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Zhao K, Xu J, Zhao B. Panoramic RNA expression of fibroblast growth factors in human glioblastoma tissues and the impact on the survival of patients. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:317. [PMID: 38807663 PMCID: PMC11130607 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have a key role in various critical steps of tumor growth and progression through effects on angiogenesis, inflammation and the growth and invasion of malignant cells. Nevertheless, the role of the FGF family in human glioblastoma (GBM) has been rarely studied. The objective of the present study was to assess the RNA expression of all FGF family members in tissues obtained from patients with GBM and to analyze the association between FGF expression and the survival of these patients. For this, the RNA expression of FGF family members in the malignant and proximal tissues of 12 patients with GBM was determined by analyzing high-throughput RNA transcriptome sequencing data uploaded to the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. The relationship between FGF genes and the survival of patients with GBM and glioma was also respectively studied by analyzing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis tool. The results showed that the expression of FGF1, FGF17, FGF20 and FGF22 in GBM tissues was lower than that in adjacent tissues, with a difference of >2 times. Analysis of the overall survival of patients with GBM indicated there were no significant relationships between the expression of FGF1, FGF17, FGF20, FGF22 and overall survival. Analysis of the overall survival of patients with glioma showed that glioma patients with low FGF1 expression achieved a longer survival time than patients with high FGF1 expression; however, high expression of FGF17 and FGF22 indicated a longer survival time. In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated the panoramic expression of FGF family members in patients with GBM, and indicated that FGF1, FGF17 and FGF22 did not affect the survival of patients with GBM, but had a notable influence on the survival of patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Beichuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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2
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Jiang W, Liu X, Chen Y, Liu M, Yuan J, Nie M, Fan Y, Wu D, Qian Y, Sha Z, Dong S, Wu C, Liu T, Huang J, Zhang J, Gao C, Jiang R. CD4 + CD11b + T cells infiltrate and aggravate the traumatic brain injury depending on brain-to-cervical lymph node signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14673. [PMID: 38468459 PMCID: PMC10928342 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM We aim to identify the specific CD4+ T-cell subtype influenced by brain-to-CLN signaling and explore their role during the acute phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHOD Cervical lymphadenectomy or cervical afferent lymphatic ligation was performed before TBI. Cytokine array and western blot were used to detect cytokines, while the motor function was assessed using mNss and rotarod test. CD4+ T-cell subtypes in blood, brain, and CLNs were analyzed with Cytometry by time-of-flight analysis (CyTOF) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Brain edema and volume changes were measured by 9.4T MRI. Neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS Cervical lymphadenectomy and ligation of cervical lymphatic vessels resulted in a decreased infiltration of CD4+ T cells, specifically CD11b-positive CD4+ T cells, within the affected region. The population of CD4+ CD11b+ T cells increased in ligated CLNs, accompanied by a decrease in the average fluorescence intensity of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) on these cells. Administration of CD4+ CD11b+ T cells sorted from CLNs into the lateral ventricle reversed the attenuated neurologic deficits, brain edema, and lesion volume following cervical lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSION The infiltration of CD4+ CD11b+ T cells exacerbates secondary brain damage in TBI, and this process is modulated by brain-to-CLN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Xuanhui Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Jiangyuan Yuan
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Meng Nie
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Yibing Fan
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin First Central HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Di Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Zhuang Sha
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Shiying Dong
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Chenrui Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
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3
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Park J, Lee SH, Shin D, Kim Y, Kim YS, Seong MY, Lee JJ, Seo HG, Cho WS, Ro YS, Kim Y, Oh BM. Multiplexed Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Proteomic Alterations in Two Rodent Traumatic Brain Injury Models. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:249-263. [PMID: 38064581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In many cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI), conspicuous abnormalities, such as scalp wounds and intracranial hemorrhages, abate over time. However, many unnoticeable symptoms, including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dysfunction, often last from several weeks to years after trauma, even for mild injuries. Moreover, the cause of such persistence of symptoms has not been examined extensively. Recent studies have implicated the dysregulation of the molecular system in the injured brain, necessitating an in-depth analysis of the proteome and signaling pathways that mediate the consequences of TBI. Thus, in this study, the brain proteomes of two TBI models were examined by quantitative proteomics during the recovery period to determine the molecular mechanisms of TBI. Our results show that the proteomes in both TBI models undergo distinct changes. A bioinformatics analysis demonstrated robust activation and inhibition of signaling pathways and core proteins that mediate biological processes after brain injury. These findings can help determine the molecular mechanisms that underlie the persistent effects of TBI and identify novel targets for drug interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Proteomics Research Team, CHA Future Medicine Research Institute, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hak Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoon Shin
- Proteomics Research Team, CHA Future Medicine Research Institute, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongshin Kim
- Department of Life Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sik Kim
- Proteomics Research Team, CHA Future Medicine Research Institute, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yong Seong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Joo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gil Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sang Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Ro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Proteomics Research Team, CHA Future Medicine Research Institute, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Aging, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 71 Ihwajang-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, 260 Jungang-ro, Yangpyeong-gun 12564, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Lv C, Han S, Sha Z, Liu M, Dong S, Zhang C, Li Z, Zhang K, Lu S, Xu Z, Bie L, Jiang R. Cerebral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation alleviates traumatic brain injury by glymphatic system regulation in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3876-3888. [PMID: 37353947 PMCID: PMC10651945 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to assess the effects of cerebral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation on the glymphatic system and whether this effect was therapeutic for traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Immunofluorescence was employed to evaluate glymphatic system function. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, microvascular basement membrane, and tight junction expression were assessed using Evans blue extravasation, immunofluorescence, and western blot. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess axonal damage. Neuronal apoptosis was evaluated using Nissl staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and western blot. Cognitive function was assessed using behavioral tests. RESULTS Cerebral GLP-1R activation restored glymphatic transport following TBI, alleviating BBB disruption and neuronal apoptosis, thereby improving cognitive function following TBI. Glymphatic function suppression by treatment using aquaporin 4 inhibitor TGN-020 abolished the protective effect of the GLP-1R agonist against cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Cerebral GLP-1R activation can effectively ameliorate neuropathological changes and cognitive impairment following TBI; the underlying mechanism could involve the repair of the glymphatic system damaged by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiang Lv
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shuai Han
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhuang Sha
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Shiying Dong
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zean Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shouyong Lu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Li Bie
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post‐Neuroinjury Neuro‐repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous SystemTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of EducationTianjinChina
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Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Marques D, Figueira I, Cankar K, Bosch D, Brito MA, Dos Santos CN. Costunolide and parthenolide: Novel blood-brain barrier permeable sesquiterpene lactones to improve barrier tightness. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115413. [PMID: 37683593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones - such as those found in chicory - are considered promising bioactive compounds. These small molecules have shown several health benefits for various diseases, including brain disorders. However, it is unknown whether these compounds can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and which could be the effects on brain microvascular endothelial cells. We show that six sesquiterpene lactones evaluated in an in vitro model of the BBB have different capacities to be transported through the barrier. Costunolide presented more than 20 % of transport while lactucin, 11β-13-dihydrolactucin, 11β-13-dihydrolactucopicrin, and parthenolide presented between 10 % and 20 %, whilst almost no transport was detected for lactucopicrin. Furthermore, costunolide and parthenolide reduced P-gp ABC transporter expression alongside an increase in caveolin-1, the main protein of caveolae. Remarkably, these two compounds improved barrier tightness by increasing the expression of both tight and adherens junctions. These findings open a new avenue to explore costunolide and parthenolide as promising compounds for brain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Ávila-Gálvez
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, BU Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bosch
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, BU Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes Dos Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Li X, Pu X, Wang X, Wang J, Liao X, Huang Z, Yin G. A dual-targeting peptide for glioblastoma screened by phage display peptide library biopanning combined with affinity-adaptability analysis. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123306. [PMID: 37572856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The obstruction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the poor specific targeting are still the major obstacles and challenges of targeted nano-pharmaceutical therapy for glioblastoma (GBM) up to now. It is critical to find appropriate targeting ligands that can effectively mediate the nano-pharmaceuticals to penetrate brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) and then specifically bind to glioblastoma cells (GCs). Herein, a dual-targeting ligand for GBM was screened by the combination of phage display peptide library biopanning and affinity-adaptability analysis. Based on the acquisition of sub-library of peptide which exhibited the specific affinity to both BCECs and GCs, a comparison parameter of relative affinity was deliberately introduced to evaluate the relative affinity of candidate peptides to U251-MG cells and bEnd.3 cells. The optimized WTW peptide (sequenced as WTWEYTK) was provided with a high relative affinity (RU/B = 2.44), implying that its high affinity to U251-MG cells and moderate affinity to bEnd.3 cells might synergistically promote its receptor-mediated internalization and transport, the dissociation from bEnd.3, and the binding to U251-MG. The results of BBB model trials in vitro showed that the BBB penetration efficiency and GBM accumulation of WTW peptide were significantly higher than those of WSL peptide, GNH peptide, and REF peptide. Results of orthotopic GBM xenograft model assays in vivo also indicated that WTW peptide had successfully penetrated the BBB and improved accumulation in GBM. The screened WTW peptide might be the potential dual-targeting ligand to motivate the advancement of GBM targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Ximing Pu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Xingming Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Liao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Zhongbin Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Guangfu Yin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
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7
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Kadir RRA, Alwjwaj M, Rakkar K, Othman OA, Sprigg N, Bath PM, Bayraktutan U. Outgrowth Endothelial Cell Conditioned Medium Negates TNF-α-Evoked Cerebral Barrier Damage: A Reverse Translational Research to Explore Mechanisms. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:503-515. [PMID: 36056287 PMCID: PMC9902316 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Improved understanding of the key mechanisms underlying cerebral ischemic injury is essential for the discovery of efficacious novel therapeutics for stroke. Through detailed analysis of plasma samples obtained from a large number of healthy volunteers (n = 90) and ischemic stroke patients (n = 81), the current study found significant elevations in the levels of TNF-α at baseline (within the first 48 h of stroke) and on days 7, 30, 90 after ischaemic stroke. It then assessed the impact of this inflammatory cytokine on an in vitro model of human blood-brain barrier (BBB) and revealed dramatic impairments in both barrier integrity and function, the main cause of early death after an ischemic stroke. Co-treatment of BBB models in similar experiments with outgrowth endothelial cell-derived conditioned media (OEC-CM) negated the deleterious effects of TNF-α on BBB. Effective suppression of anti-angiogenic factor endostatin, stress fiber formation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis along with concomitant improvements in extracellular matrix adhesive and tubulogenic properties of brain microvascular endothelial cells and OECs played an important role in OEC-CM-mediated benefits. Significant increases in pro-angiogenic endothelin-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in OEC-CM compared to the secretomes of OEC and HBMEC, detected by proteome profiling assay, accentuate the beneficial effects of OEC-CM. In conclusion, this reverse translational study identifies TNF-α as an important mediator of post-ischemic cerebral barrier damage and proposes OEC-CM as a potential vasculoprotective therapeutic strategy by demonstrating its ability to regulate a wide range of mechanisms associated with BBB function. Clinical trial registration NCT02980354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rais Reskiawan A Kadir
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Mansour Alwjwaj
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Kamini Rakkar
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Othman Ahmad Othman
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Philip M Bath
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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8
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Parthasarathy G, Pattison MB, Midkiff CC. The FGF/FGFR system in the microglial neuroinflammation with Borrelia burgdorferi: likely intersectionality with other neurological conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:10. [PMID: 36650549 PMCID: PMC9847051 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme neuroborreliosis, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS). The CNS manifestations, especially at later stages, can mimic/cause many other neurological conditions including psychiatric disorders, dementia, and others, with a likely neuroinflammatory basis. The pathogenic mechanisms associated with Lyme neuroborreliosis, however, are not fully understood. METHODS In this study, using cultures of primary rhesus microglia, we explored the roles of several fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in neuroinflammation associated with live B. burgdorferi exposure. FGFR specific siRNA and inhibitors, custom antibody arrays, ELISAs, immunofluorescence and microscopy were used to comprehensively analyze the roles of these molecules in microglial neuroinflammation due to B. burgdorferi. RESULTS FGFR1-3 expressions were upregulated in microglia in response to B. burgdorferi. Inhibition of FGFR 1, 2 and 3 signaling using siRNA and three different inhibitors showed that FGFR signaling is proinflammatory in response to the Lyme disease bacterium. FGFR1 activation also contributed to non-viable B. burgdorferi mediated neuroinflammation. Analysis of the B. burgdorferi conditioned microglial medium by a custom antibody array showed that several FGFs are induced by the live bacterium including FGF6, FGF10 and FGF12, which in turn induce IL-6 and/or CXCL8, indicating a proinflammatory nature. To our knowledge, this is also the first-ever described role for FGF6 and FGF12 in CNS neuroinflammation. FGF23 upregulation, in addition, was observed in response to the Lyme disease bacterium. B. burgdorferi exposure also downregulated many FGFs including FGF 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 20 and 21. Some of the upregulated FGFs have been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) or dementia development, while the downregulated ones have been demonstrated to have protective roles in epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, blood-brain barrier stability, and others. CONCLUSIONS In this study we show that FGFRs and FGFs are novel inducers of inflammatory mediators in Lyme neuroborreliosis. It is likely that an unresolved, long-term (neuro)-Lyme infection can contribute to the development of other neurologic conditions in susceptible individuals either by augmenting pathogenic FGFs or by suppressing ameliorative FGFs or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Room 109, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
| | - Melissa B Pattison
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
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9
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Huang W, Qiu W, Chen K, Ye S, Wang D, Hu J, Xu H, Lin L, Li X. Research progress of fibroblast growth factor in nervous system diseases. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:738-749. [PMID: 36915973 PMCID: PMC10262007 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a group of structurally related polypeptides which constitute an elaborate signaling system with their receptors. Evidence accumulated in the years suggests that the FGF family plays a key role in the repair of central nervous system injury. The main protective mechanisms include activating the expression of PI3K-Akt, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) and other signals; inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis; regulating neuronal differentiation and neuronal excitability as well as participating in protection of neurovascular units and nerve function repair. This paper comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress in FGF signaling related to diseases of the central nervous system such as cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and depression, aiming to provide scientific basis and reference for the development of innovative FGF drugs for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huang
- 1. Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wanhua Qiu
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kun Chen
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Hu
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- 1. Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Lin
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
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10
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Hu J, Wang X, Chen X, Fang Y, Chen K, Peng W, Wang Z, Guo K, Tan X, Liang F, Lin L, Xiong Y. Hydroxychloroquine attenuates neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:71. [PMID: 35346242 PMCID: PMC8961949 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After traumatic brain injury (TBI), an acute, robust inflammatory cascade occurs that is characterized by the activation of resident cells such as microglia, the migration and recruitment of peripheral immune cells and the release of inflammatory mediators that induce secondary cell death and impede neurological recovery. In addition, neuroinflammation can alter blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Controlling inflammatory responses is considered a promising therapeutic approach for TBI. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has already been used clinically for decades, and it is still widely used to treat various autoimmune diseases. However, the effects of HCQ on inflammation and the potential mechanism after TBI remain to be defined. The aim of the current study was to elucidate whether HCQ could improve the neurological recovery of mice post-TBI by inhibiting the inflammatory response via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Methods C57BL/6 mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) and randomly divided into groups that received intraperitoneal HCQ or vehicle daily after TBI. TAK-242 (3.0 mg/kg), an exogenous TLR4 antagonist, was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before TBI. Behavioral assessments were performed on days 1 and 3 post-TBI, and the gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The presence of infiltrated immune cells was examined by flow cytometry and immunostaining. In addition, BBB permeability, tight junction expression and brain edema were investigated. Results HCQ administration significantly ameliorated TBI-induced neurological deficits. HCQ alleviated neuroinflammation, the activation and accumulation of microglia and immune cell infiltration in the brain, attenuated BBB disruption and brain edema, and upregulated tight junction expression. Combined administration of HCQ and TAK-242 did not enhance the neuroprotective effects of HCQ. Conclusions HCQ reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, and the underlying mechanism may involve suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that HCQ is a potential therapeutic agent for TBI treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02430-0.
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11
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Jha RM, Raikwar SP, Mihaljevic S, Casabella AM, Catapano JS, Rani A, Desai S, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Emerging therapeutic targets for cerebral edema. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:917-938. [PMID: 34844502 PMCID: PMC9196113 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral edema is a key contributor to death and disability in several forms of brain injury. Current treatment options are limited, reactive, and associated with significant morbidity. Targeted therapies are emerging based on a growing understanding of the molecular underpinnings of cerebral edema. AREAS COVERED We review the pathophysiology and relationships between different cerebral edema subtypes to provide a foundation for emerging therapies. Mechanisms for promising molecular targets are discussed, with an emphasis on those advancing in clinical trials, including ion and water channels (AQP4, SUR1-TRPM4) and other proteins/lipids involved in edema signaling pathways (AVP, COX2, VEGF, and S1P). Research on novel treatment modalities for cerebral edema [including recombinant proteins and gene therapies] is presented and finally, insights on reducing secondary injury and improving clinical outcome are offered. EXPERT OPINION Targeted molecular strategies to minimize or prevent cerebral edema are promising. Inhibition of SUR1-TRPM4 (glyburide/glibenclamide) and VEGF (bevacizumab) are currently closest to translation based on advances in clinical trials. However, the latter, tested in glioblastoma multiforme, has not demonstrated survival benefit. Research on recombinant proteins and gene therapies for cerebral edema is in its infancy, but early results are encouraging. These newer modalities may facilitate our understanding of the pathobiology underlying cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra Mihaljevic
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Joshua S. Catapano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anupama Rani
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shashvat Desai
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
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12
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Cheng C, Wang X, Jiang Y, Li Y, Liao Z, Li W, Yu Z, Whalen MJ, Lok J, Dumont AS, Liu N, Wang X. Recombinant Annexin A2 Administration Improves Neurological Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708469. [PMID: 34400908 PMCID: PMC8363504 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular failure is one of the key pathogenic factors in the dynamic pathological evolution after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our laboratory and others previously reported that Annexin A2 functions in blood-brain barrier (BBB) development and cerebral angiogenesis, and recombinant human Annexin A2 (rA2) protected against hypoxia plus IL-1β-induced cerebral trans-endothelial permeability in vitro, and cerebral angiogenesis impairment of AXNA2 knock-out mice in vivo. We thereby hypothesized that ANXA2 might be a cerebrovascular therapy candidate that targets early BBB integrity disruption, and subacute/delayed cerebrovascular remodeling after TBI, ultimately improve neurological outcomes. In a controlled cortex impact (CCI) mice model, we found rA2 treatment (1 mg/kg) significantly reduced early BBB disruption at 24 h after TBI; and rA2 daily treatment for 7 days augmented TBI-induced mRNA levels of pro-angiogenic and endothelial-derived trophic factors in cerebral microvessels. In cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), through MAPKs array, we identified that rA2 significantly activated Akt, ERK, and CREB, and the activated CREB might be responsible for the rA2-induced VEGF and BDNF expression. Moreover, rA2 administration significantly increased cerebral angiogenesis examined at 14 days and vessel density at 28 days after TBI in mice. Consistently, our results validated that rA2 significantly induced angiogenesis in vitro, evidenced by tube formation and scratched migration assays in HBMEC. Lastly, we demonstrated that rA2 improved long-term sensorimotor and cognitive function, and reduced brain tissue loss at 28 days after TBI. Our findings suggest that rA2 might be a novel vascular targeting approach for treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoshu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yadan Li
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Zhengbu Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ning Liu
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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13
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Dordoe C, Chen K, Huang W, Chen J, Hu J, Wang X, Lin L. Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671131. [PMID: 33967812 PMCID: PMC8102031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its treatment remains a challenge. Complex pathological processes are involved in stroke, which causes a reduction in the supply of oxygen and energy to the brain that triggers subsequent cascade events, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis, resulting in brain injury. Stroke is a devastating disease for which there are few treatments, but physical rehabilitation can help improve stroke recovery. Although there are very few treatments for stroke patients, the discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in mammals has led to the finding that FGFs can effectively treat stroke in animal models. As presented in this review, FGFs play essential roles by functioning as homeostatic factors and controlling cells and hormones involved in metabolism. They could be used as effective therapeutic agents for stroke. In this review, we will discuss the pharmacological actions of FGFs on multiple targets, including their ability to directly promote neuron survival, enhance angiogenesis, protect against blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and regulate microglial modulation, in the treatment of ischemic stroke and their theoretical mechanisms and actions, as well as the therapeutic potential and limitations of FGFs for the clinical treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Confidence Dordoe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children' Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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