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Leo CH, Ou JLM, Ong ES, Qin CX, Ritchie RH, Parry LJ, Ng HH. Relaxin elicits renoprotective actions accompanied by increasing bile acid levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114578. [PMID: 36996678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peptide hormone relaxin has potent anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties in various organs, including the kidneys. However, the protective effects of relaxin in the context of diabetic kidney complications remain controversial. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of relaxin treatment on key markers of kidney fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation and their subsequent impact on bile acid metabolism in the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Male mice were randomly allocated to placebo-treated control, placebo-treated diabetes or relaxin-treated diabetes groups (0.5 mg/kg/d, final 2 weeks of diabetes). After 12 weeks of diabetes or sham, the kidney cortex was harvested for metabolomic and gene expression analyses. Diabetic mice exhibited significant hyperglycaemia and increased circulating levels of creatine, hypoxanthine and trimethylamine N-oxide in the plasma. This was accompanied by increased expression of key markers of oxidative stress (Txnip), inflammation (Ccl2 and Il6) and fibrosis (Col1a1, Mmp2 and Fn1) in the diabetic kidney cortex. Relaxin treatment for the final 2 weeks of diabetes significantly reduced these key markers of renal fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in diabetic mice. Furthermore, relaxin treatment significantly increased the levels of bile acid metabolites, deoxycholic acid and sodium glycodeoxycholic acid, which may in part contribute to the renoprotective action of relaxin in diabetes. CONCLUSION In summary, this study shows the therapeutic potential of relaxin and that it may be used as an adjunctive treatment for diabetic kidney complications.
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Lu Y, Yuan W, Xiong X, Huang Q, Chen S, Yin T, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zeng G, Huang Q. Asprosin aggravates vascular endothelial dysfunction via disturbing mitochondrial dynamics in obesity models. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:732-743. [PMID: 36693798 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the contribution of asprosin (ASP), a fasting-induced hormone involved in metabolic disorders, to vascular endothelial dysfunction in obesity models. METHODS Primary rat thoracic aortic endothelial cells treated with palmitic acid and mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) were used as the obesity models. The role and mechanism of ASP in endothelial dysfunction were investigated by the means of morphologic, functional, and genetic analysis. RESULTS ASP aggravated the endothelial dysfunction induced by either palmitic acid in vitro or an HFD in vivo, characterized as the impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, reduction of nitric oxide levels, elevation of malondialdehyde levels, and inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT-endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling. However, adipose conditional knockout of ASP or ASP neutralization significantly alleviated the endothelial dysfunction induced by an HFD. Mechanistically, ASP enhanced mitochondrial fission, and inhibition of the fission through knockdown of dynamin-related protein 1 (a fission-hallmark factor) rescued the endothelial dysfunction and the disturbance to mitochondrial dynamics induced by ASP. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that ASP causes and even exacerbates vascular endothelial dysfunction through promoting mitochondrial fission in obesity, suggesting that ASP can act as an early predictive marker of blood vessel dysfunction and become a novel potential therapeutic target for obesity-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Lu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanwan Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Xiong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Yin
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiren Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Molecular Mechanism of Fucoidan Nanoparticles as Protector on Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats' Aortas. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030568. [PMID: 36771275 PMCID: PMC9920843 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants have an important role in protecting against diabetes complications such as vascular endothelial cell damage. Fucoidan has strong antioxidant properties, therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of fucoidan nanoparticles through the pathway of antioxidant activity against streptozotocin-induced diabetic aortic endothelial cell dysfunction in rats. Fucoidan nanoparticles are made utilizing high-energy ball milling. This research consists of five groups, namely: control rats, rats were administered aquadest; diabetic rats, rats were administered streptozotocin (STZ); fucoidan nanoparticle rats, rats were administered STZ and fucoidan nanoparticles. Aortic tissue was collected for the evaluation of ROS (reactive oxygen species), Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Nitric Oxide (NO), cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP), relaxation response of acetylcholine (Ach), and the diameter of the aorta. The size distribution of the fucoidan nanoparticles was 267.2 ± 42.8 nm. Administration of fucoidan nanoparticles decreased the levels of ROS and MDA, and increased the levels of SOD, levels of GPx, Nrf2 expression, NO levels, cGMP expression, the relaxation response of Ach, and lumen diameter of the aorta, which are significantly different when compared with diabetic rats, p < 0.05. In this study, we concluded that the mechanism pathway of fucoidan nanoparticles prevents aortic endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetic rats through antioxidant activity by reducing ROS and MDA and incrementing SOD levels, GPx levels, and Nrf2 expression. All of these can lead to an elevated relaxation response effect of Ach and an increase in the lumen diameter of the aorta, which indicates a protective effect of fucoidan nanoparticles on aortic endothelial cells.
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Leo CH, Foo SY, Tan JCW, Tan UX, Chua CK, Ong ES. Green Extraction of Orange Peel Waste Reduces TNFα-Induced Vascular Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091768. [PMID: 36139842 PMCID: PMC9495443 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orange peel waste (OPW) is known to contain an abundant amount of polyphenols compounds such as flavonoids, well-reported for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While OPW is generally regarded as a food waste, the opportunity to extract bioactive compounds from these “wastes” arises due to their abundance, allowing the investigation of their potential effects on endothelial cells. Hence, this study aims to use a green extraction method and pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) to extract bioactive compounds from OPW. Liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC/UV) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) were subsequently used to identify the bioactive compounds present. Through the optimization of the extraction temperature for PHWE, our results demonstrated that extraction temperatures of 60 °C and 80 °C yield distinct bioactive compounds and resulted in better antioxidant capacity compared to other extraction temperatures or organic solvent extraction. Despite having similar antioxidant capacity, their effects on endothelial cells were distinct. Specifically, treatment of endothelial cells with 60 °C OPW extracts inhibited TNFα-induced vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in vitro, suggesting that OPW possess vasoprotective effects likely mediated by anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huei Leo
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6434-8213
| | - Su Yi Foo
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Joseph Choon Wee Tan
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - U-Xuan Tan
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Chee Kai Chua
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Eng Shi Ong
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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Tsareva IA, Ivanova GT, Lobov GI. Early Functional Changes in Rat Arteries and Microcirculatory Vessels while Modeling Metabolic Syndrome. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022050179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Kemp-Harper B. Vasoprotective Actions of Nitroxyl (HNO): A Story of Sibling Rivalry. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:S13-S18. [PMID: 34840263 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nitroxyl (HNO), the 1 electron-reduced and protonated form of nitric oxide (NO•), has emerged as a nitrogen oxide with a suite of vasoprotective properties and therapeutic advantages over its redox sibling. Although HNO has garnered much attention due to its cardioprotective actions in heart failure, its ability to modulate vascular function, without the limitations of tolerance development and NO• resistance, is desirable in the treatment of vascular disease. HNO serves as a potent vasodilator and antiaggregatory agent and has an ability to limit vascular inflammation and reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, its resistance to scavenging by reactive oxygen species and ability to target distinct vascular signaling pathways (Kv, KATP, and calcitonin gene-related peptide) contribute to its preserved efficacy in hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. In this review, the vasoprotective actions of HNO will be compared with those of NO•, and the therapeutic utility of HNO donors in the treatment of angina, acute cardiovascular emergencies, and chronic vascular disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kemp-Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Turovsky EA, Turovskaya MV, Dynnik VV. Deregulation of Ca 2+-Signaling Systems in White Adipocytes, Manifested as the Loss of Rhythmic Activity, Underlies the Development of Multiple Hormonal Resistance at Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105109. [PMID: 34065973 PMCID: PMC8150837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various types of cells demonstrate ubiquitous rhythmicity registered as simple and complex Ca2+-oscillations, spikes, waves, and triggering phenomena mediated by G-protein and tyrosine kinase coupled receptors. Phospholipase C/IP3-receptors (PLC/IP3R) and endothelial NO-synthase/Ryanodine receptors (NOS/RyR)–dependent Ca2+ signaling systems, organized as multivariate positive feedback generators (PLC-G and NOS-G), underlie this rhythmicity. Loss of rhythmicity at obesity may indicate deregulation of these signaling systems. To issue the impact of cell size, receptors’ interplay, and obesity on the regulation of PLC-G and NOS-G, we applied fluorescent microscopy, immunochemical staining, and inhibitory analysis using cultured adipocytes of epididumal white adipose tissue of mice. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, atrial natriuretic peptide, bradykinin, cholecystokinin, angiotensin II, and insulin evoked complex [Ca2+]i responses in adipocytes, implicating NOS-G or PLC-G. At low sub-threshold concentrations, acetylcholine and norepinephrine or acetylcholine and peptide hormones (in paired combinations) recruited NOS-G, based on G proteins subunits interplay and signaling amplification. Rhythmicity was cell size- dependent and disappeared in hypertrophied cells filled with lipids. Contrary to control cells, adipocytes of obese hyperglycemic and hypertensive mice, growing on glucose, did not accumulate lipids and demonstrated hormonal resistance being non responsive to any hormone applied. Preincubation of preadipocytes with palmitoyl-L-carnitine (100 nM) provided accumulation of lipids, increased expression and clustering of IP3R and RyR proteins, and partially restored hormonal sensitivity and rhythmicity (5–15% vs. 30–80% in control cells), while adipocytes of diabetic mice were not responsive at all. Here, we presented a detailed kinetic model of NOS-G and discussed its control. Collectively, we may suggest that universal mechanisms underlie loss of rhythmicity, Ca2+-signaling systems deregulation, and development of general hormonal resistance to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor A. Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.A.T.); (M.V.T.)
| | - Maria V. Turovskaya
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.A.T.); (M.V.T.)
| | - Vladimir V. Dynnik
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +79-2-5150-6655
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