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Saleh SR, Abd-Elmegied A, Aly Madhy S, Khattab SN, Sheta E, Elnozahy FY, Mehanna RA, Ghareeb DA, Abd-Elmonem NM. Brain-targeted Tet-1 peptide-PLGA nanoparticles for berberine delivery against STZ-induced Alzheimer's disease in a rat model: Alleviation of hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, Tau pathology, and amyloidogenesis. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124218. [PMID: 38734273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that causes severe dementia and memory loss. Surface functionalized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles have been reported for better transport through the blood-brain barrier for AD therapy. This study investigated the improved therapeutic potential of berberine-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/Tet-1 peptide nanoparticles (BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs) in a rat model of sporadic AD. BBR was loaded into the PLGA-Tet conjugate. BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs were physicochemically and morphologically characterized. AD was achieved by bilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Cognitively impaired rats were divided into STZ, STZ + BBR, STZ + BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs, and STZ + PLGA-Tet NPs groups. Cognitive improvement was assessed using the Morris Water Maze. Brain acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities, amyloid β42 (Aβ42), and brain glycemic markers were estimated. Further, hippocampal neuroplasticity (BDNF, pCREB, and pERK/ERK), Tau pathogenesis (pGSK3β/GSK3β, Cdk5, and pTau), inflammatory, and apoptotic markers were evaluated. Finally, histopathological changes were monitored. ICV-STZ injection produces AD-like pathologies evidenced by Aβ42 deposition, Tau hyperphosphorylation, impaired insulin signaling and neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation. BBR and BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs attenuated STZ-induced hippocampal damage, enhanced cognitive performance, and reduced Aβ42, Tau phosphorylation, and proinflammatory responses. BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs restored neuroplasticity, cholinergic, and monoaminergic function, which are critical for cognition and brain function. BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs may have superior therapeutic potential in alleviating sporadic AD than free BBR due to their bioavailability, absorption, and brain uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar R Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Aml Abd-Elmegied
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Somaya Aly Madhy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sherine N Khattab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Eman Sheta
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Y Elnozahy
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nihad M Abd-Elmonem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Frago LM, Burgos-Ramos E, Rodríguez-Pérez M, Canelles S, Arilla-Ferreiro E, Argente J, López MG, Barrios V. Reduction in Hippocampal Amyloid-β Peptide (Aβ) Content during Glycine-Proline-Glutamate (Gly-Pro-Glu) Co-Administration Is Associated with Changes in Inflammation and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5716. [PMID: 38891902 PMCID: PMC11172028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition in the brain of senile plaques composed of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) that increase inflammation. An endogenous peptide derived from the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, glycine-proline-glutamate (GPE), has IGF-I-sensitizing and neuroprotective actions. Here, we examined the effects of GPE on Aβ levels and hippocampal inflammation generated by the intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ25-35 for 2 weeks (300 pmol/day) in ovariectomized rats and the signaling-related pathways and levels of Aβ-degrading enzymes associated with these GPE-related effects. GPE prevented the Aβ-induced increase in the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and the reduction in activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, insulin receptor substrate-1, and Akt, as well as on interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-13 levels in the hippocampus. The functionality of somatostatin, measured as the percentage of inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity and the levels of insulin-degrading enzyme, was also preserved by GPE co-treatment. These findings indicate that GPE co-administration may protect from Aβ insult by changing hippocampal cytokine content and somatostatin functionality through regulation of leptin- and IGF-I-signaling pathways that could influence the reduction in Aβ levels through modulation of levels and/or activity of Aβ proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Frago
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute “La Princesa”, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Burgos-Ramos
- Biochemistry Area, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - María Rodríguez-Pérez
- Biochemistry Area, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (M.R.-P.)
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute “La Princesa”, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Arilla-Ferreiro
- Department of Biological Systems, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcala de Henares, Spain;
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute “La Princesa”, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA, Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G. López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Research Institute “La Princesa”, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute “La Princesa”, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
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Chamberland É, Moravveji S, Doyon N, Duchesne S. A computational model of Alzheimer's disease at the nano, micro, and macroscales. Front Neuroinform 2024; 18:1348113. [PMID: 38586183 PMCID: PMC10995318 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2024.1348113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mathematical models play a crucial role in investigating complex biological systems, enabling a comprehensive understanding of interactions among various components and facilitating in silico testing of intervention strategies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by multifactorial causes and intricate interactions among biological entities, necessitating a personalized approach due to the lack of effective treatments. Therefore, mathematical models offer promise as indispensable tools in combating AD. However, existing models in this emerging field often suffer from limitations such as inadequate validation or a narrow focus on single proteins or pathways. Methods In this paper, we present a multiscale mathematical model that describes the progression of AD through a system of 19 ordinary differential equations. The equations describe the evolution of proteins (nanoscale), cell populations (microscale), and organ-level structures (macroscale) over a 50-year lifespan, as they relate to amyloid and tau accumulation, inflammation, and neuronal death. Results Distinguishing our model is a robust foundation in biological principles, ensuring improved justification for the included equations, and rigorous parameter justification derived from published experimental literature. Conclusion This model represents an essential initial step toward constructing a predictive framework, which holds significant potential for identifying effective therapeutic targets in the fight against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éléonore Chamberland
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Seyedadel Moravveji
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Doyon
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Duchesne
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Radiologie et Médecine Nucléaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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Tian Y, Jing G, Zhang M. Insulin-degrading enzyme: Roles and pathways in ameliorating cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:101999. [PMID: 37414154 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β in the central nervous system is a common feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes-related cognitive impairment. Since the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) can break down amyloid-β plaques, there is considerable interest in using this enzyme to treat both neurological disorders. In this review, we have summarized the pre-clinical and clinical research on the potential application of IDE for the improvement of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we have presented an overview of the main pathways that can be targeted to mitigate the progression of AD and the cognitive impairment caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guangchan Jing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengren Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Mu ZH, Zhao ZM, Yang SS, Zhou L, Liu YD, Qian ZY, Liu XJ, Zhao PC, Tang RB, Li JY, Zeng JY, Yang ZH, Ruan YH, Zhang Y, Zeng YQ, Zou YY. Gastrodin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in diabetes by inhibiting PAK2 phosphorylation. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:8298-8314. [PMID: 37610708 PMCID: PMC10497015 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with higher prevalence of cognitive dysfunction, while the underlying mechanism is still elusive. In this study, we aim to explore the potential mechanism of diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction and assess the therapeutic effects of Gastrodin on cognitive dysfunction. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin. The Morris Water Maze Test was employed to assess the functions of spatial learning and memory. Transcriptome was used to identify the potential factors involved. Western blot and immunofluorescence were applied to detect the protein expression. Our results have shown that spatial learning was impaired in diabetic rats, coupled with damaged hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gastrodin intervention ameliorated the spatial learning impairments and neuronal damages. Transcriptomics analysis identified differential expression genes critical for diabetes-induced hippocampal damage and Gastrodin treatment, which were further confirmed by qPCR and western blot. Moreover, p21 activated kinase 2 (PAK2) was found to be important for diabetes-induced hippocampal injury and its inhibitor could promote the survival of primary hippocampal neurons. It suggested that PAK2 pathway may be involved in cognitive dysfunction in diabetes and could be a therapeutic target for Gastrodin intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Mu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baoshan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoshan, China
| | - Su-Su Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- College of Clinical Oncology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Dan Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Kunming Pharmaceutical Corporation, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Qian
- Department of Morphological Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Jie Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Second Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng-Chao Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ren-Bo Tang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Second Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jia-Yin Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Second Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-Yao Zeng
- The First Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Hua Ruan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Nursing, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Qin Zeng
- Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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6
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Rhea EM, Leclerc M, Yassine HN, Capuano AW, Tong H, Petyuk VA, Macauley SL, Fioramonti X, Carmichael O, Calon F, Arvanitakis Z. State of the Science on Brain Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Decline Due to Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0814. [PMID: 37611907 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is common and increasing in prevalence worldwide, with devastating public health consequences. While peripheral insulin resistance is a key feature of most forms of T2DM and has been investigated for over a century, research on brain insulin resistance (BIR) has more recently been developed, including in the context of T2DM and non-diabetes states. Recent data support the presence of BIR in the aging brain, even in non-diabetes states, and found that BIR may be a feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to cognitive impairment. Further, therapies used to treat T2DM are now being investigated in the context of AD treatment and prevention, including insulin. In this review, we offer a definition of BIR, and present evidence for BIR in AD; we discuss the expression, function, and activation of the insulin receptor (INSR) in the brain; how BIR could develop; tools to study BIR; how BIR correlates with current AD hallmarks; and regional/cellular involvement of BIR. We close with a discussion on resilience to both BIR and AD, how current tools can be improved to better understand BIR, and future avenues for research. Overall, this review and position paper highlights BIR as a plausible therapeutic target for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ana W Capuano
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Han Tong
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Shannon L Macauley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain, Bordeaux, France and Quebec, Canada
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Frederic Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain, Bordeaux, France and Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Gao Y, Tian T. mTOR Signaling Pathway and Gut Microbiota in Various Disorders: Mechanisms and Potential Drugs in Pharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11811. [PMID: 37511569 PMCID: PMC10380532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates multiple intracellular and extracellular upstream signals involved in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes in cells and plays a key regulatory role in cell growth and metabolism. The activation of the mTOR signaling pathway has been reported to be associated with a wide range of human diseases. A growing number of in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that gut microbes and their complex metabolites can regulate host metabolic and immune responses through the mTOR pathway and result in disorders of host physiological functions. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of gut microbes and mTOR in different diseases and discuss the crosstalk between gut microbes and their metabolites and mTOR in disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, heart, and other organs. We also discuss the promising application of multiple potential drugs that can adjust the gut microbiota and mTOR signaling pathways. Despite the limited findings between gut microbes and mTOR, elucidating their relationship may provide new clues for the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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8
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Li J, Zhang F, Zhao L, Dong C. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and related therapeutics in Alzheimer's disease: prospects for multitherapy and inflammation control. Rev Neurosci 2023:revneuro-2023-0006. [PMID: 37076953 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly and causes neurodegeneration, leading to memory loss, behavioral disorder, and psychiatric impairment. One potential mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of AD may be the imbalance in gut microbiota, local and systemic inflammation, and dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). Most of the AD drugs approved for clinical use today are symptomatic treatments that do not improve AD pathologic changes. As a result, researchers are exploring novel therapeutic modalities. Treatments involving the MGBA include antibiotics, probiotics, transplantation of fecal microbiota, botanical products, and others. However, single-treatment modalities are not as effective as expected, and a combination therapy is gaining momentum. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in MGBA-related pathological mechanisms and treatment modalities in AD and to propose a new concept of combination therapy. "MGBA-based multitherapy" is an emerging view of treatment in which classic symptomatic treatments and MGBA-based therapeutic modalities are used in combination. Donepezil and memantine are two commonly used drugs in AD treatment. On the basis of the single/combined use of these two drugs, two/more additional drugs and treatment modalities that target the MGBA are chosen based on the characteristics of the patient's condition as an adjuvant treatment, as well as the maintenance of good lifestyle habits. "MGBA-based multitherapy" offers new insights for the treatment of cognitive impairment in AD patients and is expected to show good therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Chunbo Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
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Naringin Protects against Tau Hyperphosphorylation in A β 25-35-Injured PC12 Cells through Modulation of ER, PI3K/AKT, and GSK-3 β Signaling Pathways. Behav Neurol 2023; 2023:1857330. [PMID: 36844418 PMCID: PMC9946756 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1857330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and a significant social and economic burden. Estrogens can exert neuroprotective effects and may contribute to the prevention, attenuation, or even delay in the onset of AD; however, long-term estrogen therapy is associated with harmful side effects. Thus, estrogen alternatives are of interest for countering AD. Naringin, a phytoestrogen, is a key active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine Drynaria. Naringin is known to protect against nerve injury induced by amyloid beta-protein (Aβ) 25-35, but the underlying mechanisms of this protection are unclear. To investigate the mechanisms of naringin neuroprotection, we observed the protective effect on Aβ 25-35-injured C57BL/6J mice's learning and memory ability and hippocampal neurons. Then, an Aβ 25-35 injury model was established with adrenal phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells. We examined the effect of naringin treatment on Aβ 25-35-injured PC12 cells and its relationship with estrogen receptor (ER), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β signaling pathways. Estradiol (E2) was used as a positive control for neuroprotection. Naringin treatment resulted in improved learning and memory ability, the morphology of hippocampal neurons, increased cell viability, and reduced apoptosis. We next examined the expression of ERβ, p-AKT (Ser473, Thr308), AKT, p-GSK-3β (Ser9), GSK-3β, p-Tau (Thr231, Ser396), and Tau in PC12 cells treated with Aβ 25-35 and either naringin or E2, with and without inhibitors of the ER, PI3K/AKT, and GSK-3β pathways. Our results demonstrated that naringin inhibits Aβ 25-35-induced Tau hyperphosphorylation by modulating the ER, PI3K/AKT, and GSK-3β signaling pathways. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of naringin were comparable to those of E2 in all treatment groups. Thus, our results have furthered our understanding of naringin's neuroprotective mechanisms and indicate that naringin may comprise a viable alternative to estrogen therapy.
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10
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Grünblatt E, Homolak J, Babic Perhoc A, Davor V, Knezovic A, Osmanovic Barilar J, Riederer P, Walitza S, Tackenberg C, Salkovic-Petrisic M. From attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to sporadic Alzheimer's disease-Wnt/mTOR pathways hypothesis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1104985. [PMID: 36875654 PMCID: PMC9978448 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with the majority of patients classified as sporadic AD (sAD), in which etiopathogenesis remains unresolved. Though sAD is argued to be a polygenic disorder, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, was found three decades ago to pose the strongest genetic risk for sAD. Currently, the only clinically approved disease-modifying drugs for AD are aducanumab (Aduhelm) and lecanemab (Leqembi). All other AD treatment options are purely symptomatic with modest benefits. Similarly, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is one of the most common neurodevelopmental mental disorders in children and adolescents, acknowledged to persist in adulthood in over 60% of the patients. Moreover, for ADHD whose etiopathogenesis is not completely understood, a large proportion of patients respond well to treatment (first-line psychostimulants, e.g., methylphenidate/MPH), however, no disease-modifying therapy exists. Interestingly, cognitive impairments, executive, and memory deficits seem to be common in ADHD, but also in early stages of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia, including sAD. Therefore, one of many hypotheses is that ADHD and sAD might have similar origins or that they intercalate with one another, as shown recently that ADHD may be considered a risk factor for sAD. Intriguingly, several overlaps have been shown between the two disorders, e.g., inflammatory activation, oxidative stress, glucose and insulin pathways, wingless-INT/mammalian target of rapamycin (Wnt/mTOR) signaling, and altered lipid metabolism. Indeed, Wnt/mTOR activities were found to be modified by MPH in several ADHD studies. Wnt/mTOR was also found to play a role in sAD and in animal models of the disorder. Moreover, MPH treatment in the MCI phase was shown to be successful for apathy including some improvement in cognition, according to a recent meta-analysis. In several AD animal models, ADHD-like behavioral phenotypes have been observed indicating a possible interconnection between ADHD and AD. In this concept paper, we will discuss the various evidence in human and animal models supporting the hypothesis in which ADHD might increase the risk for sAD, with common involvement of the Wnt/mTOR-pathway leading to lifespan alteration at the neuronal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Virag Davor
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Asai T, Yoshikawa S, Ikeda Y, Taniguchi K, Sawamura H, Tsuji A, Matsuda S. Encouraging Tactics with Genetically Modified Probiotics to Improve Immunity for the Prevention of Immune-Related Diseases including Cardio-Metabolic Disorders. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010010. [PMID: 36671395 PMCID: PMC9855998 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus, as well as metabolic syndromes, which could also be risk factors for cardio-metabolic disorders. Consistently, it has been shown that beneficial effects may be convoyed by the modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway against the development of these diseases. Importantly, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway can be modulated by probiotics. Probiotics have a variety of beneficial properties, with the potential of treating specific diseases such as immune-related diseases, which are valuable to human health. In addition, an increasing body of work in the literature emphasized the contribution of genetically modified probiotics. There now seems to be a turning point in the research of probiotics. A better understanding of the interactions between microbiota, lifestyle, and host factors such as genetics and/or epigenetics might lead to a novel therapeutic approach with probiotics for these diseases. This study might provide a theoretical reference for the development of genetically modified probiotics in health products and/or in functional foods for the treatment of cardio-metabolic disorders.
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12
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Wei YD, Chen XX, Yang LJ, Gao XR, Xia QR, Qi CC, Ge JF. Resveratrol ameliorates learning and memory impairments induced by bilateral hippocampal injection of streptozotocin in mice. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105385. [PMID: 35843421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenol with diverse beneficial pharmacological activities, and our previous results have demonstrated its neuroprotective potential. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of RES in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like behavioral dysfunction induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and explore it's potential mechanism of action. STZ was microinjected bilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus of C57BL/6J mice at a dose of 3 mg/kg, and RES was administered intragastrically at a dose of 25 mg/kg for 5 weeks. Neurobehavioral performance was observed, and serum concentrations of insulin and Nesfatin-1 were measured. Moreover, the protein expression of amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42), Tau, phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) (Ser396), synaptic ras GTPase activation protein (SynGAP), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), synapsin-1, synaptogomin-1, and key molecules of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were assessed. Finally, pathological damage to hippocampal tissue was examined by Nissl and immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that compared with the controls, bilateral hippocampal microinjections of STZ induced task-specific learning and memory impairments, as indicated by the disadvantaged performances in the novel object recognition test (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM), but not the contextual fear conditioning test (CFC). Treatment with RES could improve these behavioral disadvantages. The serum concentrations of insulin and Nesfatin-1 in the model group were remarkably higher than those of the control group. In addition, protein expression of Aβ1-42, Tau, and p-Tau (Ser396) was increased but expression of SynGAP, PSD95, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β were decreased in the hippocampus. Although the protein expression of BDNF and SynGAP was also markedly decreased in the PFC of the model mice, there was no significant difference among groups in the protein expression of PSD95, BDNF, synapsin-1, synaptogomin-1, and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β. RES (25 mg/kg) reversed the enhanced insulin level, the abnormal protein expression of Aβ1-42, Tau, and p-Tau (Ser396) in the hippocampus and PFC, and the hippocampal protein expression of SynGAP, PSD95 and BDNF. In addition, RES reversed the STZ-induced decrease in the number of Nissl bodies and the increase in fluorescence intensity of IBA1 in the hippocampal CA1 region. These findings indicate that RES could ameliorate STZ-induced AD-like neuropathological injuries, the mechanism of which could be partly related to its regulation of BDNF expression and synaptic plasticity-associated proteins in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing-Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Long-Jun Yang
- Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Ran Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Rong Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China; Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cong-Cong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, And Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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13
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Thu Thuy Nguyen V, Endres K. Targeting gut microbiota to alleviate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114418. [PMID: 35787390 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota came into focus within the last years regarding being associated with or even underlying neuropsychiatric diseases. The existence of the gut-brain-axis makes it highly plausible that bacterial metabolites or toxins that escape the intestinal environment or approach the vagal connections towards the brain, exert devastating effects on the central nervous system. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), growing evidence for dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiota is obtained, even though the question for cause or consequence remains open. Nevertheless, using modulation of microbiota to address inflammatory processes seems an attractive therapeutic approach as certain microbial products such as short chain fatty acids have been proven to exert beneficial cognitive effects. In this review, we summarize, contemporary knowledge on neuroinflammation and inflammatory processes within the brain and even more detailed in the gut in AD, try to conclude whom to target regarding human microbial commensals and report on current interventional trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thu Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Abdelhamid M, Zhou C, Jung CG, Michikawa M. Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 Mitigates Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathologies in Wild-Type Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122543. [PMID: 35745273 PMCID: PMC9231139 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics improve brain function, including memory and cognition, via the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (B. breve MCC1274) improves cognitive function in AppNL-G-F mice and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, and mitigates Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathologies. However, its effects on wild-type (WT) mice have not yet been explored. Thus, the effects of B. breve MCC1274 on AD-like pathologies in two-month-old WT mice were investigated, which were orally administered B. breve MCC1274 for four months. Aβ levels, amyloid precursor protein (APP), APP processing enzymes, phosphorylated tau, synaptic protein levels, glial activity, and cell proliferation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus were evaluated. Data analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, and normality was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Oral administration of B. breve MCC1274 in WT mice decreased soluble hippocampal Aβ42 levels by reducing presenilin1 protein levels, and reduced phosphorylated tau levels. It also activated the protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway, which may be responsible for the reduction in presenilin1 levels and inhibition of tau phosphorylation. B. breve MCC1274 supplementation attenuated microglial activation and elevated synaptic protein levels in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that B. breve MCC1274 may mitigate AD-like pathologies in WT mice by decreasing Aβ42 levels, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, attenuating neuroinflammation, and improving synaptic protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cha-Gyun Jung
- Correspondence: (C.-G.J.); (M.M.); Tel.: +81-52-853-8141 (C.-G.J. & M.M.); Fax: +81-52-841-3480 (C.-G.J. & M.M.)
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Correspondence: (C.-G.J.); (M.M.); Tel.: +81-52-853-8141 (C.-G.J. & M.M.); Fax: +81-52-841-3480 (C.-G.J. & M.M.)
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15
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Wiatrak B, Balon K, Jawień P, Bednarz D, Jęśkowiak I, Szeląg A. The Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094862. [PMID: 35563253 PMCID: PMC9104401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the increase in life expectancy in the populations of developed and developing countries resulting from better access and improved health care, the number of patients with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is growing. The disease was first diagnosed and described at the beginning of the 20th century. However, to this day, there is no effective causal therapy, and symptomatic treatment often improves patients’ quality of life only for a short time. The current pharmacological therapies are based mainly on the oldest hypotheses of the disease—cholinergic (drugs affecting the cholinergic system are available), the hypothesis of amyloid-β aggregation (an anti-amyloid drug was conditionally approved by the FDA in 2020), and one drug is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist (memantine). Hypotheses about AD pathogenesis focus on the nervous system and the brain. As research progresses, it has become known that AD can be caused by diseases that have been experienced over the course of a lifetime, which could also affect other organs. In this review, we focus on the potential association of AD with the digestive system, primarily the gut microbiota. The role of diet quality in preventing and alleviating Alzheimer’s disease is also discussed. The problem of neuroinflammation, which may be the result of microbiota disorders, is also described. An important aspect of the work is the chapter on the treatment strategies for changing the microbiota, potentially protecting against the disease and alleviating its course in the initial stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.B.); (I.J.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (P.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Balon
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Paulina Jawień
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25/27, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (P.J.)
| | - Dominika Bednarz
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.B.); (I.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Izabela Jęśkowiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.B.); (I.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.B.); (I.J.); (A.S.)
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16
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Wang X, Cheng L, Liu Y, Zhang R, Wu Z, Weng P, Zhang P, Zhang X. Polysaccharide Regulation of Intestinal Flora: A Viable Approach to Maintaining Normal Cognitive Performance and Treating Depression. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:807076. [PMID: 35369451 PMCID: PMC8966502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.807076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract of a healthy body is home to a large variety and number of microorganisms that will affect every aspect of the host’s life. In recent years, polysaccharides have been found to be an important factor affecting intestinal flora. Polysaccharides are widely found in nature and play a key role in the life activities of living organisms. In the intestinal tract of living organisms, polysaccharides have many important functions, such as preventing the imbalance of intestinal flora and maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Moreover, recent studies suggest that gut microbes can influence brain health through the brain-gut axis. Therefore, maintaining brain health through polysaccharide modulation of gut flora deserves further study. In this review, we outline the mechanisms by which polysaccharides maintain normal intestinal flora structure, as well as improving cognitive function in the brain via the brain-gut axis by virtue of the intestinal flora. We also highlight the important role that gut microbes play in the pathogenesis of depression and the potential for treating depression through the use of polysaccharides to modulate the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Lu Cheng,
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zufang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Peifang Weng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Department of Student Affairs, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Peng Zhang,
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Xin Zhang,
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17
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Maccioni RB, Calfío C, González A, Lüttges V. Novel Nutraceutical Compounds in Alzheimer Prevention. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020249. [PMID: 35204750 PMCID: PMC8961630 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) incidence is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. Considering this increase, prevention efforts, stemming from scientific research, health education, and public policies, are critical. Clinical studies evidenced that healthy lifestyles along with natural multitarget and disease-modifying agents have a preventative impact on AD or mitigate symptoms in diagnosed patients. The pathological alterations of AD start 30 years before symptoms, and it is essential to develop the capacity to detect those changes. In this regard, molecular biomarkers that detect early pathological manifestations are helpful. Based on markers data, early preventive interventions could reduce more than 40% of AD cases. Protective actions include exercise, shown to induce neurogenesis, cognitive stimulation, intellectual-social activity, and nutrition among others. Mediterranean diet, preprobiotics, and nutraceuticals containing bioactive molecules with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are relevant. Antiprotein aggregation molecules whose mechanisms were described are important. Anti-inflammatory agents with anti-aggregation properties that help to control cognitive impairment, include quercetin, biocurcumin, rosemarinic acid, and Andean shilajit. Anthocyanidins, e.g., delphinidin, malvidin, and natural flavonoids, are also included. Quercetin and hydroxy-tyrosol are antiaging molecules and could have anti-AD properties. We emphasize the relevance of nutraceuticals as a main actor in the prevention and/or control of dementia and particularly AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Benjamin Maccioni
- International Center for Biomedicine ICC, Vitacura 3568, Santiago 7630000, Chile; (C.C.); (A.G.); (V.L.)
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7630000, Chile
- Correspondence: or
| | - Camila Calfío
- International Center for Biomedicine ICC, Vitacura 3568, Santiago 7630000, Chile; (C.C.); (A.G.); (V.L.)
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7630000, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- International Center for Biomedicine ICC, Vitacura 3568, Santiago 7630000, Chile; (C.C.); (A.G.); (V.L.)
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7630000, Chile
| | - Valentina Lüttges
- International Center for Biomedicine ICC, Vitacura 3568, Santiago 7630000, Chile; (C.C.); (A.G.); (V.L.)
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7630000, Chile
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