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Lista S, Vergallo A, Teipel SJ, Lemercier P, Giorgi FS, Gabelle A, Garaci F, Mercuri NB, Babiloni C, Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Hampel H, Nisticò R. Determinants of approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitor response outcomes in Alzheimer's disease: relevance for precision medicine in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101819. [PMID: 36526257 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are the global standard of care for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and show significant positive effects in neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Although experimental and large-scale clinical evidence indicates the potential long-term efficacy of ChEI, primary outcomes are generally heterogeneous across outpatient clinics and regional healthcare systems. Sub-optimal dosing or slow tapering, heterogeneous guidelines about the timing for therapy initiation (prodromal versus dementia stages), healthcare providers' ambivalence to treatment, lack of disease awareness, delayed medical consultation, prescription of ChEI in non-AD cognitive disorders, contribute to the negative outcomes. We present an evidence-based overview of determinants, spanning genetic, molecular, and large-scale networks, involved in the response to ChEI in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. A comprehensive understanding of cerebral and retinal cholinergic system dysfunctions along with ChEI response predictors in AD is crucial since disease-modifying therapies will frequently be prescribed in combination with ChEI. Therapeutic algorithms tailored to genetic, biological, clinical (endo)phenotypes, and disease stages will help leverage inter-drug synergy and attain optimal combined response outcomes, in line with the precision medicine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France; School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pablo Lemercier
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Casa di Cura "San Raffaele Cassino", Cassino, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Robert Nisticò
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Haen E. Dose-Related Reference Range as a Tool in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2022; 44:475-493. [PMID: 35067666 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aims to individualize drug therapy. This systematic review provides a state-of-the-art overview of the benefits of adding the dose-related reference range (DRR) as a second reference range to the set of tools used by TDM for measurement and evaluation. It discusses alternative pharmacokinetic approaches for individualization of drug therapy. METHODS Literature was searched in PubMed. Textbooks provided Bateman transformations for calculating expected drug concentrations at various times after drug application in "normal patients," that is, the population of phase II clinical trials. The review compiles conditions and prerequisites for these transformations to be valid. RESULTS Relating a measured drug concentration to the orienting therapeutic reference range provides pharmacodynamic information for improving the benefit-to-risk ratio of desired drug effects versus adverse drug effects. The discriminating DRR considers a patient's individual pharmacokinetic situation. DRR is statistically based on the pharmacokinetic parameters total clearance, time to reach maximal concentrations, and elimination half-life. Relating the measured drug concentration to a range rather than a particular value, DRR determines if individual patients do or do not belong to the population of "normal patients." Once a patient is identified to be outside the population of "normal patients," the clinical-pharmacological TDM report elaborates the cause. It consists of the measured value, the TDM 9-field-board, the elimination pathways table, and a medication recommendation taking into account clinical information. The internet-based platform KONBEST supports editing of the clinical-pharmacological TDM report. It is personally signed and send to the therapist. CONCLUSIONS The DRR embedded into a clinical-pharmacological TDM report allows adjusting a patient's medication to the patient's individual needs (individualization of drug therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekkehard Haen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institute AGATE gGmbH, Pentling, Germany ; and
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology,
- Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Nazir N, Nisar M, Zahoor M, Uddin F, Ullah S, Ullah R, Ansari SA, Mahmood HM, Bari A, Alobaid A. Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of Ferula ammoniacum ( Dorema ammoniacum) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020259. [PMID: 33669503 PMCID: PMC7922987 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ferula ammoniacum (D. Don) is one of the endemic medicinal plants that is traditionally used to treat a number of diseases. Although the plant has been used to enhance memory, the investigational evidence supporting the nootropic effect was unsubstantial. Hence, the rationale for this study was to assess the potential beneficial effect of F. ammoniacum seed extracts on learning and memory in mice. Methods: The powdered plant samples (aerial parts) were subjected to extraction ad fractionation. Among the extracts, crude and ethyl acetate extracts were screened for major phytochemicals through HPLC analysis. All the extracts were evaluated for the in vitro anticholinesterase (AChE and BChE) and antioxidant potentials. Among the extracts the active fraction was further assessed for improving learning and memory in mice using behavioural tests like Y-maze and novel object recognition test (NORT) using standard protocols. After behavioural tests, all the animals were sacrificed and brains tissues were assessed for the ex vivo anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. Results: Phytochemicals like chlorogenic acid, quercetin, mandelic acid, phloroglucinol, hydroxy benzoic acid, malic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, ellagic acid, rutin, and pyrogallol were identified in crude methanolic extract (Fa.Met) and ethyl acetate fraction (Fa.EtAc) through HPLC. Fa.EtAc and Fa.Chf extracts more potently inhibited AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 40 and 43 µg/mL, and 41 and 42 µg/mL, respectively. Similarly highest free radical scavenging potential was exhibited by Fa.EtAc fraction against DPPH (IC50 = 100 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 120 µg/mL). The extract doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight significantly (p < 0.01) improved the short-term memory by increasing the percent spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test along with increasing discrimination index in the NORT that clearly indicated the enhancement in the recognition memory of mice. Conclusion: The extracts more potently scavenged the tested free radicals, exhibited anticholinesterase activities, improved the learning abilities and reduced the memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice model thus suggesting that these extracts could be effectively used for the management of oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases and memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausheen Nazir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammad Nisar
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan;
| | - Faheem Uddin
- Department of Engineering, Sarhad University of Information Technology, Peshawar 23000, Pakistan;
| | - Saeed Ullah
- Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 19130, Pakistan;
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (A.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Hafiz Majid Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (A.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdulrehman Alobaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (A.B.); (A.A.)
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Nifli AP, Tsolaki M, Tournoy J, Ide K. Editorial: Cognitive Impairment: Therapy Momentum in the Continuum of Life. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:618344. [PMID: 33584301 PMCID: PMC7878524 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.618344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Artemissia-Phoebe Nifli
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jos Tournoy
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazuki Ide
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,The Institute of Natural Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Ortner M, Stange M, Schneider H, Schröder C, Buerger K, Müller C, Müller-Sarnowski F, Diehl-Schmid J, Förstl H, Grimmer T, Steimer W. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Rivastigmine and Donepezil Under Consideration of CYP2D6 Genotype-Dependent Metabolism of Donepezil. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:3251-3262. [PMID: 32848364 PMCID: PMC7431170 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s247259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE-I) might depend on blood concentration. While rivastigmine metabolism is independent of the cytochrome P450 system, its isoenzymes, especially CYP2D6, metabolize donepezil. CYP2D6 polymorphisms can cause altered enzyme activity resulting in lower or higher than expected drug concentrations of donepezil. Objective We investigated correlations between clinical efficacy and serum concentrations of rivastigmine and donepezil under special consideration of CYP2D6 genotype or gene dose–dependent metabolism of donepezil. Methods Serum concentrations of donepezil and rivastigmine were measured by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allele-specific PCR were performed to assess CYP2D6 genotype and gene dose. Results Patients treated with rivastigmine (n=28) or donepezil (n=48) were included in the study. Both gene dose and metabolism type significantly predicted the level of donepezil serum concentration (p=0.019 and p=0.013, respectively). In the rivastigmine group, changes of the word list delayed recall subtest before treatment and under stable medication were significantly associated with rivastigmine serum levels (β=0.465; p=0.018). Drug serum concentrations were outside the recommended range in a substantial percentage of participants, which might have contributed to poor correlations between changes in cognitive measures and drug concentrations. Donepezil serum concentrations significantly depended on CYP2D6 gene dose. Conclusion Testing AChE-I serum concentration should be considered in patients without clinical response to treatment or those with severe side effects. Patients with donepezil drug levels outside the recommended range might additionally profit from CYP2D6 genotyping or treatment with an AChE-I independent of CYP metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ortner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Stange
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Buerger
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Müller
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Müller-Sarnowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Förstl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Steimer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
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