1
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Liang B, Xiao D, Wang SH, Xu X. Novel thiosemicarbazide-based β-carboline derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116595. [PMID: 38875808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for potent α-glucosidase inhibitors to combat diabetes, a series of novel thiosemicarbazide-based β-carboline derivatives (CTL1∼36) were synthesized and evaluated. CTL1∼36 exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase, with IC50 values ranging from 2.81 to 12.40 μM, significantly surpassing the positive control acarbose (IC50 = 564.28 μM). Notably, CTL26 demonstrated the most potent inhibition (IC50 = 2.81 μM) and was characterized as a non-competitive inhibitor. Through a combination assay with fluorescence quenching, 3D fluorescence spectra, CD spectra, and molecular docking, we elucidated that CTL26 formed a complex with α-glucosidase via hydrogen bondings and hydrophobic interactions, leading to α-glucosidase conformation changes that impaired enzymatic activity. In vivo studies revealed that oral administration of CTL26 (25 and 50 mg/kg/d) reduced fasting blood glucose levels, enhanced glucose tolerance, and ameliorated lipid abnormalities in diabetic mice. These findings positioned CTL26 as a promising candidate for the development of α-glucosidase inhibitors with anti-diabetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwen Liang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Di Xiao
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xuetao Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
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2
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Di Timoteo G, Giuliani A, Setti A, Biagi MC, Lisi M, Santini T, Grandioso A, Mariani D, Castagnetti F, Perego E, Zappone S, Lattante S, Sabatelli M, Rotili D, Vicidomini G, Bozzoni I. M 6A reduction relieves FUS-associated ALS granules. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5033. [PMID: 38866783 PMCID: PMC11169559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease due to gradual motoneurons (MN) degeneration. Among the processes associated to ALS pathogenesis, there is the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions produced by aggregation of mutant proteins, among which the RNA binding protein FUS. Here we show that, in neuronal cells and in iPSC-derived MN expressing mutant FUS, such inclusions are significantly reduced in number and dissolve faster when the RNA m6A content is diminished. Interestingly, stress granules formed in ALS conditions showed a distinctive transcriptome with respect to control cells, which reverted to similar to control after m6A downregulation. Notably, cells expressing mutant FUS were characterized by higher m6A levels suggesting a possible link between m6A homeostasis and pathological aggregates. Finally, we show that FUS inclusions are reduced also in patient-derived fibroblasts treated with STM-2457, an inhibitor of METTL3 activity, paving the way for its possible use for counteracting aggregate formation in ALS.
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Grants
- ERC-2019-SyG 855923-ASTRA EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
- ERC-2018-CoG 818669-BrightEyes EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
- AIRC IG 2019 Id. 23053 Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (Italian Association for Cancer Research)
- PRIN 2017 2017P352Z4 Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- NextGenerationEU PNRR MUR Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- "National Center for Gene Therapy and Drugbased on RNA Technology" (CN00000041) Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- "National Center for Gene Therapy and Drug based on RNA Technology" (CN00000041) Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- NextGenerationEU PNRR MUR Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- "Sapienza" Ateneo Project 2021 n. RM12117A61C811CE Sapienza Università di Roma (Sapienza University of Rome)
- Regione Lazio PROGETTI DI GRUPPI DI RICERCA 2020 - A0375-2020-36597 Regione Lazio (Region of Lazio)
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Di Timoteo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Giuliani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Adriano Setti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Martina C Biagi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science@Sapienza, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Michela Lisi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Tiziana Santini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Alessia Grandioso
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Davide Mariani
- Center for Human Technologies@Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16152, Italy
| | - Francesco Castagnetti
- Center for Human Technologies@Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16152, Italy
| | - Eleonora Perego
- Center for Human Technologies@Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16152, Italy
| | - Sabrina Zappone
- Center for Human Technologies@Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16152, Italy
| | - Serena Lattante
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vicidomini
- Center for Human Technologies@Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16152, Italy
| | - Irene Bozzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science@Sapienza, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, 00161, Italy.
- Center for Human Technologies@Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16152, Italy.
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3
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Qiu Y, Tian Z, Miao TY, Shen L, Chen J, Li PF, Zhu ZX, Zhu ZF, Wu WJ, Xu X, Shen WG. The METTL3-m 6A-YTHDC1-AMIGO2 axis contributes to cell proliferation and migration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gene 2024; 908:148281. [PMID: 38360124 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The upregulation of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) has been associated with the progression of esophageal cancer. However, METTL3-induced N6-methyladenosine (m6A) alterations on the downstream target mRNAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are not yet fully understood. Our study revealed that silencing METTL3 resulted in a significant decrease in ESCC cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the adhesion molecule with Ig like domain 2 (AMIGO2) was identified as a potential downstream target of both METTL3 and YTH Domain-Containing Protein 1 (YTHDC1) in ESCC cells. Functionally, AMIGO2 augmented the malignant behaviors of ESCC cells in vitro and in vivo, and its overexpression can rescue the inhibition of the proliferation and migration in ESCC cells induced by METTL3 or YTHDC1 knockdown. Furthermore, our findings revealed that knockdown of METTL3 decreased m6A modification in the 5'-untranslated regions (5'UTR) of AMIGO2 precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), and YTHDC1 interacted with AMIGO2 pre-mRNA to regulate AMIGO2 expression by modulating the splicing process of AMIGO2 pre-mRNA in ESCC cells. These findings highlighted a novel role of the METTL3-m6A-YTHDC1-AMIGO2 axis in regulating ESCC cell proliferation and motility, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Yu Miao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei-Fen Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Fan Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei-Gan Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Dagostino R, Gottlieb A. Tissue-specific atlas of trans-models for gene regulation elucidates complex regulation patterns. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:377. [PMID: 38632500 PMCID: PMC11022497 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering gene regulation is essential for understanding the underlying mechanisms of healthy and disease states. While the regulatory networks formed by transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes has been mostly studied with relation to cis effects such as in TF binding sites, we focused on trans effects of TFs on the expression of their transcribed genes and their potential mechanisms. RESULTS We provide a comprehensive tissue-specific atlas, spanning 49 tissues of TF variations affecting gene expression through computational models considering two potential mechanisms, including combinatorial regulation by the expression of the TFs, and by genetic variants within the TF. We demonstrate that similarity between tissues based on our discovered genes corresponds to other types of tissue similarity. The genes affected by complex TF regulation, and their modelled TFs, were highly enriched for pharmacogenomic functions, while the TFs themselves were also enriched in several cancer and metabolic pathways. Additionally, genes that appear in multiple clusters are enriched for regulation of immune system while tissue clusters include cluster-specific genes that are enriched for biological functions and diseases previously associated with the tissues forming the cluster. Finally, our atlas exposes multilevel regulation across multiple tissues, where TFs regulate other TFs through the two tested mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our tissue-specific atlas provides hierarchical tissue-specific trans genetic regulations that can be further studied for association with human phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dagostino
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Assaf Gottlieb
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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5
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Ye G, Pan G, Zhu X, Li N, Liu H, Geng G, Jiang J. An integrated analysis of the anticarcinogenic role of forkhead box protein 1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18294. [PMID: 38652109 PMCID: PMC11037412 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 1 (FOXP1) serves as a tumour promoter or suppressor depending on different cancers, but its effect in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the role of FOXP1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma through bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification. We determined through public databases that FOXP1 expresses low in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma compared with normal tissues, while high expression of FOXP1 indicates a better prognosis. We identified potential target genes regulated by FOXP1, and explored the potential biological processes and signalling pathways involved in FOXP1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma through GO and KEGG enrichment, gene co-expression analysis, and protein interaction network construction. We also analysed the correlation between FOXP1 and tumour immune infiltration levels. We further validated the inhibitory effect of FOXP1 on the proliferation of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells through CCK-8, colony formation and subcutaneous tumour formation assays. This study revealed the anticarcinogenic effect of FOXP1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which may serve as a novel biological target for the treatment of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhi Ye
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Gaojian Pan
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Hongming Liu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Guojun Geng
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
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6
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Chen Z, Li C, Zhou Y, Li P, Cao G, Qiao Y, Yao Y, Su J. Histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation-specific reprogramming regulates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression and metastasis. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:612-626. [PMID: 38291129 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of histone acetylation is widely implicated in tumorigenesis, yet its specific roles in the progression and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unclear. Here, we profiled the genome-wide landscapes of H3K9ac for paired adjacent normal (Nor), primary ESCC (EC) and metastatic lymph node (LNC) esophageal tissues from three ESCC patients. Compared to H3K27ac, we identified a distinct epigenetic reprogramming specific to H3K9ac in EC and LNC samples relative to Nor samples. This H3K9ac-related reprogramming contributed to the transcriptomic aberration of targeting genes, which were functionally associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. Notably, genes with gained H3K9ac signals in both primary and metastatic lymph node samples (common-gained gene) were significantly enriched in oncogenes. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis further revealed that the corresponding top 15 common-gained genes preferred to be enriched in mesenchymal cells with high metastatic potential. Additionally, in vitro experiment demonstrated that the removal of H3K9ac from the common-gained gene MSI1 significantly downregulated its transcription, resulting in deficiencies in ESCC cell proliferation and migration. Together, our findings revealed the distinct characteristics of H3K9ac in esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis and metastasis, and highlighted the potential therapeutic avenue for intervening ESCC through epigenetic modulation via H3K9ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, 325101, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoquan Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunbo Qiao
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Yinghao Yao
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, 325101, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, 325101, Zhejiang, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Zeng Y, Yu T, Lou Z, Chen L, Pan L, Ruan B. Emerging function of main RNA methylation modifications in the immune microenvironment of digestive system tumors. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155268. [PMID: 38547773 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Digestive system tumors have been reported in more than 25% of all cancer cases worldwide, bringing a huge burden on the healthcare system. RNA methylation modification-an important post-transcriptional modification-has become an active research area in gene regulation. It is a dynamic and reversible process involving several enzymes, such as methyltransferases, demethylases, and methylation reader proteins. This review provides insights into the role of three major methylation modifications, namely m6A, m5C, and m1A, in the development of digestive system tumors, specifically in the development of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of these malignancies. Abnormal methylation modification affects immunosuppression and antitumor immune response by regulating the recruitment of immune cells and the release of immune factors. Understanding the mechanisms by which RNA methylation regulates digestive system tumors will be helpful in exploring new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhuoqi Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liya Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Bing Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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8
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Peng C, Xiong F, Pu X, Hu Z, Yang Y, Qiao X, Jiang Y, Han M, Wang D, Li X. m 6A methylation modification and immune cell infiltration: implications for targeting the catalytic subunit m 6A-METTL complex in gastrointestinal cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1326031. [PMID: 38187373 PMCID: PMC10768557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1326031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification is a ubiquitous RNA modification involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including regulation of RNA stability, metabolism, splicing and translation. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are some of the world's most common and fatal cancers. Emerging evidence has shown that m6A modification is dynamically regulated by a complex network of enzymes and that the catalytic subunit m6A-METTL complex (MAC)-METTL3/14, a core component of m6A methyltransferases, participates in the development and progression of GI cancers. Furthermore, it has been shown that METTL3/14 modulates immune cell infiltration in an m6A-dependent manner in TIME (Tumor immune microenvironment), thereby altering the response of cancer cells to ICIs (Immune checkpoint inhibitors). Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for treating GI cancers. Moreover, targeting the expression of METTL3/14 and its downstream genes may improve patient response to immunotherapy. Therefore, understanding the role of MAC in the pathogenesis of GI cancers and its impact on immune cell infiltration may provide new insights into the development of effective therapeutic strategies for GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fen Xiong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xi Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangmin Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuehan Qiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuchun Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Miao Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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9
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Qiao Z, Li Y, Cheng Y, Li S, Liu S. SHMT2 regulates esophageal cancer cell progression and immune Escape by mediating m6A modification of c-myc. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:203. [PMID: 37932821 PMCID: PMC10629073 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the role of altered cellular metabolism in tumor progression has attracted widespread attention. Related metabolic enzymes have also been considered as potential cancer therapeutic targets. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) has been reported to be upregulated in several cancers and associated with poor prognosis. However, there are few studies of SHMT2 in esophageal cancer (EC), and the related functions and mechanisms also need to be further explored. METHODS In this study, we first analyzed SHMT2 expression in EC by online database and clinical samples. Then, the biological functions of SHMT2 in EC were investigated by cell and animal experiments. The intracellular m6A methylation modification levels were also evaluated by MeRIP. Linked genes and mechanisms of SHMT2 were analyzed by bioinformatics and rescue experiments. RESULTS We found that SHMT2 expression was abnormally upregulated in EC and associated with poor prognosis. Functionally, SHMT2 silencing suppressed c-myc expression in an m6A-dependent manner, thereby blocking the proliferation, migration, invasion and immune escape abilities of EC cells. Mechanistically, SHMT2 encouraged the accumulation of methyl donor SAM through a one-carbon metabolic network, thereby regulating the m6A modification and stability of c-myc mRNA in a METTL3/FTO/ALKBH5/IGF2BP2-dependent way. In vivo animal experiments also demonstrated that SHMT2 mediated MYC expression by m6A-methylation modification, thus boosting EC tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data illustrated that SHMT2 regulated malignant progression and immune escape of EC cell through c-myc m6A modification. These revealed mechanisms related to SHMT2 in EC and maybe offer promise for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157, West 5th Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157, West 5th Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157, West 5th Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157, West 5th Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157, West 5th Road, 710004, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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He C, Teng X, Wang L, Ni M, Zhu L, Liu J, Lv W, Hu J. The implications of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in esophageal carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8691-8703. [PMID: 37598390 PMCID: PMC10520198 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is always diagnosed at advanced stage and its the mortality rate remains high. The patients usually miss the best opportunity for treatment because of non-specific symptoms and the survival rates are low. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) the predominant modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA(mRNA), serves vital roles in numerous bioprocess. This chemical modification is dynamic, reversible and consists of three regulators: m6A methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers) and m6A-binding proteins (readers). Recently, a growing number of evidences have indicated relationships between m6A and EC. Whereas, lacking of cognition about the molecular mechanism of m6A modification in esophageal carcinoma. We will focus on the biological function roles of m6A modification in the tumorigenesis and development of EC. Recent studies showed that immunotherapy had a positive impact on EC. The relationship between m6A and immunotherapy in EC deserves further research and discussion. We will also discuss the potential clinical applications regarding diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of m6A modification for EC and provide perspectives for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Teng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luming Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaoqi Ni
- Echocardiography and Vascular Ultrasound Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linhai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiacong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Evaluation Technology for Medical Device of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Xie S, Jin L, He J, Fu J, Yin T, Ren J, Liu W. Analysis of mRNA m 6A modification and mRNA expression profiles in middle ear cholesteatoma. Front Genet 2023; 14:1188048. [PMID: 37609036 PMCID: PMC10441234 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1188048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Middle ear cholesteatoma is characterized by the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. In recent decades, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been shown to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of many proliferative diseases. However, neither the m6A modification profile nor its potential role in the pathogenesis of middle ear cholesteatoma has currently been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore m6A modification patterns in middle ear cholesteatoma. Materials and methods: An m6A mRNA epitranscriptomic microarray analysis was performed to analyze m6A modification patterns in middle ear cholesteatoma tissue (n = 5) and normal post-auricular skin samples (n = 5). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to predict the potential biological functions and signaling pathways underlying the pathogenesis of middle ear cholesteatoma. Subsequently, m6A modification levels were verified by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR (MeRIP-qPCR) in middle ear cholesteatoma tissue and normal skin samples, respectively. Results: A total of 6,865 distinctive m6A-modified mRNAs were identified, including 4,620 hypermethylated and 2,245 hypomethylated mRNAs, as well as 9,162 differentially expressed mRNAs, including 4,891 upregulated and 4,271 downregulated mRNAs, in the middle ear cholesteatoma group relative to the normal skin group. An association analysis between methylation and gene expression demonstrated that expression of 1,926 hypermethylated mRNAs was upregulated, while expression of 2,187 hypomethylated mRNAs and 38 hypermethylated mRNAs was downregulated. Moreover, GO analysis suggested that differentially methylated mRNAs might influence cellular processes and biological behaviors, such as cell differentiation, biosynthetic processes, regulation of molecular functions, and keratinization. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that the hypermethylated transcripts were involved in 26 pathways, including the Hippo signaling pathway, the p53 signaling pathway, and the inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, while the hypomethylated transcripts were involved in 13 pathways, including bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, steroid biosynthesis, and the Hippo signaling pathway. Conclusion: Our study presents m6A modification patterns in middle ear cholesteatoma, which may exert regulatory roles in middle ear cholesteatoma. The present study provides directions for mRNA m6A modification-based research on the epigenetic etiology and pathogenesis of middle ear cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital, Otolaryngology Institute of Major Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinfeng Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tuanfang Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jihao Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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12
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Qi YN, Liu Z, Hong LL, Li P, Ling ZQ. Methyltransferase-like proteins in cancer biology and potential therapeutic targeting. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:89. [PMID: 37533128 PMCID: PMC10394802 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA modification has recently become a significant process of gene regulation, and the methyltransferase-like (METTL) family of proteins plays a critical role in RNA modification, methylating various types of RNAs, including mRNA, tRNA, microRNA, rRNA, and mitochondrial RNAs. METTL proteins consist of a unique seven-beta-strand domain, which binds to the methyl donor SAM to catalyze methyl transfer. The most typical family member METTL3/METTL14 forms a methyltransferase complex involved in N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA, regulating tumor proliferation, metastasis and invasion, immunotherapy resistance, and metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells. METTL1, METTL4, METTL5, and METTL16 have also been recently identified to have some regulatory ability in tumorigenesis, and the rest of the METTL family members rely on their methyltransferase activity for methylation of different nucleotides, proteins, and small molecules, which regulate translation and affect processes such as cell differentiation and development. Herein, we summarize the literature on METTLs in the last three years to elucidate their roles in human cancers and provide a theoretical basis for their future use as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Lian Hong
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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Cao Z, Zeng L, Wang Z, Wen X, Zhang J. Integrated pan-cancer analysis of centromere protein F and experimental verification of its role and clinical significance in cholangiocarcinoma. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:190. [PMID: 37247093 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Centromere protein F (CENPF), a protein related to the cell cycle, is a key part of the kinetochore-centromere complex involved in cell division, differentiation, and proliferation. CENPF expression is upregulated in various types of cancer and plays a role in oncogenesis and tumor progression. However, the expression pattern, prognostic significance, and biological role of CENPF in these cancer types are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a pan-cancer analysis of the role of CENPF, which we considered a cut point, to investigate its utility as a prognostic and immunological indicator for malignancies, especially cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Using systematic bioinformatics analysis, we investigated the expression patterns, prognostic relevance, molecular function, signaling pathways, and immune infiltration patterns of CENPF in the pan-cancer analysis. Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining assays were performed to evaluate the expression profiles of CENPF in CCA tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays, as well as CCA xenograft mouse models, were employed to determine the role and function of CENPF in CCA. The results showed that CENPF expression was upregulated and strongly linked to a worse prognosis in most cancer types. CENPF expression was substantially associated with immune cell infiltration, tumor microenvironment, genes related to immune checkpoints, tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, and immunotherapy response in diverse malignancies. CENPF was considerably overexpressed in CCA tissues and cells. Functionally, inhibiting CENPF expression significantly reduced the proliferating, migrating, and invading abilities of CCA cells. CENPF expression also affects the prognosis of multiple malignancies, which is highly associated with immunotherapy response and tumor immune cell infiltration. In conclusion, CENPF may act as an oncogene and an immune infiltration-related biomarker and can accelerate tumor development in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renminzhong Road, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Liyun Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renminzhong Road, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renminzhong Road, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Xueyi Wen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renminzhong Road, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renminzhong Road, Changsha, 410012, China.
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14
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Chen L, He Y, Zhu J, Zhao S, Qi S, Chen X, Zhang H, Ni Z, Zhou Y, Chen G, Liu S, Xie T. The roles and mechanism of m 6A RNA methylation regulators in cancer immunity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114839. [PMID: 37156113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most common internal modification in RNA, can be regulated by three types of regulators, including methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6A binding proteins (readers). Recently, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint blocking has increasingly become an effective cancer treatment, and increasing shreds of evidence show that m6A RNA methylation affects cancer immunity in various cancers. Until now, there have been few reviews about the role and mechanism of m6A modification in cancer immunity. Here, we first summarized the regulation of m6A regulators on the expression of target messenger RNAs (mRNA) and their corresponding roles in inflammation, immunity response, immune process and immunotherapy in various cancer cells. Meanwhile, we described the roles and mechanisms of m6A RNA modification in tumor microenvironment and immune response by affecting the stability of non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Moreover, we also discussed the m6A regulators or its target RNAs which might be used as predictor of cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and shed light on the potentiality of m6A methylation regulators as therapeutic targets in cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Ying He
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jinyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Shasha Qi
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Ziheng Ni
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Gongxing Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Shuiping Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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