects are attributed to the down-regulation of major epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) factors, including vimentin and Twist-1, and the upregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin in an apoptosis-dependent manner.

Phytochemical-mediated modulation of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress as a cancer therapeutic approach

Autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are conserved processes that generally promote survival, but can induce cell death when physiological thresholds are crossed. The pro-survival aspects of these processes are exploited by cancer cells for tumor development and progression. Therefore, anticancer drugs targeting autophagy or ER stress to induce cell death and/or block the pro-survival aspects are being investigated extensively. Consistently, several phytochemicals have been reported to exert their anticancer effects by modulating autophagy and/or ER stress. Various phytochemicals (e.g., celastrol, curcumin, emodin, resveratrol, among others) activate the unfolded protein response to induce ER stress-mediated apoptosis through different pathways. Similarly, various phytochemicals induce autophagy through different mechanisms (namely mechanistic target of Rapamycin [mTOR] inhibition). However, phytochemical-induced autophagy can function either as a cytoprotective mechanism or as programmed cell death type II. Interestingly, at times, the same phytochemical (e.g., 6-gingerol, emodin, shikonin, among others) can induce cytoprotective autophagy or programmed cell death type II depending on cellular contexts, such as cancer type. Although there is well-documented mechanistic interplay between autophagy and ER stress, only a one-way modulation was noted with some phytochemicals (carnosol, capsaicin, cryptotanshinone, guangsangon E, kaempferol, and δ-tocotrienol): ER stress-dependent autophagy. Plant extracts are sources of potent phytochemicals and while numerous phytochemicals have been investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, the search for novel phytochemicals with anticancer effects is ongoing from plant extracts used in traditional medicine (e.g., Origanum majorana). Nonetheless, the clinical translation of phytochemicals, a promising avenue for cancer therapeutics, is hindered by several limitations that need to be addressed in future studies.

Fisetin induces G2/M phase arrest and caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 leading to apoptosis and tumor growth inhibition in HNSCC

The anticancer potential and associated mechanisms of flavonoid fisetin are yet to be fully investigated on human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the present study, fisetin (25-75 µM for 24-48 h) dose-dependently inhibited growth and induced death in HNSCC Cal33 and UM-SCC-22B cells, without showing any death in normal cells. Fisetin (25-50 µM) induced G2/M phase arrest via decrease in Cdc25C, CDK1, cyclin B1 expression, and an increase in p53(S15). A concentration-dependent increase in fisetin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in HNSCC cells was authenticated by comet assay, gamma-H2A.X(S139) phosphorylation, and marked cleavage of PARP protein. Interestingly, fisetin-induced cell death occurred independently of p53 and reactive oxygen species production. The activation of JNK and inhibition of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, EGFR, and STAT-3 signaling were identified. Further, fisetin-induced apoptosis was mediated, in part, via p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 cleavage by caspase, which was reversed by z-VAD-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Subsequently, fisetin was also found to induce autophagy; nevertheless, autophagy attenuation exaggerated apoptosis. Oral fisetin (50 mg/kg body weight) treatment to establish Cal33 xenograft in mice for 19 days showed 73% inhibition in tumor volume (p < 0.01) along with a decrease in Ki67-positive cells and an increase in cleaved caspase-3 level in tumors. Consistent with the effect of 50 µM fisetin in vitro, the protein levels of p21Cip1 and P27Kip1 were also decreased by fisetin in tumors. Together, these findings showed strong anticancer efficacy of fisetin against HNSCC with downregulation of EGFR-Akt/ERK1/2-STAT-3 pathway and activation of JNK/c-Jun, caspases and caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the potential of betulinic acid in cancer prevention and treatment

BACKGROUND

Betulinic acid (BA), which is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in the bark of plane, birch, and eucalyptus trees, has emerged as a compound of significant interest in scientific research due to its potential therapeutic applications. BA has a range of well-documented pharmacological and biological effects, including antibacterial, immunomodulatory, diuretic, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Although numerous research studies have explored the potential anticancer effects of BA, there is a noticeable gap in the literature, highlighting the need for a more up-to-date and comprehensive evaluation of BA's anticancer potential.

PURPOSE

The aim of this work is to critically assess the reported cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the cancer preventive and therapeutic effects of BA.

METHODS

Relevant research on the inhibitory effects of BA against cancerous cells was searched using Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

RESULTS

The anticancer properties of BA are mediated by the activation of cell death and cell cycle arrest, production of reactive oxygen species, increased mitochondrial permeability, modulation of nuclear factor-κB and Bcl-2 family signaling. Emerging evidence also underscores the combined anticancer effects of BA with other natural bioactive compounds or approved drugs. Notably, several novel BA nanoformulations have been found to exhibit encouraging antineoplastic activities.

CONCLUSION

BA, whether used alone or in combination, or as a form of nanoformulation, shows significant potential for cancer prevention and treatment. Nevertheless, further detailed studies are necessary to confirm the therapeutic effectiveness of this natural compound.

Investigating the Medicinal Potential of Lavatera cashmeriana Leaf Extract: Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities

This study investigated the medicinal potential of Lavatera cashmeriana, a plant traditionally known for its therapeutic properties. The aim was to identify the phytocompounds in L. cashmeriana leaf extract and evaluate its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was employed to characterize the phytochemical composition of the ethanol extract derived from L. cashmeriana leaves. The antimicrobial potential was assessed through the well diffusion technique, targeting Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay was conducted to assess antioxidant capabilities, while cytotoxicity against the A549 cancer cell line was determined via the MTT assay. GC-MS analysis identified ten different compounds, with phytol, 1-Eicosanol, and 2,6,10-trimethyl,14-ethylene-14-pentadecne being the most prevalent. The extract exhibited notable antimicrobial efficacy against all bacteria with MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 250 µg/mL. However, C. albicans did not respond. The extract exhibited antioxidative properties with an IC50 value of 86 µg/mL and cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 69.95 µg/mL against the A549 cancer cell line. The results derived from this study supported the historical use of L. cashmeriana as a medicinal plant and suggested that it can potentially treat a wide range of medical ailments. The identified phytocompounds and the demonstrated antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects provide scientific evidence for its medicinal properties. However, further investigations are needed to fully understand its safety profile, efficacy, and mechanism of action before recommending it for therapeutic purposes.

Unraveling cancer progression pathways and phytochemical therapeutic strategies for its management

Cancer prevention is currently envisioned as a molecular-based approach to prevent carcinogenesis in pre-cancerous stages, i.e., dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Cancer is the second-leading cause of mortality worldwide, and a more than 61% increase is expected by 2040. A detailed exploration of cancer progression pathways, including the NF-kβ signaling pathway, Wnt-B catenin signaling pathway, JAK-STAT pathway, TNF-α-mediated pathway, MAPK/mTOR pathway, and apoptotic and angiogenic pathways and effector molecules involved in cancer development, has been discussed in the manuscript. Critical evaluation of these effector molecules through molecular approaches using phytomolecules can intersect cancer formation and its metastasis. Manipulation of effector molecules like NF-kβ, SOCS, β-catenin, BAX, BAK, VEGF, STAT, Bcl2, p53, caspases, and CDKs has played an important role in inhibiting tumor growth and its spread. Plant-derived secondary metabolites obtained from natural sources have been extensively studied for their cancer-preventing potential in the last few decades. Eugenol, anethole, capsaicin, sanguinarine, EGCG, 6-gingerol, and resveratrol are some examples of such interesting lead molecules and are mentioned in the manuscript. This work is an attempt to put forward a comprehensive approach to understanding cancer progression pathways and their management using effector herbal molecules. The role of different plant metabolites and their chronic toxicity profiling in modulating cancer development pathways has also been highlighted.

Identification of an m6A Natural Inhibitor, Lobeline, That Reverses Lenvatinib Resistance in Hepatocellular Tumors

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive cancer that has an effect on human health. As a first-line drug for HCC, despite its excellent efficacy, lenvatinib (Len) is prone to developing drug resistance in HCC patients. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is not only related to the development of HCC but also shows great potential in overcoming HCC resistance. Using Dot Blot, our group first screened a small molecule m6A regulator, lobeline (Lob), from a library of 390 compounds (mostly natural products). In vitro experiments demonstrated that Lob could significantly enhance the sensitivity to Len of Len-resistant HCC (HCC/Len) and inhibit migration of resistant cells. In Len-resistant cell-derived and patient-derived xenograft models, Lob could reverse the resistant phenotype, with reductions in tumor volume of 68% and 60%, respectively. Furthermore, MeRIP-m6A sequencing results indicated that the underlying molecular mechanism of Lob reversal of HCC drug resistance was related to UBE3B. Taken together, this study highlighted that Lob, a plant derived natural product, could reverse the resistance of HCC to Len by regulating the m6A levels. It is hoped that this will provide a pharmacological research basis for the clinical treatment of HCC patients.

Elucidation of the anti-colorectal cancer mechanism of Atractylodes lancea by network pharmacology and experimental verification

Atractylodes lancea which was listed in "Shennong's Materia Medica" and could be used to treat gastrointestinal-associated diseases. However, its roles, core and active ingredients, and mechanisms in treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) were still unknown. Therefore, network pharmacology and experimental validation were used to clarify the effects, core active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of Atractylodes lancea. We found that Atractylodes lancea has 28 effective active components and 213 potential targets. Seventy-three genes which demonstrate interaction between the Atractylodes lancea and CRC were confirmed. Enrichment analysis showed that 2033 GO biological process items and 144 KEGG pathways. Survival and molecular docking analysis revealed that luteolin as the core component interacted with these genes (Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)) with the lowest binding energy, and these genes were involved in building a prognostic model for CRC. Cellular phenotyping experiments showed that luteolin could inhibit the proliferation and migration of CRC cells and downregulate the expression of MMP3, MMP9, TIMP1, VEGFA probably by Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ serine/threonine kinase Akt (PI3K/AKT) pathway. To conclude, Atractylodes lancea could inhibit proliferation and migration of CRC cells through its core active ingredient (luteolin) to suppress the expression of MMP3, MMP9, TIMP1, VEGFA probably by PI3K/AKT pathway.

Green Extraction of Plant Materials Using Supercritical CO2: Insights into Methods, Analysis, and Bioactivity

In recent years, the supercritical CO2 extraction method has gained attention due to its use of environmentally friendly, non-toxic solvents, ability to operate at lower temperatures that do not cause the degradation of bioactive compounds, and capacity for rapid extraction. This method is particularly notable for isolating bioactive compounds from plants. The extracts obtained have shown superior properties due to their activity against diseases such as cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the supercritical CO2 extraction method, as well as to discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the study includes specific data on various plant materials, detailing the following parameters: plant name and region, bioactive compounds or compound classes, extraction temperature (°C), pressure (bar), time (minutes), co-solvent used, and flow rate. Additionally, this study covers extensive research on the isolation of bioactive compounds and the efficacy of the obtained extracts against cancer.

Biopolymeric nanocarriers in cancer therapy: unleashing the potency of bioactive anticancer compounds for enhancing drug delivery

Effective cancer treatment is becoming a global concern, and recent developments in nanomedicine are essential for its treatment. Cancer is a severe metabolic syndrome that affects the human population and is a significant contributing factor to deaths globally. In science, nanotechnology offers rapidly developing delivery methods for natural bioactive compounds that are becoming increasingly prominent and can be used to treat diseases in a site-specific way. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are conventional approaches for preventing cancer progression and have adverse effects on the human body. Many chemically synthesized drugs are used as anticancer agents, but they have several side effects; hence, they are less preferred. Medicinal plants and marine microorganisms represent a vast, mostly untapped reservoir of bioactive compounds for cancer treatment. However, they have several limitations, including nonspecific targeting, weak water solubility and limited therapeutic potential. An alternative option is the use of biopolymeric nanocarriers, which can generate effective targeted treatment therapies when conjugated with natural anticancer compounds. The present review focuses on biopolymeric nanocarriers utilizing natural sources as anticancer drugs with improved tumor-targeting efficiency. This review also covers various natural anticancer compounds, the advantages and disadvantages of natural and synthetic anticancer compounds, the problems associated with natural anticancer drugs and the advantages of biopolymeric nanocarriers over synthetic nanocarriers as drug delivery agents. This review also discusses various biopolymeric nanocarriers for enhancing the controlled delivery of anticancer compounds and the future development of nanomedicines for treating cancer.