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Zhang J, Liu H, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhang S, Yin G, Xie Q. Augmenting regulatory T cells: new therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1312919. [PMID: 38322264 PMCID: PMC10844451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1312919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune condition marked by inflammation of the joints, degradation of the articular cartilage, and bone resorption. Recent studies found the absolute and relative decreases in circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) in RA patients. Tregs are a unique type of cells exhibiting immunosuppressive functions, known for expressing the Foxp3 gene. They are instrumental in maintaining immunological tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Increasing the absolute number and/or enhancing the function of Tregs are effective strategies for treating RA. This article reviews the studies on the mechanisms and targeted therapies related to Tregs in RA, with a view to provide better ideas for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjiang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengxiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Geng Yin
- Department of General Practice, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qibing Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jiao Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Geng Q, Cao X, Zhang M, Zhao L, Deng T, Xu Y, Xiao C. Mechanisms by which kidney-tonifying Chinese herbs inhibit osteoclastogenesis: Emphasis on immune cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1077796. [PMID: 36814488 PMCID: PMC9939464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1077796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in regulating osteoclast formation and function and has significance for the occurrence and development of immune-mediated bone diseases. Kidney-tonifying Chinese herbs, based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to unify the kidney and strengthen the bone, have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. The common botanical drugs are tonifying kidney-yang and nourishing kidney-yin herbs, which are divided into two parts: one is the compound prescription of TCM, and the other is the single preparation of TCM and its active ingredients. These botanical drugs regulate osteoclastogenesis directly and indirectly by immune cells, however, we have limited information on the differences between the two botanical drugs in osteoimmunology. In this review, the mechanism by which kidney-tonifying Chinese herbs inhibiting osteoclastogenesis was investigated, emphasizing the immune response. The differences in the mechanism of action between tonifying kidney-yang herbs and nourishing kidney-yin herbs were analysed, and the therapeutic value for immune-mediated bone diseases was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing, China,Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing, China,Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing, China,Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qishun Geng
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxiao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of TCM Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yuan Xu, ; Cheng Xiao,
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Clinical Medical College, Beijing, China,Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China,Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yuan Xu, ; Cheng Xiao,
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Wang J, Zhang SX, Chang JS, Cheng T, Jiang XJ, Su QY, Zhang JQ, Luo J, Li XF. Low-dose IL-2 improved clinical symptoms by restoring reduced regulatory T cells in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947341. [PMID: 36524114 PMCID: PMC9744779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been found to play crucial roles in immune tolerance. However, the status of Tregs in refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is still unclear. Moreover, low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been reported to selectively promote the expansion of Tregs. This study investigated the status of CD4+ Tregs and low-dose IL-2 therapy in patients with refractory RA. Methods The absolute number of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg (CD4 Treg), CD4+IL17+ T (Th17), and other subsets in peripheral blood (PB) from 41 patients with refractory RA and 40 healthy donors was characterized by flow cytometry combined with an internal microsphere counting standard. Twenty-six patients with refractory RA were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of 0.5 million IU of human IL-2 for five consecutive days. Then, its effects on CD4 Treg and Th17 cells in PB were analyzed. Results A decrease in the absolute number of PB CD4 Tregs rather than the increase in the number of Th17 was found to contribute to an imbalance between Th17 and CD4 Tregs in these patients, suggesting an essential role of CD4 Tregs in sustained high disease activity. Low-dose IL-2 selectively increased the number of CD4 Tregs and rebalanced the ratio of Th17 and CD4 Tregs, leading to increased clinical symptom remission without the observed side effects. Conclusions An absolute decrease of PB CD4 Tregs in patients with refractory RA was associated with continuing disease activation but not the increase of Th17 cells. Low-dose IL-2, a potential therapeutic candidate, restored decreased CD4 Tregs and promoted the rapid remission of patients with refractory RA without overtreatment and the observed side effects. Clinical trial registration http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=13909, identifier ChiCTR-INR-16009546.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jia-Song Chang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China,Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qin-Yi Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Feng Li,
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Dittrich-Salamon M, Meyer A, Yan S, Steinbach-Knödgen E, Kotschenreuther K, Stahl D, tho Pesch C, Schiller J, Byrtus F, Jochimsen D, Golumba-Nagy V, Kofler DM. Regulatory T Cells from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Are Characterized by Reduced Expression of Ikaros Zinc Finger Transcription Factors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142171. [PMID: 35883614 PMCID: PMC9316388 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in immune tolerance and contribute to the prevention of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The differentiation, function and stability of Treg cells is controlled by members of the Ikaros zinc finger transcription factor family. In this study, we aimed to reveal how the expression of Ikaros transcription factors is affected by disease activity in RA. Therefore, we analyzed the ex vivo expression of Ikaros, Helios, Aiolos and Eos in Treg cells, Th17 cells and Th1 cells from RA patients by flow cytometry. We found significantly reduced expression of Helios, Aiolos and Eos in Treg cells from RA patients as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, Helios and Aiolos levels correlated with disease activity, as assessed by DAS28-CRP. In addition, Ikaros, Helios and Aiolos were significantly downregulated in Th1 cells from RA patients, while no difference between healthy individuals and RA was observed in Th17 cells. In summary, Helios and Aiolos expression in Treg cells correlates with disease activity and the expression levels of Ikaros transcription factors are diminished in Treg cells from RA patients. This observation could explain the reduced stability of Treg cells in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Dittrich-Salamon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - Anja Meyer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - Shuaifeng Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - Eva Steinbach-Knödgen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - Konstantin Kotschenreuther
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - David Stahl
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carola tho Pesch
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joanna Schiller
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Franziska Byrtus
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dorothee Jochimsen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktoria Golumba-Nagy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - David M. Kofler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-47842882; Fax: +49-221-4781422322
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Huang W, Li X, Huang C, Tang Y, Zhou Q, Chen W. LncRNAs and Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Identifying Mechanisms to Clinical Investigation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:807738. [PMID: 35087527 PMCID: PMC8786719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.807738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic autoinflammatory disease, and the synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, articular cartilage damage and bone matrix destruction caused by immune system abnormalities are the main features of RA. The use of Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) has achieved great advances in the therapy of RA. Yet there are still patients facing the problem of poor response to drug therapy or drug intolerance. Current therapy methods can only moderate RA progress, but cannot stop or reverse the damage it has caused. Recent studies have reported that there are a variety of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) that have been implicated in mediating many aspects of RA. Understanding the mechanism of LncRNAs in RA is therefore critical for the development of new therapy strategies and prevention strategies. In this review, we systematically elucidate the biological roles and mechanisms of action of LncRNAs and their mechanisms of action in RA. Additionally, we also highlight the potential value of LncRNAs in the clinical diagnosis and therapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Huang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central, Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukuan Tang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central, Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Iwamoto N, Furukawa K, Endo Y, Shimizu T, Sumiyoshi R, Umeda M, Koga T, Kawashiri SY, Igawa T, Ichinose K, Tamai M, Origuchi T, Kawakami A. Methotrexate Alters the Expression of microRNA in Fibroblast-like Synovial Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111561. [PMID: 34768991 PMCID: PMC8584010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effect of methotrexate (MTX) on microRNA modulation in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synovial cells (RA-FLS). RA-FLS were treated with MTX for 48 h. We then performed miRNA array analysis to investigate differentially expressed miRNAs. Transfection with miR-877-3p precursor and inhibitor were used to investigate the functional role of miR-877-3p in RA-FLS. Gene ontology analysis was used to investigate the cellular processes involving miR-877-3p. The production of cytokines/chemokines was screened by multiplex cytokine/chemokine bead assay and confirmed by ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR. The migratory and proliferative activities of RA-FLS were analyzed by wound healing assay and MKI-67 expression. MTX treatment altered the expression of 13 miRNAs (seven were upregulated and six were downregulated). Among them, quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that miR-877-3p was upregulated in response to MTX (1.79 ± 0.46-fold, p < 0.05). The possible target genes of miR-877-3p in RA-FLS revealed by the microarray analysis were correlated with biological processes. The overexpression of miR-877-3p decreased the production of GM-CSF and CCL3, and the overexpression of miR-877-3p inhibited migratory and proliferative activity. MTX altered the miR-877-3p expression on RA-FLS, and this alteration of miR-877-3p attenuated the abundant production of cytokines/chemokines and proliferative property of RA-FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Iwamoto
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7260; Fax: +81-95-849-7270
| | - Kaori Furukawa
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Yushiro Endo
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Toshimasa Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Remi Sumiyoshi
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Masataka Umeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Tomohiro Koga
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan
| | - Shin-ya Kawashiri
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
- Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan
| | - Takashi Igawa
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Kunihiro Ichinose
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Mami Tamai
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Tomoki Origuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.E.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (M.U.); (T.K.); (S.-y.K.); (T.I.); (K.I.); (M.T.); (A.K.)
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